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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考!,第七章 英汉翻译中词类,转换,法,Conversion in English-Chinese Translation,1/58,词类转换翻译法,因为英汉两种语言表示方式不一样，翻译时,就不能用“一个萝卜一个坑“方法逐词对译。原,文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使译文,通顺自然，这种将源语言中属于某种词性词语,翻译成目标语中属于另一个词性词词语翻译,方法，称词类转换翻译法。转换分词类转译与句,型转译。,2/58,词类转译归纳起来有以下四种,：,1.,其它词转换成动词,2.,其它词转换成名词,3.,其它词转换成形容词,4.,其它词转换成副词,3/58,1.,其它词转换成动词,One of the most remarkable differences between,English and Chinese syntax is the use of verbs.It,is taken for granted that an English sentence,contains no more than one predicate verb,while in,Chinese it is not unusual to have clusters of verbs in,a simple sentence.,For example:,Families,upstairs,have to carry pails to,the hydrant,downstairs,for,water,.,住,在楼上人家得提着水桶,去,楼下水龙头,打水,。,4/58,1.1.,名词转换成动词,1.1.1,由动词派生名词转译成动词,Rockets have found,application,for the,exploration,of the universe.,火箭已,被,用来,探索,宇宙。,A,commonplace criticism,of American culture is its,excessive preoccupation,with material goods and,corresponding neglect,of the human spirit.,人们,普遍,批评,美国文化,过于,强调,对于物质产品占有而相对地,过于,忽略,人们精神生活。,5/58,1.1.2,含有动作意味名词往往能够转译成动词,The,sight,and,sound,of our jet planes,filled me with special longing.,看到,我们喷气式飞机，,听到,隆隆机声令,我尤其神往。,6/58,Another example:,Accounting includes the,design,of accounting systems,preparation,of financial statements,，,audition,of cost studies,development,of forecasts,income tax,work,computer,applications,and the,analysis,and,interpretation,of,accounting information as an aid to make business decisions.,会计包含,设计,会计制度，,准备,财务报表，,审计,成本研究报,告，,开展,预测，,计算,收入所得税，,利用,计算机，以及,分析,和,解,释,有利于做出商业决议会计信息。,7/58,1.1.3,英语中有些加后缀,er,名词，如,:teacher,thinker,等，译成汉语时要翻译成动词。,有些以,er,结尾名词有时在句子中并不指身份和职业,而,含有较强动作意味，往往译成动词。,如：,She is a,lover,of Chinese painting.,她,喜爱,中国画。,I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better,teacher,than I.,恐怕我不能教你游泳，我弟弟比我,教,得好。,Some of my class-mates are good,singers,.,我们班一些同学,唱歌唱得,好。,8/58,1.1.4),作为习语主题名词往往能够转译成动词。,The next news bulletin,shorter than usual,made no,mention,（没有提及）,of the inflation.,The teacher showed great,concern,（非常关心）,for the students health.,The students had high,praise,(,高度赞扬）,of Dr.Kevin although they complained about his strictness.,9/58,1.2.,介词转译成动词,英语中介词用得很多，其中有些没有动作意义，但有许多,介词有动作意义，如：,across,past,toward,through,等，这,些介词在汉译时往往译成动词。如：,The judge sat in the dining room,amid,(,处理,）,his morning mails.,Carlisle Street runs westward(,向西延伸）,across,（越过,）,a great black bridge,down,（爬下,）,a hill and,up,（爬上,）,again,by,（经过）,little sloops,（,单桅船,）,and meat markets,past,（途经,）,single storied homes,until suddenly it stops,against,a wide green lawn.,（,冲着,一大片绿色草地中止了。）,10/58,1.3.,形容词转译成动词,英语中表示知觉，情感，欲望等心理状态,形容词，在系动词后面作表语时，往往译成,汉语动词，这些词包含：,confident,certain,careful,cautious,angry,sure,ignorant,afraid,doubtful,aware,concerned,glad,delighted,sorry,ashamed,thankful,grateful,anxious,able,etc.,11/58,For Example,：,The developed countries,are rich in,(,拥有大量）,skilled work force and capital resources,so they can concentrate on producing many technology-intensive products such as computers,aircrafts and so on.,We,are especially grateful,（尤其感激）,to you for arranging the meeting for us with the Machinery Trading Delegation at such short notice.,The prospect of earning five thousand dollars a month had stimulated the,sporting,(adj.,冒险性）,and,commercial,instinct of the villagers.,眼看能每个月挣到五千美元，村里人人都动了,碰碰运气,和,捞钱,念头。