医科大学博士口语第一讲.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,背景资料(1)Background Information,ISI IF Ranking：ISI（Institute for Scientific Information 美国科技信息协会）对世界7831种专业杂志 提供的影响因子（Impact Factor,IF）排名,IRK=Journal Ranking Within Discipline(学科内排名)=1,JIF=Average Journal Impact Factor over all years of ISI quotation（1971-2002 ISI 杂志影响因子平均分）,SCI=Science Citation Index（科学引用指数）,写作目标Writing Goals,SARS,科学的研究设计,Scientific study design,准确的文字表述,Accurate word description,合理的逻辑推断,Reasonable logic reasoning,充分的资料支持,Sufficient data support,引言：医学文献分类 Medical Literature Classification,教科书与专著,Text Books,Monographs,4.其他,Others,药物说明书 Drug insert,样本 Samples,广告 advertisements,第一讲,医学科研论文的结构与要求,英语医学科研论文格式Format,1标题 Title,2摘要 Abstract,3引言 Introduction,4材料与方法 Materials and Methods,5结论 Results,6讨论 Discussion,7致谢 Acknowledgements,8参考文献 References,9插图说明 Legends,10插图 Figures,11,表格,Tables,12照片和说明 Plates and Explanations,引言Introduction,总的要求：背景、原因、目的,The purpose of an introduction is to bring the reader into the general area of your study and then state the specific area of study(move from the general to the specific).The introduction shows the scope of your investigation efforts.,具体内容：,背景 说明所研究问题的目前总体情况或历史,statement of general area or history of problem,意义 说明研究的意义或必要性,statement of importance or need,进展 说明有关该问题的先有发现、报告或研究,statement of previous findings,reports or studies,陈述这部分内容时一般要有引文（citations）,目的 说明本研究的目的,statement of purpose of current study,范围 说明要研究问题的具体范围,statement of specific area of problem to be studied,引言示例(p.86)example,In the military,it has been common to treat hyperthermic heat casualties by immersion in ice-containing water.【研究背景】,This method is highly unphysiologic,because the secondary profound cutaneous vasoconstriction shunts blood away from the skin,which greatly slows heat loss from the body core.In addition,shivering occurs soon after immersion,even though core temperature has decreased very little;and this is counterproductive by virtue of muscular heat production.Finally,immersion cooling is extremely unpleasant to the alert patient.【本研究意义】,Recently Weiner and Khogali 7 have developed a method for cooling hyperthermic patients based on the principle of vaporization of warm water from the body surface by blowing warm dry air over the skin.Their method is an improvement on previous experience with vaporization of cold water from the body surface.3,4【研究进展】,Based on their experience,we have utilized the same physiologic principles in treating heat casualties during a two-week period of desert training(44th MAU,CAX 9-82,MCAGCC,29 Palms,Calif.).In addition,we have applied these principles to normothermic volunteers to study the difference of the method and evaluate untoward effects.【本研究的目的】,材料与方法Materials and Methods,总的要求是：结果的可重演性(reproducible)、方法的可靠性(valid)以及前后的逻辑性(logic),Readers must be able to reproduce your results,evaluate the validity of your results and the soundness of your methods,and follow the logic in the paper,具体要求：Detailed requirements,1.简要说明研究设计 study design/protocol,回顾 retrospective/review,前瞻（prospective）,动物（animal）/临床 clinical/实验 experimental,活体内（in vivo）/活体外（in vitro）/原位（in situ）,随访（follow-up）,对照（controlled）,随机 random/randomized,双盲交叉double-blind crossover,定群研究 population/cohort/migrant,抽样调查 cross-sectional survey,2.详细说明研究对象情况 Subjects/Materials,区别特性（,identity characteristics）:,性别,sex/,年龄（,age)/,数量（,n=)/,物种（,species）/,品种（,breed）/,生理状态（,physiological state）/,微生物菌株（,strain）/,血清型（,serotype）/phenotype（,表型）,/,genotype（,基因型）,（随机）分组方法（,methods of any random assignment of subjects to groups）,选择标准（,criteria for admission to study groups）,3.详细说明所用材料 Materials,药物（,drugs）,激素（,hormones）,试剂（,reagents）,其他化学品（,chemicals）,非标准材料（,non standard materials),名称（,name）,商标（,trademark）,生产厂家（,manufacturer）,所在地（,location:city and country/region）,4.