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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,1/66,四、名词、冠词和主谓一致,2/66,一、名词,考点1 名词单复数,1.单数名词变为复数名词基本规则。,(1)以-o结尾名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但中学英语中以下名词要加-es,即Negroes,heroes,potatoes,tomatoes。,3/66,但以下以-o结尾名词既能够加-es,也能够加-s,它们是:zeros(zeroes)零,mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。,4/66,(2)以-f或-fe结尾名词变为复数时,普通直接加-s,但以下以-f或-fe结尾名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。,但以下以-f结尾名词既能够去掉f加-ves,也能够直接加-s,如handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕,scarfs(scarves)围巾。,5/66,(3)合成名词变成复数时,通常只将里面所含主体名词变为复数,假如没有主体名词,则将最终一部分变为复数。比如:,sons,-in-law女婿;,passers,-by过路人;story-,tellers,讲故事人;grown-,ups,成年人;break,fasts,早餐;house,wives,家庭主妇。,6/66,2.只有复数形式可数名词。,一些食物名词或表示一些成双成正确物品名称名词通惯用复数形式,如noodles,snacks,jeans,earphones,trousers,clothes,pants,glasses,shoes,sunglasses,scissors,compasses等。这些名词可单独作主语,此时谓语动词用复数形式;也可用a pair of或pairs of修饰作主语,此时谓语动词取决于pair形式。,7/66,3.有些名词在形式上虽是单数,但常表示复数含义,如people,police,cattle,staff,“the+,adj,.”(表示一类人)。,4.对于集合名词,当它表示一个整体时,视作单数;当它侧重各个组员时,视作复数,如family,class等。,5.有些名词单复数同形,如fish,deer,sheep,Chinese,Japanese,means,species,series等。,8/66,6.有些词用复数形式表示祝福、礼貌或客气等,如congratulations祝贺,regards问候,respects敬意,thanks谢谢,wishes祝福等。,7.表示一类事物总称名词,常作不可数名词对待而不能加“s”,如furniture,equipment,luggage,baggage,homework,information,progress,weather,wealth等。,9/66,8.有些抽象名词或物质名词能够转化为可数名词。,抽象名词,详细意义,surprise诧异,a surprise让人吃惊人或事,success成功,a success成功人或事,pride骄傲,a pride让人骄傲人或事,pleasure高兴,a pleasure令人高兴事,pity同情,a pity令人遗憾事,failure失败,a failure失败人或事,10/66,抽象名词,详细意义,relief抚慰,a relief令人感到宽慰事,concern关心,a concern关心事,beauty漂亮,a beauty漂亮人或物,drink饮料,a drink一杯饮料,11/66,【典例剖析】,单句语法填空,(全国卷)Recent_(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.,12/66,解题关键:recent是形容词,修饰名词,“Recent_”在句中作主语,依据谓语show可知,主语需要用复数形式。,答案判定:studies,13/66,【高考题组】,单句改错/填空,1.(浙江高考)When I was a very young children,my father created a regular practice I remember well,years later.(改错),_,children改为child,14/66,2.(全国卷)If we go on a trip abroad,we can,broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get,from books.(改错),_,3.(全国卷)The airs we breathe in is getting,dirtier and dirtier.(改错),_,knowledges改为knowledge,airs改为air,15/66,4.(浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting,because three side of the classroom were made of glass.,(改错),_,5.(陕西高考)Mum taught me some basic step of,baking.(改错),_,side改为sides,step改为steps,16/66,6.(全国卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin,a dream,place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops,and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by,artists in so many Chinese _(painting).,7.(全国卷)For most of us the _(change),are gradual and require a lot of effort and work.,paintings,changes,17/66,考点2 名词构词法,常见名词后缀:,1.含有某种职业或动作人,(1)-an/-ian,表示“地方人,精通人”。比如:American美国人,historian历史学家,politician政治家,政客,Asian亚洲人,African非洲人,Italian意大利人,physician内科医生。,18/66,(2)-ant,表示“人”。比如:servant佣人,applicant应征者,assistant助手。,(3)-ar,表示“者”。比如:scholar学者,liar说谎者。,(4)-ee,表示“动作承受者”。比如:employee雇员,interviewee被面试者,examinee应试人,trainee受训者。,19/66,(5)-eer,表示“从事人”。比如:engineer工程师,volunteer志愿者。,(6)-er,表示“从事某种职业人,某地域、地方人”。比如:observer观察者,villager村民,banker银行家,Londoner伦敦人,worker工人,performer演出者,manager经理,teacher老师。,20/66,(7)-ese,表示“国人,地方人”。比如:Japanese日本人,Chinese中国人,Cantonese广东人等。,(8)-ess,表示“女称名词”。比如:actress女演员,hostess女主人。,21/66,(9)-ist,表示“从事研究者,信仰主义者”。比如:pianist钢琴家,communist共产主义者,dentist牙医,artist艺术家。,22/66,(10)-or,表示“者”。比如:author作者,doctor医生,operator操作员,电话接线员,director导演,survivor幸存者,instructor指导者。