完形填空解题技巧宏观市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,完形填空,cloze,完形填空是一个测试学生语言水平和实际利用语言能力综合性题型，它要求学生掌握词汇知识，习惯用语，语法知识，句法结构，而且要有一定语篇领悟能力，逻辑思维能力和语言感悟能力，是综合了现行单项选择和阅读考查。近年来试题所设计知识面不停拓宽，缺乏故事情节文章增多，尤其强调对语篇及上下文了解和应用，而且完形填空题在整个高考试卷中分值比重比以往更高，所以，能够说该题型难度大、区分度高，是“轻易拉开距离”题型。,第1页,一 完形填空所考查能力,快速阅读,skimming,找中心句,理顺文章,判断,推理,分析,词汇语法,背景知识生活常识,topic sentence,organization,analysis&conclusion,vocabulary&grammar,background&knowledge,第2页,二 当前完形填空特点,突出语篇，强调应用，重视交际,辨析词意，以实词为主,题材多为记叙文，且第一句不设空,第3页,三 测试关键点热点透视,情景利用,常识应用,词语辨析（先易后难）,上下文联络,逻辑推理,归纳概括,语篇了解,第4页,四 完形填空解题思绪,总则：,在把握整体基础上对 句子内部情况进行分析,跳过空格，通读全文，把握大意,再读全文，重复检验,结合选项，综合考虑，初定答案,瞻前顾后，先易后难，个个击破,第5页,五 完形填空解题技巧,利用首句解题,利用,逻辑分析判断解题,借助词汇复现现象解题,经过合理联想解题,依据上下文语境解题,凭借背景知识解题,调动语法规则解题,第6页,5.1,联想和推测这么基本思维活动一直伴伴随完形填空解题过程，但联想和推测不能是盲目标。在一篇文章中，我们有时候会发觉一些实词大致属于一个范围，这就意味着需要填空地方有可能也是这一范围内词汇，这么就确定了一定联想方向，在头脑中快速罗列出与之相关词汇有利于我们正确判断选项。比如：,第7页,college,school,primary school,middle school,university,institute,teachers,professors,(,tutors),students,pupils,graduates,postgraduates,degrees,Bachelors,Masters,Doctors,courses,lectures,examinations,quiz,test,papers,subjects,cheat,homework,mark,results,scholarship,第8页,smoking,smokers/non-smokers,parents,children,adults,places to smoke,public places,private places at home,disadvantages,(harms),waste of money,fires-loss,diseases-health,laws to,forbid smoking,ban,restrict,第9页,fire,fire,alarm,firemen/,firefighters,distinguisher,stove,smoke,start a fire,set fire to,seton fire,make a fire,be on fire,fight against,put out,burn to the ground,sound(v.)the fire alarm,第10页,Law,should not,restrict,(,限制),where people can smoke.As far as I am concerned,any arguments that say smoking,affects the health of,nonsmokers,are based on emotions(,感情)，,not science.As a matter of fact,there is no conclusive evidence to prove that the health of wives and children of,smokers,is,harmed,by their husbands or fathers smoking.,Banning smoking,in,public places,like restaurants and offices,only cause,loss,of income and lower productivity.It also,I believe,unfairly,restricts,peoples freedom of choice.Naturally,this is an issue that arouses a lot of anger on the part of a lot of people,but clearly,anger should not dictate laws.The decision of where and when to smoke,should,in my opinion,be left to common courtesy(,礼貌）,and sense（,理智）.,第11页,eg.I put my head in,expecting the(worst).But to my(surprise),the room wasnt empty at all.It had furniture,curtains,a TV,and even paintings on the wall.And then on the well-made bed sat Amy,my new _44_,dressed neatly.,A.roommate B.classmate C.neighbour D.companion,eg.And thousands of _,58_,watchers stared,with their hearts beating fast.,58.A.patient B.terrified,C.pleased D.enjoyable,第12页,eg.,We were _42_ to go back for class again when the headmaster called us(together)and said,42.A.about B.able C.sorry D.sure,were about to,when,eg.One day,Mrs.Nanette ONeill gave an arithmetic,_26_,to our class.When the,papers,were _,27_,she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly the,(same),mistakes throughout the,test,.,26.A.test B.problem C.paper D.lesson,27.A.examined B.completed,C.marked D.answered,第13页,5.2,完形填空题特点是篇幅小，起点高，容量大。