知情同意/伦理/动物保护,Informed consent,Ethics committee,Animal protection,5.,测定方法与统计学处理 Measurement and statistic treatment,名称（,name），,引文（,citation）,和偏差（,variations）,统计学分析方法（,method of statistic analysis）,材料方法部分陈述程序：Sequence of description,研究设计（design）,研究对象性质（materials）,处理/干预方法（intervention）,测定/观察手段（measurement）,统计分析（statistics）,时态和语态Tense and voice,除指示性说明外，如：病人资料见表,1,Data of the patients are shown in Table 1.,材料与方法部分一律用过去时表达,尽量不要用第一人称表述,材料与方法部分的主要问题：Main problems,研究设计不合理,材料要素不全,Congratulations on the unveiling of the Graduate School nameplate!,结果Results,总的要求：,让研究的客观结果说话，不要添枝加叶。,This section tells the reader what happened in your work.,Remember:,Let your results speak for themselves and dont embellish,(leave that for the Discussion section),具体要求：,Detailed,requirements,对所获结果进行概述,overview of the results,说明所获资料或数据的统计意义,statistical significance,统计支持,包括图，表，照片等,statistical support,凡用图表表示的内容不再用文字详述,结果部分的主要问题：Main problems,不要用模棱两可的（ambiguous）词或短语表述结果，如：,The results tended to be greater than,showed no promising trends,It could/might be inhibited by,不要加入作者的评论,方法和结果部分的结构均衡问题,The steps were as follows:the slices were defatted by xylene,wash them 3 times with PBS,observed the slice under a low resolution light microscope(x100),讨论discussion,总的要求：与先有研究相比，本研究有何意义,The author should tell the reader what the results mean by placing them in the context of previous published studies of the problem,具体要求 Detailed requirements,简要说明研究背景,background,简要介绍总的发现,general findings,介绍具体要点,introduction of points,与先有发现（若有）进行比较,comparison in the context of other studies,意义,suggested meaning,结论,conclusion,前瞻研究,future studies,讨论部分的主要问题Main problems,层次混乱,时态混乱,抓不住要点,引文不准,结果与结论脱节,讨论示例Example,请翻到 p.90,致谢Acknowledgements,总的要求：致谢词和致谢方式必须征得受谢人或单位的同意,Always get approval of your intention to mention someone in the acknowledgement and approval of the form in which you will present the acknowledgement,参考文献References,总的要求：根据各杂志的具体要求,Reference styles should be specific to each journal,插图说明Figure Legends,总的要求：,Type or point out legends for illustrations using double spacing,starting on a separate page,另页双行打印（,double spacing）,插图中有箭头（,arrow）、,符号（,symbol）、,数字（,number）,或字母（,letter）,时，要在图背面附页上或备份上对其方向、位置、意义等作出非常明确的说明,插图Figures,总的要求：插图要按杂志的版面大小比例进行压缩；不要把插图拍成照片,Design your figures for the appropriate reduction,表格Tables,总的要求：表格要作为一个完全独立的信息单位另页打印,A table should be a totally self-contained unit of information,三线格,表格要简明清楚，完整（标题、内容和脚注）,即使只有一张表格也要标Table 1,表格过多可申请进数据库,三线格,表格要简明清楚，完整（标题、内容和脚注）,即使只有一张表格也要标,Table 1,表格过多可申请进数据库,常用词（组）和表达方式Phrases and expressions,本文/本研究 this article/the present study/this study,先期研究 previous/earlier studies（比较：early studies早期研究）,治疗组/研究组 the treatment group/study group,（空白/阴性）对照组 the(blank/negative)control group,住院病人 hospitalized patients,回顾性研究 a retrospective study,前瞻性研究 a prospective study,治疗方案 protocol/regimen,治疗结果（效果）therapeutic outcome/effect,（药物或疗法的）功效 efficacy,有效（性）effectiveness,总死亡率 an overall mortality rate(death rate),平均年龄 mean age,危险因素 risk factors,副作用 side effects,不良反应 adverse reactions,不舒反应 untoward reactions,如文献所述 as described in the literature,改良的方法 a modified method/technique,生活质量差/好 poor/good quality of life,中国人民解放军97医院 No.97 Hospital of CPLA,(南京)军区(Nanjing)Military Command Region,练习Exercise,下面是一篇医学论文”Dietary Potassium and Blood Pressure in a Population”的引言（Introduction），请把该引言按研究背景、意义或原因、进展和目的分段,High dietary sodium and low dietary potassium have been implicated in the etiology of raised blood pressure(BP)from epidemiological,clinical and animal studies 1-8.Correlation of either dietary or urinary sodium alone with BP within populations has been difficult to demonstrate and has been attributed to inaccuracy in estimating sodium intake from dietary or single urinary collections and to the large intraindividual variability in sodium intake.However,several studies have found correlations between urinary sodium/potassium or potassium/creatinine ratios and BP within populations 9-13.Because potassium is rarely added to food during preparation or at the table,potassium intake may be a more readily assessed nutrient than sodium.We report herein the relationship of dietary potassium to BP in an adult community and examine the possible confounding effects(不利影响)of age,obesity and other dietary variables.,Seasons Greetings for,the Mid-August Festival and,the National Day!,