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第7章 动词概说(1)
一. 动词是表示动作(study, find, swim 等)
或状态(be, like, feel 等)的词。
动词具有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。
二. 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:
实义动词(Notional Verb)、
系动词 (Link Verb)、
助动词 (Auxiliary Verb)、
情态动词(Modal Verb)。
(一)行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词,它们都含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,可在句中独立作谓语。
行为动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:
及物动词(Transitive Verb)、
不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),
缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
1、及物动词 (Page137-141)
及物动词后一定要跟宾语,意思才能完整。如:
My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.
2、不及物动词 (Page141-142)
不及物动词意义完整,不需带宾语,但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时,必须先加介词后加宾语。如:
He only worried about his daughter.
说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。
(having是实义动词。)
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。
(has是助动词。)
3. 说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。
(Page142-145)
例如:
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
Page 145-146
I will lend you my bike.
= I will lend my bike to you.
I will sing you a song.
= I will sing a song for you.
(二)系动词
系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
系动词含有一定意义,它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词(短语)一起构成合成谓语。
说明:
有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)
He fell off the ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。
系动词的种类:系动词按意义可分为六类,而且有自己的特定用法。
(Page153-160)
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。
(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,
例如:
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
(三) 助动词
常见的助动词有be, have, will, shall等。
1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。
助动词自身没有词义,不能单独做谓语,只能和行为动词一起构成谓语,帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。
例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2. 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came here?
你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening.
明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助动词有:be, do, does, did, have, shall, will,
should, would
具体用法如下:(Page160-163)
1、助动词be的用法如下:
1)构成各种进行时态。如:
It was raining all day yesterday.
昨天整天下雨。
2)构成被动语态。如:
The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.
会议是昨天下午举行的。
3)与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如:
They are to see an English film this evening.
他们今天晚上看英语电影。
2、助动词do的用法如下:
1)构成疑问式或否定式。如:
Does he think so?
I didn’t say anything about the result.
2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调,意为“的确,确实”。如:
They do study hard.
She does love him.
He did want to help the old man.
3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如:
He has lived here for three years.
As soon as the sun had set they returned.
4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态;助动词should 是shall的过去式,构成过去将来时。
如:
I shall send ten letters to my good friend.
She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.
四. 短语动词 (Page147-152)
动词加小品词构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。例如:
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:
1) 动词+副词,如:black out;
2) 动词+介词,如:look into;
3) 动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle)。
练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!
一、选择最佳答案填空(动词及搭配):
1. A policeman saw two thieves ______a girl’s mobile phone on the bus and he caught them at once.
A. to steal B. stealing C. stole D. stolen
2. The Chinese pingpong players will join in the match. Let’s ______them success.
A. wish B. to wish C. hope D. to hope
3. He is so careless that he always ______his school things at home.
A. forgets B. forgot C. leaves D. left
4. ----Who ______the computer? I want to use it.
----Timmy. He ______ it for a week.
A. borrowed, has borrowed B. has borrowed, bought
C. has borrowed, has kept D. bought, has borrowed
5. Look! One of the girls ______the door.
A. cleans B. is cleaning C. clean D. are cleaning
练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!
6. If you don’t feel well, you may just ______.
A. stopped reading B. stop reading C. stopped to read D. stop to read
7. ----Where can we get a baseball?
----Let’s ______.
A. lend Jim one B. lend one to Jim
C. borrow one from Jim D. borrow one of Jim
8. ----My model ship doesn’t work.
----Don’t worry. I’ll have it ______this afternoon.
A. repairing B. made C. repaired D. mend
9. You ______wash your hands before meals.
A. need B. must C. can D. may
10. Will you ______the light? It’s dark in the room.
A .get on B. get off C. turn on D. turn off
练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!
11. My name is Zhang Mingjian. You may ______me Zhang Mingjian or Mr Zhang.
A. ask B. say C. tell D. call
12. There is going to ______a game in our school this afternoon.
A .has B. have C. be D. are
13. You’d better ______ smoking. It’s bad for your health.
A .eat up B. give up C. come up D. get up
14. ----How do you like this book?
----I think it has nothing to______ with our study.
A. make B. do C. take D. hold
15. ----Where is Mr Brown? I have some questions to ask him.
---- He ______the office.
A. has been to B. has been in C. has gone to D. has gone in
练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!
16. The bus kept the people ______for twenty minutes.
A. wait B. to wait C. waiting D. waits
17. I believe the scientists will ______a better way to heal the disease.
A. get on with B. come up with C. go on with D. catch up with
18.----Why do you often ______this pink blouse?
----Because it fits me well.
A. put on B. wear C. buy D. try on
19. Jack always runs faster than Peter, but this time he ______him.
A. went over B. fell behind C. put off D. dropped off
20. The Internet ______it easy to get much new information in a short time.
A. finds B. makes C. feels D. takes
参考答案:1--5 BACCB 6—10 BCCBC
11--15 DCBBC 16—20 CBBBB
动词用法与辨析
◆典型题分析◆
1. If you want to sell your product you must _____ it.
A. advertise B. advertise for
C. advertise on D. advertise to
2. No matter how much you’ve learned and how high a standard of education you have had, you must _______ the people heart and soul.