按普通命题要求，完形填空题所采取短文普通不给标题，但首句往往不设空，通常是个完整句子，这个句子不容忽略，它往往是全文关键句，或者称为主导句，（,topic sentence),它是了解全文窗口，经常包含对解题有用信息，由此句可判断文章大意乃至主题。所以，考生要充分利用完形填空题首句提醒作用，利用它为解题找到一个突破口，从而展开思维，争取开局顺利。,第14页,eg.(NMET),首句：,He has been called the“missing link”:half-man,half beast.He is supposed to live in the highest mountain in the world Mount Everest.,文章开篇段描述了“,missing link”,外貌和生活地，读懂第一句我们就可确定说明对象是半人半兽动物，有利于预测全文基本框架和内容。,第15页,eg.I was six when I joined my father and two elder brothers at sunrise in the fields of Eufaula,Okla.,36,the time I was eight I was helping Dad fix up old furniture.He gave me a cent for every nail I,37,out of old board.,36.A.Before B.Within C.From D.By,37.A.pulled B.put C.picked D.pressed,这是一篇相对完整故事，从第一段能够看出，作者分别提到了,6,岁，,8,岁时所干事情，但他并不认为那是真正意义上工作。所以前三项结合语境很轻易选出答案。,第16页,5.3,对语法、词法等基础知识考查也是完形填空题命题角度之一。它需要考生不但要了解上下文逻辑关系，更要针对性地对语法结构、句式特点、对短文中所设空格中需填词在句子里作什么成份、哪类词适合、应采取什么形式等进行必要分析思索，从而快速处理问题。比如，选取动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、语气、主谓搭配以及其怎样与其它词类使用等一系列问题。所以调动语法知识解题在完形中是必要，它包含依据固定句型和词，尤其是动词固定搭配来选择答案，或利用代词上下文替换作用。比如：,第17页,eg.At the beginning of this century,medical scientists made an interesting discovery:we are built not just of flesh and blood but also of time.They were _to show that we all have a“body clock”.(NMET),A.anxious B.able C.change D.move,eg.Should the small change received at the store be forgotten or returned?Nobody will know except _.But you have to live with yourself,and it is always better to live with someone you respect.,A.me B.you C.us D.them,此题依据下文主语,you,判断，只能选,B,。,第18页,eg.a theater with poor sight lines,poor sound-shaping qualities,and too few entries and exits will not work for _ purpose.,A.their B.its C.those D.that,本句从反面说明剧院设计应符合空间作用，四个选项中只有,its,指代单数名词,theater,。,eg.(NMET),首句：,He has been called the“missing link”:half-man,half beast.He is supposed to live in the highest mountain in the world Mount Everest.,文章开篇段描述了,“missing link”,外貌和生活地，读懂第一句我们就可确定说明对象是半人半兽动物，有利于预测全文基本框架和内容。,第19页,eg.,1,my way home yesterday,I saw a dog in front,2,me.,1.A.In B.Of C.On D.To,2.A.of B.to C.from D.before,eg.Everyday after school I would,41,to JMs and work until ten.(NMET,北京）,41.A.head B.turn C.change D.move,head for/to,是一个固定词组，表示前往，去。,第20页,5.4,“,词汇复现,”,是指某一词以原词、同义词或近义词、概括词以及其它形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现语用意义是使得语篇中句子相互衔接和连贯，从而组成一个完整和有机意义整体。大致上说，词汇复现包含：原词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、概括词复现和注释性复现。详细指某一词以原词，指代词，同义词，反义词概括词等重新出现在整个文章前后，并起到了衔接全文作用。怎样利用词汇复现帮助我们解题呢？不妨先看看下面例子：,第21页,eg.The strange thing was that practically all the students went to class,and very few people stayed up late at night.Only the new people stayed up or _ class.,(NMET,春）,A.attended B.took C.missed D.studied,文章中,or,连接是并列成份，所以空格中内容应与上文,went to class,组成相反意义，该题属于反义词复现现象。,eg.The parents said that most of the homework was a waste of time,and they wanted to,56,it.Spain and Turkey are two countries which stopped homework already.