,12/58,1.4.,副词转译成动词,As he ran out,he forgot to have his shoes,on,.(,穿上,鞋子）,The successful fishermen of that day were already,in.(,都已,回来了,。,),13/58,2.,其它词转换成名词,2.1.,动词转译成名词,Such materials,are characterized,by good insulation and high resistance to wear.,这些材料,特点,是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。,The design,aims,a,t automatic operation,easy regulation,simple maintenance and high productivity.,设计,目标,在于自动操作，调整方便，维护简易，生产率高。,14/58,2.2.,形容词转译成名词,Out of the corner of his eye he could see the landscape.It was,industria,l and at that hour,sad.,他眼角余光还能瞥见窗外景色。这里是,工业区,，此刻一片,萧条景象,。,It was a,stormy,morning,with rain and mist.,那天早上有暴风，还夹着雨和雾。,15/58,More examples:,In the fission,（,裂变,）,process,，,the fission fragments are very,radioactive.,在裂变过程中，裂变碎片含有强烈,放射性,。,Both the compounds are acids,the,former,is strong,the,latter,weak.,这两种化合物都是酸，,前者,是强酸，,后者,是弱酸。,16/58,2.3.,副词,转译成名词,The supermarket would give everyone 10%off on all cash purchases.,那家超市将给每一位用现金购物顾客10%优惠(折扣）。,What is the fare to London and back?,去伦敦一个往返需要多少钱?,17/58,3.,其它词转换成形容词,3.1.,形容词派生名词转译成形容词,Security,and,warmth,of the cabin of a ship were wonderful.,船舱很,安全,也很,温暖,，好极了。,The,pallor,（,n.,苍白，灰白，,）,of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.,她,苍白,脸色清楚地表明了她那时情绪。,18/58,3.2.,有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，能够译成形容词。,The economic blockade was,a failure,to Cuba.,对古巴经济封锁,很,失败,。,As he is,a,perfect,stranger,in the city,I hope you will give him the necessary help.,他对这个城市完全,陌生,，希望你给他必要帮助。,19/58,4.,其它词转换成副词,4.1.,英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词形容词转译成汉语副词。,Warm,discussion arose on every corner as to his achievements.,处处于,热烈地,讨论他成就。,We took,brief,restless,naps,struggled to understand the intermittent broadcasting of the radio.,我们,短短地，不安地,睡了几次，尽力想听懂收音机里断断续续广播。,20/58,4.2.,其它词转换成副词常见句型,Give an accurate/exact answer,准确回答,Make full use of,充分利用,Have a clear and unemotional exposition,清楚客观地阐述,Place the highest value on,高度重视,21/58,More examples:,We tend to like handling clocks and watches of all sorts.,我们往往喜欢摆弄各种钟表。,No doubt we have well established channels of distribution and we canvass（检验）the retailers directly,without any middleman.,毫无疑问，我们有既定分销渠道，不经中间人直接审查零售商。,I have the honor to inform you that.(the kindness,the fortune,the pleasure),我很荣幸地通知你（善意，有幸，高兴）,To my surprise，he came finally.,我很吃惊他最终来了。,To my delight,I passed all the exams.,很高兴我都及格了。,22/58,Assignments:,Do the first paragraph of translation,exercise on Page 61 of your book.Write the,Chinese translation after each English,sentence.Underline the Converted words in,both the English and Chinese sentences.,23/58,Chapter Eight Affirmative vs.Negative,正说反译，反说正译,英语中含有,no,not,never,non-,un-,im-,in-,-less,等成份,词句，汉语中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“别”、“休”、,“莫”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”等成份词句，都称为,否定说法，简称,反说,；相反，英汉语中不含这些成份词句称为,必定说法，简,称正说,。