A. serve B. serve for
C. serve to D. serve on
3. I _____ you yesterday, but you weren’t in.
A. rang B. rang to
C. rang with D. rang to
4. Neither of her parents wanted her to _____ her cousin.
A. marry B. marry to
C. marry with D. marry for
5. How can I _____ you, Mr. Green?
A. contact B. contact with
C. contact to D. contact for
1. If you want to sell your product you must _____ it.
A. advertise B. advertise for
C. advertise on D. advertise to
【陷阱】容易误选B,认为 advertise 的意思是“做广告”,advertise for 的意思“为……做广告”。
【分析】事实上,正确答案为A。advertise 可用作及物和不及物动词:用作及物动词时,其意为“为……做广告”、“登广告宣传”;用作不及物动词时,其意为“做广告”、“登广告”,此时通常后接介词 for,表示“做广告征求”。比较:
advertise for sth (sb) 登广告征求或寻找某物或某人 (此时 advertise 不及物)
advertise sth 为……登广告,登广告宣传……(此时 advertise 是及物动词,其后要直接跟被宣传的东西作宾语)
People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人们为要卖的东西登广告。
The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 经理想登广告招聘一位新秘书。
再比较以下用例:
advertise jobs 登广告招人
advertise for jobs 登广告求职
2. No matter how much you’ve learned and how high a standard of education you have had, you must _______ the people heart and soul.
A. serve B. serve for
C. serve to D. serve on
【陷阱】容易误选B,即字对字地翻译汉语的“全心全意为人民服务”,将其中的“为”译为 for。
【分析】答案选A,serve 意为“为……服务”,可直接用作及物动词,其后不能按汉语意思误加介词 for。
请看以下类似例子:
(1) I _____ you yesterday, but you weren’t in.
A. rang B. rang to
C. rang with D. rang to
答案选A,ring 可以用作及物动词,表示“给……打电话”,故其后不用介词。
(2) Neither of her parents wanted her to _____ her cousin.
A. marry B. marry to
C. marry with D. marry for
答案选A,marry 可用作及物或不及物动词,用作及物动词时它的意思“与……结婚”,而不仅仅是“结婚”,也就是说,后接宾语时,无需用介词 to, with 等。
(3) How can I _____ you, Mr. Green?
A. contact B. contact with
C. contact to D. contact for
答案选A,contact 为及物动词,表示“与……联系”,其后不接介词。
3. According to the rules, students must not ______ their books during examinations.
A. read B. watch
C. notice D. look at
【陷阱】容易误选A。因为按照英语一般习惯:看书看报用动词 read,看电视用动词watch,看电影用动词see,看比赛用动词watch,看黑板用动词look at,等等。
【分析】答案选D. 一般说来,汉语的“看书”至少有两层意思,一是指阅读性地看书,即看书=读书,此时通常用动词read;另一种看书则不是指阅读性地看书,而只是大概地翻一翻或看一看,比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等,或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句以及考试时偷看书本等等,此时通常都不宜用动词read,而应根据情况选用其他动词(如 look at)。又如:
Let me have a look at the book. 让我看看或翻翻这本书。
Please answer my questions without looking at your books. 请不看书回答我的问题。
4. “I love traveling. I hope to go with you this time.”
“But does your mother _____ you to go?”
A. let B. agree
C. allow D. promise
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案为C。不能选A是因为 let 后用作宾语补足语的不定式不能带 to;不能选B是因为动词 agree 习惯上不用于 agree sb to do sth 这一句式;不能选D是因为在 promise sb to do sth 这一句式中,to do sth 的逻辑主语是 promise 的主语而不其是宾语,比如 He promised me to go 的意思是“他答应我,他去”,而不是“他答应我让我去”。之所以能选C,是因为 allow sb to do sth(允许某人做某事)与上文语境刚好吻合。
5. If they _______ to make heart-felt apologies soon we will have to bring an action against them.
A. disagreed B. refused
C. agreed D. hoped
【陷阱】容易误选A,根据 agree to do sth(同意做某事),想当然地类推出 disagree to do sth(不同意或不愿意做某事)。
【分析】事实上,语言有很多问题是不能类推的,如上面这一例,英语可说 agree to do sth,但习惯上却不说 disagree to do sth。类似地,英语中可说 like doing [to do] sth,但在现代英语中习惯上说 dislike doing sth,却不说dislike to do sth。其实上面一题的最佳答案是B,refuse to do sth 意为“拒绝做某事”或“不愿做某事”。