(,春，上海卷）,56.A.delay B.stop C.block D.prove,第22页,eg.And the clerk confirmed that his plane was leaving at nine oclock three days form that day,Since he was,44,in three days,Andy didnt lose any time.,(,春，全国卷）,44.A.moving B.returning,C.staying D.leaving,eg.The afternoon passed pleasantly with a few laughs and some small talk,and then Mark went home,“I had planned to run away and I was going home to pack my things.But after we spent some time together,52,and laughing,I realized that”,（,春，北京卷）,52.A.talking B.playing,C.reading D.watching,第23页,eg.How does a tooth,go bad,?The,51,begins in a little crack in the enamel(,珐琅）,covering of the tooth.This happens after germs and bits of food have,52,there.Then the decay slowly spreads inside the tooth.In the end,poison goes into blood,and we may feel quite ill.,(,上海春季招生）,51.A.destruction B.decay C.fault D.hurt,52.A.stored B.collected C.laid D.piled,上文中讲蛀牙怎样产生。空,51,和红体单词在意义上是一致，属于同义词复现现象。,第24页,5.5,上下文是营造语境基础，也是逻辑推理依据。,经过分析句与句之间逻辑关系，依据上下文中对比，因果，转折及用途等线索，前后次序及前后文中提醒与解释关系，猜出文中生词和缺失单词，并找出信息词是做好完形填空题关键。近年来，完形填空题在设计上趋势是朝着深层化及语境化方面挖掘，侧重逻辑推理判断。就空格设空而言，表示了以实词为主，虚词为辅特点，而且几乎不暴露显著语言错误，词语在特定语境中所表示隐含信息大都无法光凭表面了解获知。这就大大加强了干扰项迷惑性，从而提升了试题难度值。,第25页,eg.On the whole,I think I am a better person for having gone to the school.I can read and write as well as anyone else my age,and I can think better.Thats probably a real big difference between the free school and regular school-the amount of _.,(NMET,春）,A.reading B.gardening C.teaching D.thinking,该段落强调作者比同领人更会思索，且这一点是,Free School,和正规学校最大区分。结尾处是对上文总结，属于话题同现情况。,所以，只有借助上下文乃至全文语境启示或限定如某个话题总结或再现，才能够准确做出判断。,第26页,Eg.Todd was working at his gas station at night when he heard over the radio that a bank in Long Island had been broken into by an armed man who had killed the night guard and got away with$150,000.“One hundred and fifty thousand,”Todd whistled.Heres a fellow who just walks into a bank and helps himself to so much money.Todd thought of the _ with which he managed to get the amount of money he needed to start his gas station.So many papers to sign,so much money to pay back.,A.satisfaction B.difficulty C.disappointment D.spirit,填此空时，应该充分利用上下文，对照上文语气：武装分子抢钱如此轻巧！而自己盈利却是如此麻烦，其中,manage to,也有一定提醒作用。,第27页,eg.I played a racquetball game against my cousin Ed last week.It was one of the most,36,and tiring games Ive ever had.,（,NMET,）,36.A.encouraging B.hopeless C.surprising D.regular,此处从语法角度,4,个选项都对，但联络后文才能发觉唯有,C,为最正确答案。,eg.It was an early morning in summer.In the street,sleepily-eyed people were moving quickly,heading towards their _.,A.jobs B.homes C.buses D.offices,第28页,5.6 完形填空题解题过程首先是一个阅读过程。做题时必须把握作者思绪，使自己思维模式与作者思维模式相吻合。在整个解题过程中不停地从各个角度进行合乎逻辑推理，进而验证推理正确性，修正非正确性，以到达了解全文、处理问题目标。正确分析推理是恰当解题必要条件，而恰当解题又是对题目进行正确分析推理必定结果。所以利用句与句之间逻辑关系解题包含利用修饰，因果，结构再现，连词等技巧解题。即在上下文中寻找相关提醒或暗示，对文章情节进行逻辑分析，抓住关键语言信息词语，确定合理答案至关主要。