英语语言文化史市公开课获奖课件省名师优质课赛课一等奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考!,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考!,A Cultural History of the English Language,1/32,1,Agenda,Introduction,Old English,Middle English,Early Modern English,Present-Day English,World Englishes,2/32,2,Introduction,Definition of Language,Functions of the Language,The Origin of Language,Families of Languages,The Indo-European Family,Languages Change,3/32,3,What is Language?,Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.,Sapir(1921),萨丕尔（1921）,:语言是人类非本能交际方式，经过有意发出声音或写出语言符号等伎俩，来到达传递思想、交流感情和满足欲望目标。,L,anguage is a set of sentences,each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.,Chomsky(1957):,乔姆斯基（1957）：,语言是一套句子集合，每句长度有限，且由有限语言成份组成。,4/32,4,Human,Symbols,System,C,ommunication,5/32,5,Funtions of Language?,6/32,6,The,Origin of Language,The Tower of Babel,7/32,7,Five Theories of the Origins of Language,The Bow-Wow Theory,The Pooh-Pooh Theory,The Ding-Dong Theory,The o-he-Ho Theory,The La-la Theory,Otto Jespersen(1860-1943),Danish linguist,8/32,8,The top 20 languages,1.Mandarin Chinese,2.English,3.Spanish,4.Hindi,5.Arabic,6.Portuguese,7.Bengali 孟加拉语,8.Russian,9.Japanese,10.German,11.French,12.Javaness,13.Korean,14 Italian,D.Crystal,()The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language,9/32,9,Language Families,10/32,10,Types of Linguistic Classification,Genetic Classification,谱系分类法,Typological classification,类型分类法,11/32,11,Typ,ologcial classification is to group the langauges into structural types,on the basis of phonology,grammar or vocabulary rather than in terms of any real or assumed historical relationshop.,12/32,12,Isolating,analytic or root languages,Inflectional(Fusional)languages,Agglutinating languages,Polysynthetic languages,13/32,13,Isolating,analytic or root languages,:words consist of single morphemes;most words consist only of a root.Mandarin Chinese,Vietnamese;,孤立语,我 买 橘子 吃,14/32,14,Inflectional(Fusional)languages,屈折语,:,words consist of stem and affixes which often mark several grammatical categories simultaneously.Greek,Latin,Sanskrit,Russian.,e.g.The biggest boys have been asking.,15/32,15,Agglutinating languages:,粘着语,:,words are built up out of a long sequentce of units,with each unit expressing a particular grammatical meaning,in a clear one-to-one way.Finnish,Hungarian,Estonian,Swahili斯瓦希里人语,Turkish,Japanese form words in this way.,Examples in Estonian,1.Ta on kohvikus.,he is coffeehousein,He is in the coffee house.,2.Lhme kohvikusse.,gowe coffeehouseinto,Let us go into the coffee house.,3.Ma tulen uuest kohvikust.,I come newfrom coffeehousefrom,I am coming out of the new coffee house.,16/32,16,Polysynthetic languages,多式综合语,:,words are foten very long and complex,containing a mixture of aglutinating and inflectional features.They consist of long strings of stems and affixes,which may translate as an entire English sentence,as in Eskimo,Mohawk,Australian languages.,1.rikuyki I see you.,2.rikuykiik I see you all.,3.rikuykiku We see you.,riku:see,yki:first person singular actor and second person singular object,ik:marks object as plural,ku:marks actor as plural,17/32,17,The Language Families of the World,18/32,18,The Indo-European Family,English,German,Swedish,French,Italian,Spanish,winter,Winter,Winter,Hiver,Inverno,Invierno,foot,Fus,Fot,Peid,Peide,Pie,two,zwei,Tva,Deux,Due,Dos,me,mich,Mig,Moi,Me,me,19/32,19,Discovery of Sanskrit,“,The Sanskrit language,is of a wonderful structure;more perfect than the Greek,more copious than the Latin,and more exquisitely refined than either,there is a similar reason,though not quite so forcible,for supposing that both the Celtic,though blended with a very different idiom,had the same origin with the Sanskrit;and the Old Persian might be added to the same family”,Sir William Jones(1746-94),20/32,20,Indo-European family of languages 印度-欧罗巴语系,Latin and the,modern Romance,languages,拉丁语，罗曼诸语言,The Germanic,languages,日尔曼语族,The Indo-Iranian,languages,印度-伊,朗语族,including,Hindi and Sanskrit,梵语,The Slavic,Languages:,斯拉夫语族,e.g.Russian,The Celtic,Languages,凯尔特语族，,包含爱尔兰语，,苏格兰盖尔语，,Gaelic languages,高卢语，康沃,尔语，威尔士,语及布列塔尼语,The Baltic,languages,波罗地语族,of,Latvian and,Lithuanian,(but not,Estonian);,Greek,.,21/32,21,Germanic,East,North,West,Gothic,Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,Swedish,High,Low,German,Yiddish,Dutch,Flemish,Afrikaans,Englsih,22/32,22,Language Change,What changes,?,How does language change?,Why,23/32,23,Sound change,Grammatical change,Spelling change,Semantic change,24/32,24,Some types of semantic change,Extension:,e.g.office,salary,Narrowing:,e.g.meat,deer,girl,starve,Shift:,e.g.navigator,Figurative use,e.g.crane,Amelioration:,e.g.naughty,Pejoration 语义转贬:,e.g.nortorious,New words and old,25/32,25,Some surprising etymologies:,villainfarm labourer,taxation fault finding,prettyingenious,灵巧,有独创性,vulgarordinary,slywise,orchardgarden(without fruit trees),26/32,26,bribesteal,dout fear,handsome easy to handle(15th century),happylucky,sillyhappy(13th century),tall handsome(14th century),wallet bag for holding goods for journey,holidayholy day,27/32,27,How does language change?,Change from above,Change from below,28/32,28,William Labov s study,Saks,Macys,Kleins,William Labovs study,1970s,29/32,29,Another study,Marthas Vineyard,30/32,30,Movewment of peoples,A shift of power,Technology,31/32,31,Homework,Groupwork,The magic power of language,32/32,32,