,英语和汉语中都有从正面或反面来表示一个概念现象。翻,译时，英语里有些从正面表示词和句子，译文中可从反面来,表示；英语里有些从反面表示词和句子，译文中可从正面来,表示。比如：,24/58,Excuse me.,对,不,起。,（原文从正面表示，译文从反面表示。）,“,Dont,stop working,”he said.,（英语反面表示）,他说，“,继续,干活吧。”,（汉语正面表示）,25/58,He went into the,insecure,building.,（反面表示）,他走进那所,危,楼。（正面表示）,他走进那所,不安全,大楼。（反面表示）,以上三个句子中，,Excuse,和,Dont stop,都是动词，,insecure,是形容词，译时分别用反面表示法“对不起”（动,词）、正面表示法“继续”（动词）和正、反面表示法“危”和,“不安全”（形容词），其词类恰巧都分别与原文相一致。但,也应看到，利用这种方法翻译时往往还可能有,词类转换,现,象，如：,26/58,He knew he was,mortally,ill.,（副词）,他知道他得是,不治,之症。形容词）,This would cover my,absence,from the classroom.,（名词）,这就为我,不在教室,提供了借口。（动词）,Without reasoning one is apt to be,beyond,control.,（介词）,没有理智轻易变成,不受,约束。（动词）,27/58,从标准上说，英语中正说最好译成汉语正说，英语,中反说最好译成汉语反说，方便更准确地传达原文意,义，但在实践中，二者正反表示形式有时不能吻合，必须,进行正反转换，即将正说处理成反说，将反说处理成正说。,先谈正说转反说。在英语中，诸如,avoid,cease,deny,fail,hate,ignore,miss,overlook,pass,dodge,prevent,stop,之类,动词,，,absence,aversion,（厌恶）,failure,refusal,之类,名词,，,absent,far(from),free,(from),little,之类,形容词,，,out,too(to),之类,副词,，,above,beyond,instead of,之类,介词,，,before,rather than,之类连接词，都属于“正说类”词汇，但译成汉,语时，有时却要“正说反译”。比如：,28/58,Another person runs to,avoid,doing anything else,to,dodge,a decision,about how to lead his life or,a realization,that his life is leading nowhere.(C.Tucker:“Fear of Dearth”),另一个人跑步则是为了,不,做别事，,不,对怎样生活作出决定，,不,去感受自己生活碌碌无为。,They were of course all intending to be surprised;but their astonishment was,beyond,their expectation(J.Austen:,Pride and Prejudice,Ch.14,V.),大家都做好了诧异准备，但却,没有,料到会诧异到这个地步,29/58,He had an,aversion,to yielding so completely to his feelings,choosing rather to,absent,himself;and eating once in twenty-four hours seemed sufficient sustenance,（食物，生计）,for him.(E.Bronte:Wuthering Heights,Ch.20,V.),他,不愿意,完全凭感情用事，所以宁肯自己,不来,吃饭。看来，二十四小时吃一顿饭，在他是足够了。,例,1),中,avoid,和,dodge,是两个正说概念及物动词，都表示“回避”意思，译成汉字都用反说“不”字来传译。,例,2),中,beyond,是个正说概念介词，意思为“超出”，译成汉字也改成反说“没有（料到）”。,例,3),中名词,aversion,和动词,absent,，原来也都是正说概念，译成汉字也都改成了反说“不愿意”和“不来（吃饭）”。,30/58,有时候，英文中正说句子可能处理成正说、反,说都能够，但处理成反说可能更自然，更顺畅。请,看下面例句：,I knew her,before,I ever met your mother.(R.,Zacks:“The Date Father Didnt Keep”),我,没,遇见你妈妈之前就认识她了。,不少译者一看到,before,引导状语从句，都习,惯于译成正说“在,之前”，这么译不是不可,以，不过像本例句这么句子，似乎译作“没,之,前”更符合汉语习惯。,31/58,一、英语从正面表示，译文从反面表示,（一）动词,下面三个英语例句都用动词从正面表示，而译成汉语时都从反面表示：,1,）“,when will the plane take off?”,“If the weather holds a couple of days.”,“,什么时候（起飞）？”,“要是天气三两天内保持,不变,，就能够起飞。”,2,）,The first bombs missed the target.,第一批炸弹,没有击中,目标。,3,）,Such a chance denied me.,我,没有得到,这么一个机会。,32/58,（二）副词,1)We may safely say so.,我们这么说,万无一失,（或：错不了）,2)A,：,The boy is quite clever.,B,：,Exactly,甲：这孩子很聪明。,乙,：一点不错（没错,）。,3,）,The subversion,（颠覆）,attempts proved predictably futile.,不出所料,，颠覆活动证实,毫无效果,。,33/58,（三）形容词,1,）,Hes not stupid,merely ignorant.,他并不愚笨，仅仅是,无知,而已。,2,）,It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out.,甚至只要有一点点风声走漏出去，结果就,不 堪构想,。,3,）,The explanation is pretty thin.,这个解释是相当,不充实,。,4,）,His refusal is not final.,他拒绝,不是不可改变,。,34/58,（四）介词,1,）,This problem is above me.,这个问题我,不懂,（或：我处理不了）。