,第29页,eg.No man can change the weather.Nobody can control the weather.But if we,1,correctly the signs around us we can,2,what the more changes in the weather will be.This way of telling what the weather will be like the following day or two is called weather forecasting.,A.see B.look C.read D.watch,A.tell B.speak C.talk D.point,上面是一段文章开头，开篇第三句就用了,but,由此能够推断后面内容和人类能够认识，掌握天气现象相关，这么就不难选出空缺词了。,第30页,下面例子则是考查学生先判断转折关系再填过渡词了。,eg.I had an auto repairman once,who,on these intelligence tests,could not,38,have scored more than 80.,39,when anything went wrong with my car,I hurried to him and he always,40,it.,(NMET),38.A.always B.possibly C.certainly D.frequently,39.A.Then B.Thus C.Therefore D.Yet,40.A.fixed B.checked C.drove D.changed,第31页,eg.The native people said they,38,(knew of)this creature and called it the“Yeti”,and they said that they had,39,caught Yetis on two occasions,40,none has ever been produced.,(NMET),39.A.even B.hardly C.certainly D.probably,40.A.as B.though C.when D.until,39,空前两个分句存在着递进关系，而该句又和后面分句存在转折关系，据此能够判断答案。,第32页,5.7 完形填空题以本身内容提供完整语篇信息，其间无不渗透着各类相关常识与知识。背景知识指是我们平时所积累常识，生活经验，英语国家风俗习惯，文化背景，历史事件，地理位置等。考生做题时，若能主动地调动自己文化背景知识和生活常识，注意中西方文化方面存在差异，将会大大简化复杂分析与判断过程，节约宝贵时间，顺理成章地选出正确答案。所以，这就要求考生平时注意知识积累，并加强不一样学科间知识融合，有意识地了解一些英语国家文化背景知识，这对英语学习和应试将大有帮助。,第33页,eg.People of Burlington are being disturbed by the sound of bells.Four students from Burlington College of Higher Education are in the bell tower of the,26,and have make up their minds to ring the bells non stop for two weeks as a protest.,(NMET1999),26.A.college B.village C.town D.church,在英语国家钟楼通常设在教堂里或与教堂连在一起，所以不难判断此题选,C,。,第34页,eg.One thing we all do now and again is to lose our,54,with a friend and close relatives.The odd thing is that we more often display great,55,towards some one we are fond than towards,56,.,(NMET,上海卷）,54.A.mind B.memory C.manner D.temper,55.A.anger B.interest C.love D.respect,56.A.strangers B.friends C.relatives D.colleagues,在日常生活中人们通常会对亲戚朋友或者自己发脾气，但却不在陌生人身上。加上,morethan,句型，则能够判断出答案了。,第35页,排比结构指是结构相同或相同，意思亲密关联，语气一致句子或词组成串排列语言现象。命题者常从排比结构中关联或对比这一特点来设空,。,把握两个结构,tips,排比结构,对比结构,对比，又称,“,对照,”,，属语言技巧之一。对比结构常把两种对立事物或同一事物两个不一样方面并列出来加以比较或对比、使之相辅相成，从而到达突出主题修辞效果,。,第36页,eg.As they walked Mark 38 the boys name was Bill,that he 39 computer games,baseball and history,that he was having a lot of 40 with his other subjects and that he had just broken 41 with his girlfriend.,（,春，北京）,38.A.discovered B.realized C.said D.decided,39.A.played B.loved C.tried D.made,40.A.questions B.ideas C.trouble D.doubt,41.A.up B.out C.off D.away,第37页,eg.Many people now think that teachers give pupils too much homework.They say that it is,51,for children to work at home in their free time.,52,they argue that most teachers do not,53,plan the homework tasks they give to pupils.,(,春，上海）,51.A.unnecessary B.uninteresting,C.unfortunate D.unimportant,52.A.Nevertheless B.However,C.Therefore D.Moreover,53.A.considerably B.favourably,C.properly D.pleasantly,第38页,eg.When he was speaking to people,37,he had no,38,understanding what they said.,39,when he was speaking on the phone,he,40,had a problem,.