6. They own two cars, not to _____ a motorbike.
A. speak B. say
C. talk D. mention
【陷阱】很容易根据“他们拥有两辆小汽车,更不用说一辆摩托车了”这一中文语境而选择B。
【分析】其实最佳答案为D。因为not to say 和 not to mention 均为习语,但其含义区别甚大:
not to mention=更不用说,此外还有
not to say=虽不能说,即使不能说
It is warm, not to say hot. 天气虽说不上热,但也够暖了。
He was impolite, not to say rude. 他即使不是粗鲁,至少也是没有礼貌。
There’re ten of us ready to help, not to mention the children. 我们有10个人愿意帮忙,还不算小孩。
They have three dogs to look after, not to mention the cat and the bird. 他们有三只狗要照顾,更别提那只猫和鸟了。
7. “Do your parents agree to your doing that?” “Yes, of course. In fact, they always ______ me to try something new.”
A. hope B. suggest
C. support D. encourage
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。因为若仅从汉语意思来看,四个选项均可填入空格处。
【分析】其实此题的正解答案是D。因为在以上四个选项中,只有encourage 可后接不定式的复合结构作宾语,即可用于 encourage sb to do sth,而其余三者均不可后接不定式的复合结构作宾语,即英语中习惯上不说 hope sb to do sth, suggest sb to do sth, support sb to do sth。顺便说一句,以下英汉语表达也有类似差别,请注意:
汉语说“希望某人做某事”,但英语不说 hope sb to do sth。
汉语说“同意某人做某事”,但英语不说 agree sb to do sth。
汉语说“不同意某人做某事”,但英语不说disagree sb to do sth。
汉语说“害怕某人做某事”,但英语不说 fear sb to do sth。
汉语说“拒绝某人做某事”,但英语不说 refuse sb to do sth。
汉语说“惩罚某人做某事”,但英语不说 punish sb to do sth。
汉语说“建议某人做某事”,但英语不说 suggest sb to do sth。
汉语说“建议某人做某事”,但英语不说 propose sb to do sth。
汉语说“赞成某人做某事”,但英语不说 approve sb to do sth。
汉语说“安排某人做某事”,但英语不说 arrange sb to do sth。
汉语说“要求某人做某事”,但英语不说 demand sb to do sth。
汉语说“感谢某人做某事”,但英语不说 thank sb to do sth。
汉语说“指导某人做某事”,但英语不说 guide sb to do sth。
汉语说“祝贺某人做某事”,但英语不说 congratulate sb to do sth。
汉语说“阻止某人做某事”,但英语不说 prevent sb to do sth。
汉语说“通知某人做某事”,但英语不说 inform sb to do sth。
汉语说“欢迎某人做某事”,但英语不说 welcome sb to do sth。
汉语说“陪伴某人做某事”,但英语不说 accompany sb to do sth。
要表示以上汉语意思,英语需改用其他说法。如:
advise sb to do sth 建议某人做某事
wish sb to do sth / hope for sb to do sth 希望某人做某事
arrange for sb to do sth 安排某人做某事
demand of sb to do sth 要求某人做某事
thank sb for doing sth 感谢某人做了某事
congratulate sb on doing sth 祝贺某人做了某事
prevent sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
等等。
8. Nowadays everyone hopes to ______ good education so as to get a good job in the future.
A. accept B. accept a
C. receive D. receive a
【陷阱】容易误选A或B。因为accept 与 receive 的基本区别是前者表示“接受”,后者表示“收到”,而汉语通常是说“接受教育”,而不是说“收到教育”,所以选A或B,
【分析】其实上,此题的正确答案是D,因为英语中习惯说 receive a good education,而不说 accept a good education。另外,education 表示抽象意义的“教育”时,不可数,但表示“一种教育”或“一段教育”时,可与不定冠词连用。
9. Wearing dark glasses can _______ your eyes from the sun.
A. care B. prevent
C. defend D. protect
【陷阱】容易误选B。因为许多同学一看到题干中的 from,再联系到选项中的 prevent,便马上想起了 prevent … from … 这个常用搭配。
【分析】在 prevent A from B 这一句式中,A 和 B通常具有主谓关系,如在The rain prevented us from going out (下雨使我们不能出去)中,“我们”与“出去”就具有主谓关系。而上面一题不具备此特点。此题正确答案应是 D,protect … from … 意为“保护……免受……”。
10. Mr. Smith was in great need of money, so he ____ $2 000 for his car.
A. paid B. took
C. cost D. spent
【陷阱】容易误选A,误选的依据是pay … for … 这一搭配。
【分析】若单独说 He paid $2 000 for the car (他付了2 000美元买这车)是完全可以的,但问题是,本句前面有这样一句He was in great need of money (他急需要钱),既然是“急需要钱”,又怎么还会花2000美元去买车呢?尤其还需注意的是 car 前的物主代词 his,这说明是为自己的车花2000美元钱,不合情理。此题的正确答案是B,take 在此表示“获得”、“得到”,句意为“他急需要钱,把自己的车以2000美元给卖掉了”。
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