,23/66,2.含有抽象名词含义,(1)-acy,表示“性质,状态”。比如:accuracy准确,privacy隐私,literacy读写能力,adequacy足够。,(2)-age,表示“状态,行为,身份及其结果”。比如:shortage短缺,storage储存,marriage婚姻,courage勇气。,24/66,(3)-al,表示“事物动作,过程”。比如:refusal拒绝,arrival抵达,survival存活,approval同意,proposal提议。,(4)-ance/-ence,表示“性质,情况,行为,过程,总量,程度”。比如:importance主要,diligence勤奋,difference区分,convenience方便。,25/66,(5)-ancy/-ency,表示“性质,状态,行为,过程”。比如:frequency频率,urgency迫切,efficiency效率,tendency趋势。,(6)-bility,表示“性质,状态”。比如:ability能力,disability残疾,possibility可能性,probability可能性。,26/66,(7)-dom,表示“等级,领域,状态”。比如:freedom自由,kingdom国王,wisdom智慧。,(8)-ion/-sion/-tion/-ation/-ition,表示“行为过程,结果,情况”。比如:action行动,solution处理方案,conclusion结论,destruction毁坏,expression表示,correction更正,impression印象。,27/66,(9)-ment,表示“行为,状态,过程,伎俩及其结果等”。比如:treatment对待,治疗,movement运动,judgement判断。,(10)-ness,表示“性质,状态,程度”。比如:goodness善良,kindness仁慈,tiredness乏味,friendliness友好。,28/66,(11)-ship,表示“情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业”。比如:hardship困苦,membership组员,friendship情谊,leadership领导。,29/66,(12)-th,表示“动作,性质,过程,状态”。比如:depth深度,wealth财富,truth真理,length长度,growth成长,strength力气,优点。,(13)-ure,表示“行为,结果”。比如:exposure暴露,pressure压力,failure失败。,30/66,【典例剖析】,用所给词适当形式填空,(全国卷)But for tourists like me,pandas are its top_(attract).,31/66,解题关键:空格由形容词修饰,且在句中作表语,应用名词。,答案判定:attraction,32/66,【高考题组】,单句填空/改错,1.(全国卷)Then,handle the most important,tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _,(achieve).,2.(全国卷)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their,_(able)to“air condition”a house.,achievement,ability,33/66,3.(福建高考)The smallest good habits can make a,big _(different).,4.(辽宁高考)Ill stop and take a deep _,(breathe).,5.(湖北高考)The police will reward whoever,provides useful _(inform)to catch the,robber.,difference,breath,information,34/66,6.(陕西高考)On June 27,the Jiaolong,reached a _(deep)of 7,062 metres in the Pacific,Ocean.,7.(全国卷)My uncle tells me that the key to his,success is honest.,_,depth,honest改为honesty,35/66,二、冠词,考点1 冠词基本使用方法,1.定冠词常考必备,(1)上文已出现过或说话双方都熟知事物;(2)表示世,界上独一无二事物、自然现象、方位或者创造物,名词前;(3)序数词和形容词或副词最高级前;(4)表示年,代、朝代、时代名词或由普通名词组成专有名词,36/66,前;(5)形容词或形容词化过去分词前,表示一类人或物,或用于姓氏复数前表示一家人等。,37/66,2.不定冠词常考必备,(1)单数可数名词前,表泛指数量“一”;(2)用a certain修饰专有名词(=some+名词单数)表示“某一个”;(3)序数词前,表示“又一,再一”;(4)物质名词前,表示“一份,一阵,一场,一类”等或用于抽象名词详细化;(5)有修饰词三餐和四季前;(6)a,an与比较级连用,在否定句中表示最高级意义,而a+most+形容词+名词,表示“一个非常”。,38/66,3.零冠词常考必备,(1)表示泛指或普通意义物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词前;(2)表示头衔、职位名称名词作表语、补语、同位语和as宾语时;(3)as/though引导让步状语从句中,作表语单数可数名词置于句首时。,39/66,【典例剖析】,用适当冠词填空,(全国卷)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)are admired by even_most modern of architects and engineers.,40/66,解题关键:形容词最高级前面要用定冠词the。,答案判定:the,41/66,【高考题组】,单句填空/改错,1.(浙江高考)_ prize for the winner of the,competition is a two-week holiday in Paris.,2.(全国卷)Now,years later,this river is one of,_ most outstanding examples of environmental,cleanup.,The,the,42/66,3.(湖南高考)By avoiding things likely to upset,your neighbors,you can enjoy _ friendly relationship,with them.,4.(江苏高考)Dale came to understand that the,ability to express _ idea to an audience builds a,persons confidence.,a,an,43/66,5.(全国卷)But in that case,we will learn little,about world.(改错),_,6.(全国卷)My uncle says that he never dreams,of becoming rich in the short period of time.(改错),_,about后加the,the改为a,44/66,7.(全国卷)A woman saw him crying and told,him to wait outside a shop.(改错),_,8.(陕西高考)At a party for his retirement,my,coach,with a biscuit in his mouth,asked surprisingly,who made them.(改错),_,第二个a改为the,第一个a改为the,45/66,考点2 冠词固定搭配,1.