(NEMT,春,),37.A.slowly B.in public,C.in person D.carefully,38.A.difficulty B.idea,C.mistake D.interest,39.A.Instead B.Therefore,C.Meanwhile D.interest,40.A.Even B.curiosity,C.notice D.attention,第39页,词义辨析,完形填空题中对词汇知识考查主要表达在习惯使用方法和同义词、近义词辨析两个方面。习惯使用方法是英语中一些固定结构形态，不能随意变动。而在众多习语当中，介词往往饰演最活跃角色，其次是副词。所以，考生应掌握习惯使用方法，用它来分析破解完形填空题或许可算得上是一件秘密武器。词义辨析题比重有加大趋势。要做好这类题目，非得有较大词汇量、较强词语搭配能力。,第40页,eg.At this moment,the air hostess,73,.She looked pale,but was quite(calm).A.showed B.presented,C.exposed,D.appeared,本题考查动词近义词辨析,四个选项都有“出现，显露”意思，不过,a,b,c,都是及物动词，此处不应用及物动词，所以应该选不及物动词,appear,，表示“出现”。从此题我们还会发觉，单纯地记忆单词词义还远远不够。还应该掌握词性、词搭配、使用方法等。,eg.Human brains are the,68,.68.A.,same,B.identical,C.similar,D.alike,本题考形容词辨析，不过考生无须逐一分析每个词之间差异，最好从搭配入手解题。四个单词中只有,same,与定冠词连用，故选,a,。,第41页,eg.It was the night before the composition was due.As I looked at the list of topics(,题目),“,The Art of Eating Spaghetti(,意大利面条)”,caught my eye.The word“spaghetti”brought back the _,36,of an evening at Uncle Alien s in Belleville,37,all of us were seated around the table and Aunt Pat,38,spaghetti for supper.,(NEMT),36.,A.Memory B.thought C.knowledge D.experience,37.A.when B.where C.since D.after,38.A.cooked B.served C.got D.made,第42页,eg.The news,1,twenty minutes later.The gunman had,2,a car for a ride,and than,3,out and the driver,A.continued B.lasted C.spread D.arrived,本题考查是相近词辨析，,continue,和,last,均能表示延续状态，但只有前者才能表示中止后继续意思。,eg.Someone had taken the _ diamond and put a faulty one in its place.,A.real B.pure C.right D.exact,本题中,a faulty one,是一个暗示要填一个反义词，相比之下只有,A,最贴切。,第43页,解题误区,做完形填空时，除了依据所学语言知识和解题技巧外，还应防止几个误区。,1,、单纯求快，忽略语篇了解，只看局部词义辨析、搭配和语法结构，试图用语言知识处理全部问题。很多考生一拿到完形填空题就急于选择答案，不认真分析通篇文章。表面上解题速度挺快，不过这种见树不见林做法只会影响解题质量效率。,2,、时间安排不妥，在几个选项上过分纠缠，追求完美，造成许多本能够做出题来不及做。正确做法是由易到难，先做会,第44页,文章首句要重视，全篇了解有启示。,记叙体裁为主体，通读全文明意旨。,填空多是实意词，四个选项巧设计，,词类范围必同一。确定最正确靠逻辑，,字里行间找信息。个别填空借常识，,相近词义细辨析，习惯使用方法靠记忆，,复读反思再核实。,应试口诀：,第45页,more practice,There were two lazy men who _1_ did any work at all.They_2_ spend the whole day sitting in the sun and sleeping _3_ talking about what they would do when they were _4_.Many years went _5_in this way and the two men _6_ poor.One summers day as they were sitting _7_ on a bench in the sunshine,one of the men jumped _8_ his feet without warning and exclaimed,“We cant go on _9_ this.Weve got to do something to _10_ some money.”,“_11_ for instance?”asked his friend in a _12_ voice.,“Well go to the mountains and _13_ snails,”said the,第46页,first man.,The second man didnt want to go out at first.But in the end his friend _14_ him.They each took a bucket and set _15_ for the mountains.They walked extremely slow.When they reached the hill,they looked _16_ it might have a lot of snails on it.The first man said,“Lets work_17_.Ill go up this side with my bucket,and you go up the other side with _18_,well meet at the top.”,They _19_ snails all day and in the evening they met on top of the hill.“How many did you get?”asked the first man.“Two,”said the second man.“I _20_ got three,but one got away.”,第47页,1.A.always B.nev