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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2016/3/19,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2016/3/19,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2016/3/19,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2016/3/19,#,Unit 6 Nature and Thought,1/18,Unit objectives,b,ecome familiar with some principles and methods of developing definition in paragraph writing.,Know how to avoid some pitfalls(,圈套,)in constructing paragraphs of definition;and,be able to write paragraphs of definition according to the instructions given.,2/18,What is definition?,Definition is a method we use to distinguish one thing from all other things,so that we are able to recognize it or in some way to understand it.,Definition serves a number of purposes in our writing:to introduce a new term,to explain a jargon(,术语,)in some academic discipline,to make clear some abstract,controversial or complicated point in an argument,to make ourselves better understood in everyday affairs,etc,needless disputes,disagreements,and misunderstandings,3/18,Analytical/formal definition,Sample 1,1.A tornado may be identified as a strong dangerous wind which forms itself into an,Upside down spinning cone(,圆锥形,)and is able to destroy buildings as it moves across the ground.,2.A rainforest is a forest in a tropical area which receives a lot of rain.,Term,Class,Characteristics,tornado,wind,Upside-down,spinning cone,highly destructive,rainforest,forest,tropical area,lots of rain,Though the definitions in Sample 1 are quite brief,they contain three basic elements:the term to be defined,the general group or class the term belongs to and the distinguishing characteristics of the term.The way of defining by placing the term in a class and then identifying it with principal characteristics is called analytical or formal definition.It is a major technique for simple definition,A simple definition is,short,usually a synonymous word,a phrase,or a sentence.The,alternatives employed in simple definition are:basic dictionary,meaning,synonyms,direct explanation,and indirect explanation.,4/18,Extended definition,Sample 2,Paragraph A(The paragraph mainly offers information.),What exactly is tornado?A tornado is usually brewed,(when),on a hot,sticky day with south winds and an ominous sky.,From the base of a thundercloud a funnel-shaped cloud extends a violently twisting spout toward the earth.As it sucks in matters in its path,the twister may turn,(color),black,brown or occasionally even white(over snow).,The moving cloud shows an almost continuous display of,sheet lightning,.The funnel is very slender:its wake of violence generally,(shape),averages no more than 400 yards wide,.As the tornado approaches,it is signaled by,a roar of hundreds of jet planes or thousands of railroads cars.,Its path is a path of total destruction.Buildings literally,(result),explode,as they are sucked in by the tornados powerful whirling winds.The amount of damage depends mainly on whether the storm happens to hit populated areas.The tornados lifetime is,(duration),as brief as it is violent.,Within a few tens of miles it spends its force and suddenly disappears.In short,it is a particular kind of whirling,highly destructive windstorm.,5/18,Extended definition,Paragraph B,(1)a rain forest,as the term suggests,is a kind of wooded area,subject to usually heavy and frequent rains.(topic sentence),(2)found only in the tropical or subtropical regions of the Caribbean,Brazil,Africa,and Asia,rain forests contain a great variety of trees including bamboo,palm,cedar,ebony,calabash,and whitewood.(3)many of these trees grow to a height of more than a hundred feet,with dense canopies or crowns characteristically forming three distinguishable stories.(4)although ground flora is sparse,climbers of all kinds abound,and often exotic flowers appear inconspicuously in the dense forest.(5)this luxuriant growth results from an annual rainfall in excess of ninety inches,with no dry season.(6)a rain forest of spectacular beauty is E1 Yunque rain forest average rainfall 80 inches per year.(7)it is filled with lush,tropical greenery,millions of tiny wild orchids,thirty-foot ferns,and hundreds of varieties of trees and plants,all growing in native splendor.,1.The term rain forest defined in this para.is a compound of two familiar words.How are the ideas represented by the term expanded in the second part of sentence 1?,The ideas are expanded by introducing two terms:”wooded area”and“heavy and frequent rains.”,6/18,Extended definition,2.Which part of the compound term is developed in sentences 2,3 and 4?How is the development accomplished?,“Wooded area”,The sentences discuss the places where these wooded areas exist,the kinds of trees in them,additional characteristics of the trees and other growths in the areas.,3.Does sentence 5 deal with the same part of the compound term as sentences 2,3 and 4?,No,Sentence 5 is not just about“wooded area.”The sentence ties the two ideas of the compound term together.,4.The first five sentences of the paragraph describe some of the general characteristics of a rain forest.What do sentences 6 and 7describs?,Sentences 6 and 7 set out an example of a particular rainforest,namely,EI Yunque.,7/18,Extended definition,Summary,Unlike sentence definition in Sample 1,the definition in Sample 2 is as long as one paragraph,and this kind of definition is known as,extended definition,.In Paragraph A,in order to make clear what“tornado”is,the writer extends the definition by analyzing where,when and how it occurs and by giving a detailed description of its visual an audio effects,etc,.,Thus,the reader will have a clearer,fuller and more concrete understanding of the many facets of this phenomenon.In Paragraph B,based on a brief explanation of the subject“rainforest”at the beginning,the writer,tries to elaborate on the two words“rain”and“forest”through extensive description of their distinctive features,and winds up by citing a specific example of the concept.,8/18,Extended definition,Sample 3,Paragraph A,Luck refers to moments of good fortune that happen in everyday life.