用在表示计量单位名词前by the day,by the dozen,by the hour,by the yard等。,2.固定结构“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位名词”。,46/66,3.固定短语:a knowledge of,a collection of,a better understanding of,have a look,play a trick on,in a hurry,make the best of,in the end,on the phone等。,4.the+比较级.,the+比较级.,表示“越越”。,47/66,【典例剖析】,单句改错,(全国卷)As result,the plants are growing everywhere.,48/66,解题关键:依据固定搭配as a result“结果是”,可知原文中result前缺乏了不定冠词a。,答案判定:result前加不定冠词a,49/66,【高考题组】,单句改错/用适当冠词填空,1.(全国卷)At the first,I thought I knew,everything and could make decisions by myself.(改错),_,去掉the,50/66,2.(浙江高考)Every time he arrived home at end,of the day,wed greet him at the door.(改错),_,3.(全国卷)Now I am living in a city,but I miss,my home in countryside.(改错),_,第一个at后加the,第二个in后添加the,51/66,4.(陕西高考)I learnt a impressive lesson about,gravity!(改错),_,5.(福建高考)We are playing _ part in cutting,down on waste.,6.(广东高考)She apologized for the mistake and,gave us a spare VIP room on _ top floor.,a改为an,a,the,52/66,7.(广东高考)In the beginning,there was only _,very small amount of unfairness.,a,53/66,三、主谓一致,标准,主语,谓语,语法,一致,标准,单数,单数,复数,复数,就近,一致,标准,由or,either.or.,neither.nor.,not only.but(also).等连接,与最近主语在单复数上保持一致,由there,here引发主语不止一个时,和最邻近主语保持一致,54/66,标准,主语,谓语,意,义,一,致,原,则,由连词and连接并列成份指是同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出现,单数,no/each/every/many a+单数名词+and(+no/each/every/many a)+单数名词,one/every one/each/either/the number of/the variety of+复数名词,clothing,furniture,traffic,jewellery,baggage,equipment,luggage等无生命集体名词,以-s结尾表示学科、国家、机构、书籍、报刊等名称词,表示时间、重量、距离、价格、金钱、体积等复数名词表示一个整体概念,由every-,any-,some-,no-和-one,-thing,-body等组成不定代词,动词-ing形式、动词不定式和名词性从句,55/66,标准,主语,谓语,意,义,一,致,原,则,由and连接两个并列成份表示两个不一样概念,复数,people,police,cattle等有生命集体名词,一些惯用作复数或只有复数形式名词,如goods,stairs,arms等,山脉、群岛、瀑布、运动会等以-s结尾专有名词,集体名词class,family,army,team,club,company,population,minority,enemy,party,crowd,crew,audience,committee,government,majority,group等强调整体时谓语用单数,指个体组员时谓语用复数,单,复,数,视,情,况,而,定,单复数同形名词,如means,deer,fish,sheep等,all,none,some,any等不定代词,“half/most/enough/part/the rest/the last/lots/plenty/分数/百分数+of+名词”作主语,谓语要和of之后名词单复数保持一致,56/66,【点津】,(1)在定语从句中,关系代词作主语,其谓语动词数和先行词保持一致,但“one of+复数名词”后面定语从句谓语动词用复数,而在“the(only/very)one of+复数名词”后面所接定语从句中,谓语动词却用单数。,57/66,(2)当主语后有介词(短语)with,together/along with,including,like,but,except,other than,rather than和as well as等时,谓语动词应和前面主语在人称和数上保持一致。,58/66,(3)a quantity of/quantities of和a(great,large)amount of/large amounts of后既可接可数名词,也可接不可数名词,其谓语动词普通视quantity和amount单复数形式而定。,(4)a(large)number of后接可数名词复数,其作主语时谓语动词用复数形式;a great/good deal of后接不可数名词,其作主语时,谓语动词惯用单数形式。,59/66,(5)many a,more than one后加可数名词单数形式,谓语动词惯用单数。,(6)从句、不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词通惯用单数形式。但what引导主语从句中,谓语动词形式要依据主语从句表示意义是单数概念还是复数概念而定。,60/66,【典例剖析】,单句改错,(浙江高考)He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.,61/66,解题关键:句中主语是we,为复数,故系动词应该用复数。,答案判定:was改为were,62/66,【高考题组】,单句语法填空/单句改错,1.(全国卷)Leaving the less important things,until tomorrow _(be)often acceptable.,2.(陕西高考)Suddenly the arrows was flying,down at us from the sky.(改错),_,is,was改为were,63/66,3.(四川高考)I am going to talk when a fire alarm,go off.(改错),_,4.(全国卷)The understanding between two,friends mean both of them have similar ideas.(改错),_,go改为goes,mean改为means,64/66,5.(辽宁高考)The early morning barking have,been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the,baby.(改错),_,6.(全国卷)He say if I decide to do something,it,takes him much time to stop me.(改错),_,have改为has,say改为says,65/66,66/66,
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