,2,）,It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.,他,无权,签署这种协议。,3,）,These planes were held back to protect the home lands instead of being used where they were badly needed.,这些飞机被留在后方保卫本土，,未用于,其它急需地方。,35/58,五）连接词,1,）,The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered.,游击队员宁愿战斗到死，而,决不,投降。,2,）,Hed rather be buried with it(a belt)under a mountain of rock than trust another bank!,他宁可和这条腰带一起埋入石山下，也,不愿,再去信任一家银行了。,3,）,I will not go unless I hear from him.,假如他,不通知,我，我就不去。,36/58,（六）名词,This failure was the making of him.,这次,不成功,是他成功基础。,Within minutes the men came racing in with the two jeeps.They were both very excited,so I had to pretend to be calm to prevent my worry from spreading.,几分钟后，那些人乘着两辆吉普回来了。他们都很激动，所以这时我得故作镇静以免我,不安心,情绪影响他们。,37/58,（七）短语,The islanders found themselves far from ready to the war.,岛民发觉自己,远远没有,做好作战准备。,Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity.,双方认为，那和平提议是一个他们能够接收而,不失体面,提议。,We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.,我们相信，年轻一代将,不会,辜负我们信任。,38/58,When Philip missed the last bus,he was at a loss to know what to do.,菲利普误了最终一班公共汽车，,茫然不知,该怎么办。,And there was much to excite a childs imagination:glimpses of the pacific Ocean to the west,the San Bernardino Mountains to the north,a“haunted house”in the nearby foothills to be viewed with awe and approached with caution,这里有许多能够激发孩子想象力景象：西方朦胧太平洋海面，北面圣贝纳迪诺山脉，不远处小山脚下那间令人望而生畏，,不敢,轻易走近“凶宅”,39/58,（八）句子,If it worked once,it can work twice.,一次得手，再次,不愁,。,He was 75,but he carried his years lightly.,他七十五岁了，可是并,不显老,。,My guess is as good as yours.,我猜测并,不比,你高明。,The decision has yet to come.,决定,还没有,做出。,40/58,二、英语从反面表示，译文从正面表示,（一）动词,英语中有些作反面表示动词在译文中往往能够从正面,表示，这并不困难，如,demobilize“,复员”；,unfasten“,解,开”；,displease“,使人生气”，等等。,1,）,I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded.,一天我和他乘车转了转，看看船怎样,卸货,。,2,）,The man jumped over a neighboring garden wall and disappeared among the crowds.,这个家伙从邻居花园墙头上翻了出去，在人群中,消失,了。,3)The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.,虽经他一再解释，疑团,依然存在,。,41/58,（二）副词,1,）,He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.,他,马马虎虎地,看了看那张便条就走了。,2)Mary agreed that the prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably.,许多人认为首相辞职实际上是,很丢面子,。,3,）,Mr.Rumsfeld said the Soviet Union was unprecedentedly engaged in a missile-building program.,拉姆斯菲尔德说，苏联正以,空前,规模推行制造导弹计划。,42/58,（三）形容词,1,）,He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious,（,重复无常,）,.,他这个人,优柔寡断,，而且总是重复无常。,2,）,All the articles are untouchable in the museum.,博物馆内一切展品,禁止触摸,。,3,）,It was an unusual unit,flying an easily identifiable aircraft.,这是一支,异乎寻常,部队，乘是很轻易辩认飞机。,4,）,Hitlers undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with world-wide condemnation.,希特勒对犹太人,露骨,迫害行为受到全世界训斥。,43/58,四）名词,1,）,It was said that someone had shown discord,（,不和,）,among them.,听说有些人在他们中间搞,挑拨离间,。,2,）,He manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business.,他对他父亲生意表示强烈,厌恶,情绪。,3,）,I watched with disbelief as a number was put on my right forearm82585.,当一个号码,82585,刺在我右前臂时，我,怀疑,地看着。,44/58,（五）短语,1,）,Dont lose time in posting this letter.,赶快,把这封信寄出去。