(topic sentence),(Example1)Luck is putting$0.75 into a vending machine and getting the money back with your snacks.(Example2)It is a teachers decision to give a retest on a test where you first scored thirty.(Example3)It is not going to the dentist for two years and then going and finding out that you do not have any cavities.(Example4)It is calling up a plumber to fix a leak on a day when the plumber has no other work to do.(Example5)Luck is finding a used car for sale at a good price at exactly the time when your car rolls its last mile.(Example6)It is driving into a traffic bottleneck and choosing the lane that winds up moving most rapidly.(Example7)Luck is being late for work on a day when your boss arrives later than you do.(Example8)It is having a new checkout aisle at the supermarket open up just as your cart arrives.(Example9)The best kind of luck is winning a new color TV set on a chance for which you paid only a quarter.,How does this paragraph develop its definition?,The term luck is defined in the topic sentence.Then to make clear in a more complete and formal way his personal understanding of the concept,the writer adds a series of short examples to substantiate its reference.,9/18,Extended definition,Paragraph B,Some people believe that it is good to be an extremist in some areas,but those people are actually changing the meaning the word.According to the Random House Dictionary of the English Language,the word extreme itself means excessively biased ideas,intemperate conduct.,The extremist goes too far in whatever the person is doing(topic sentance).,It is good to be,enthusiastically and sincerely in love(Good),but extremists love,excessively and intemperately(Extreme),.People who love well may be,tender and sensitive and attentive(Good),but extremists are,possessive or smothering(Extreme),.The same can be said of patriotism.Good patriots,love their country(Good),but extreme patriots love their country so much that,they think citizens that they lose their sense of balance(,Extreme:citizens from other countries are inferior and suspect),.They may begin with a good objective,but they focus on it so much that they can,(results)become destructive,nasty,and often pitiful.The worst effect is that these extremists lose their completeness as human beings.,Then discuss how the paragraph develop its definition.Can you classify them into major and minor methods?,Major methods:exemplification and contrast.,Minor methods:dictionary definition,etymology.,10/18,sample2,sample3,Similarity,extended definition,Differences,Terms defined,concrete subjects,abstract ideas,purposes,Both intended to inform,Paragraph A:intended to explain,Paragraph B:intended to persuade,Principle techniques,Paragraph A:process analysis,description,Paragraph B:exemplification,description,Paragraph A:simple explanation,exemplification,Paragraph B:exemplification,contrast,conclusions,An extended definition is the organization and development of the meaning of a concept beyond the limits of the simple definition.It may have one or two paragraphs,or even be an entire essay in length.It is often used when the subject cannot be defined adequately with a synonym or a few lines of explanation.,11/18,Pitfalls,(,陷阱,),and Strategies,(Page 61),A good definition.To define the term,the writer,relates it to something familiar or already known,.,Not a good definition.It tends to go in circles,i.e.,it,defines the term with the term itself,as if it were listing its defining characteristics.,Not a good definition.The term is,not adequately differentiated,from other similar feelings.,A good definition.,A synonym is used,which is more familiar.,5.,A,good definition.It defines,by giving a brief,explanation,.,6.,Not,a good definition.It,uses an example to serve as a definition,but it does not really do the job of defining by putting the term in a class or category and then differentiating it from others in that category.,12/18,pitfalls,strategies,Circular definition;defining a term with,the term itself,2)Inadequate differentiation:defining something so vaguely that many other terms in the class are not excluded,3)Use of an example to serve as a definition,Relate the term to something familiar or already known,either positively or negatively(X is like Y.or X is unlike y),Try to be more,specific.,3)Give your readers a brief explanation.,Conclusion:,13/18,2025/11/10 周一,Definition 下定义,句型：.is a/the.of.which/that.relate to/involve/refer to.,标志词 A is best characterized by(A 最显著特征是),A constitutes(A 组成)A means,A consists of(A 由组成).,e.g.A fine journalist is best characterized by discipline,determination and keen observations.,一个好记者最主要特点是自律，毅力和敏锐观察。,Animal experimentation,in some cases,constitutes callous abuse of test animals.,14/18,2025/11/10 周一,15/18,2025/11/10 周一,Good examples,Leadership is a kind of human ability to make people around and belong a person to work together peaceful and achieve for a common goal hardly without been force.,Scientificresearch is an application of scientificmethodto,the investigation of relationshipsamongnatural,phenomenon,ortosolveamedicalortechnicalproblem.,Globalization,is the systemofinteraction among the countriesofthe world in order to develop the global economy.Globalization refers to the integrationof economics and societies all over the world.It involves technological,economic,political,and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication,transportation,and infrastructure.,16/18,2025/11/10 周一,A,“liberated woman,”A,“liberated woman”is simply a woman who controls her own life rather than allowing it to be controlledbyother people,traditions,or expectations.A“liberated woman”can be found pursuing any line of work,including housework,or no work at all.She may or may not be married;she may have attained any age.She may be poor or wealthy,educated or illiterate.She need have only one trait in common with her“liberated sisters”:she makes her own choices,whether they be the colors on her walls or the advanced degrees she seeks.She acts of her own will,responsible to herself,and not out of fear of what,hermother,lover,or neighbor might say.,17/18,2025/11/10 周一,18/18,
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