,2,）,The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer.,调查结果,清清楚楚,说明病人死于癌症。,3,）,Students,with no exception,are to hand in their papers this afternoon.,今天下午学生,统统,要交书面作业。,45/58,（六）句子,1,）,The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us.,这些事情,引发了我们重视,。,2,）,Such flights couldnt long escape notice.,这类飞机,迟早会被人发觉,。,3,）,Ashurst saw at once that Phil was not all right.,艾舍斯特马上看到菲尔,出了毛病,。,46/58,Almost from the first,Strauss had his cloth dyed the,distinctive indigo,（靛蓝）,that gave blue jeans their,name,but it was not until the 1870s that he added the,copper rivets,（铜铆钉）,which have long since become,a company trademark.(C.Quinn:“The Jeaning of,America”),几乎从一开始，施特劳斯就把他布料染成别具一格,靛蓝色，所以便有了蓝色牛仔裤之称。不过，,直至,19,世纪,70,年代，他才往裤子上加了铜铆钉,；长久以来，这铜铆钉,也就成了企业标志。,not until,是反说法，译成汉语变成正说“直到”。,47/58,I believed then that I would die there,and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below.They were not the less beautiful to me.,这时我以为我要死在那儿了，而下面山谷里,景致却看得异常清楚。在我看来，这些景致,依,然那样漂亮,。,not the less,属于双否定说法，翻译中无须“东,施效颦”，也来个双否定，而只要依据汉语习,惯，译成正说“依然那样”即可。,48/58,从实践来看，英语中正说和反说，在多数情况下，还,是译成汉语中对应正说和反说。所以，对于正反说转,换，切不可随心所欲，为转换而转换，而是要确实出于需,要,或是出于译文需要，或是出于增强表示效果需,要，比如：,Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go,merely on that account,for in general you know,they visit no new comers.(J.Austen:Pride and Prejudice),卢卡斯爵士夫妇打定注意要去，,还不就是为了这个缘故,，因为你知道，他们通常是不去造访新搬来邻居。,merely on that account,也能够“正”译成“仅仅为了这个缘故”，但似乎显得平淡了一些，而“反”译成“还不就是为了这个缘故”，则能愈加充分地表示出说话人急迫心态。,49/58,1.Affirmative in English,but Negative in Chinese,Im,at my wits end,to keep this child quiet.,要让这个孩子平静下来，我已经,无计可施,。,The mother said she would,let her son off washing the dishes,if he could finish his assignment before super.,那位妈妈说假如她儿子能在晚饭前完成作业，她就,不让他刷碗了,。,50/58,2.Negative in English,but affirmative in Chinese,The doubt was still,unresolved,after his repeated explanations.,虽经他一再解释，疑团,依然存在,。,All the articles in the museum are,untouchable,.,博物馆内一切展品,禁止触摸,。,He manifested a strong,dislike,for his fathers business.,他对他父亲生意表示强烈,厌恶,情绪。,51/58,3.The Same English Word,with Either Affirmative or Negative Equivalents in Chinese,He,is free with,his money.,他不差钱（他花钱很大方）。,The station is,no distance,at all,.,车站一点不远,(,近在咫尺）。,The criminal is still,at large.,罪犯依然未被逮捕（逍遥法外）,.,It is,no less than,a fraud.,这简直是一场骗局。（不亚于,，无异于,),52/58,4.Double Negative for Emphasis,There is not any advantage without disadvantage.,有一利必有一弊。,It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.,人都会犯错误。,It never rains bit it pours.,不雨则已，一雨倾盆,(,不鸣则已，一鸣惊人,),53/58,5.Roundabout Affirmative,（迂回式必定）,He didnt half like the girl.,他非常喜欢那姑娘。,I couldnt agree with you more.,我非常赞同您意见。我再同意你不过了。,He cant see you quick enough.,他想尽快和你见面。,I couldnt feel better.,我以为身体好极了。,Dont scamp your work because you are pressed for time.,不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。,54/58,6.Some Traps in Negative Structures(,否定结构陷阱）,（,1,）,notbecause,The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished.,发动机并非因为没燃料停。,（,2,）,cannot too,He cannot be too hardworking.,他再努
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