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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,退出,返回章重点,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,第三章,英汉语言对比,Comparative Studies,of English and Chinese Languages,1/114,1,3.3.1 英汉句子结构交换,A.英语简单句可转换成汉语复合句,B.英语并列句、复合句可转换成汉语简单句,3.3.2 英汉句子次序调整,A.调整时间次序,B.调整空间次序,C.调整逻辑次序,3.1.1 英语重形合，汉语重意合,3.1.2 英语爱化零为整，汉语喜化整为零,3.1.3 英语爱用静态词，汉语多用动态词,3.1.4 英语语序变换多，汉语结构较固定,3.1.5 英语多用被动，汉语惯用主动,3.4.1 英汉都有增补与省略,3.4.2 英汉都有词类转换,3.4.3 英汉都有巧妙重复,3.4.4 英汉都受上下文制约选择词义,课堂互动1,课堂互动3,课堂互动4,综合练习 1,综合练习 2,综合练习 3,3.1 英汉语言特征对比,3.2 英汉词汇表示对比,3.2.1 英语词汇含义多,3.2.2 英语词汇搭配多,3.2.3 英语词汇在句中位置多,3.3 英汉句法结构对比,3.4 英汉句意表示对比,第三章综合练习及参考译文,-end,第 三 章 重 点,第三章 英汉语言对比,课堂互动2,2/114,2,第三章,英汉语言对比,Comparative Studies of English and Chinese,Languages,3/114,3,不一样语言间差异不但表现在语言、词汇和语法这些语言形式上，而且表现在语言文化特征上。语言文化特征不但包括到一个语言所代表民族心理意识、风土人情、宗教信仰和历史传统等原因，而且包括到历史文化、地域文化、习俗文化、宗教文化等方面。,汉语和英语是世界上两大语言，代表着中西两种文化。因为中西文化不一样，在语言、文化、生活、工作、习惯、风俗、行为、兴趣、兴趣等各个方面都存在着差异。,4/114,4,若“要认识汉语特点，就要跟非汉语比较，要认识当代汉语特点，就要跟古代汉语比较；要认识普通话特点，就要跟方言比较。不论语音、语汇、语法，都能够经过对比来研究”,。,5/114,5,翻译是两种语际间转换、是两种文化信息间转换。语言不是静止不变，是伴随社会实践不停发展而发展。词意义、语言表示也是如此。翻译也是这么。,6/114,6,在跨语言、跨文化翻译交际过程中，难免会出现差异，探索语言、文化差异性并分析其原因，有利于防止产生失误，提升翻译质量。,7/114,7,语言表示方式不但与文化有着亲密关系，而且与思维及逻辑方式有着亲密关系。这种思维及逻辑方式差异在语言表示方式上表现既存在于语篇思绪和结构上，也存在于句子水平上。,小节结束,8/114,8,3.1英汉语言特征对比,Comparisons between English and Chinese Language Features,9/114,9,英语重形合是指英语语言符号之间有较强逻辑关系；汉语重意合是指汉语句子主要经过字词意义连结起来。,3.1.1 英语重形合，汉语重意合,10/114,10,例1：Accomplishment is often deceptive because we dont see the pain and perseverance that produced it.So we may credit the achiever with brains,brawn or lucky break and let ourselves off the hook because we fall short in all three.,【译文】成就经常使人产生错觉，使人只看到功成名就，却看不到成就来之不易，和为之所付出艰辛困苦，总认为成功者之所以成功是因为人家身体棒、脑子灵、运气好，从而为自己找借口开脱，说自己没有取得成功是因为自己不具备上述这三条。,11/114,11,例2：And yet it almost provokes a smile at the vanity of human ambition,to see how they are crowded together and jostled in the dust;what parsimony is observed in doling out a scanty nook,a gloomy corner,a little portion of earth,to those,whom,when alive,kingdoms could not satisfy;and how many shapes,and forms,and artifices are devised to catch the casual notice of the passenger and save from forgetfulness,for a few short years,a name which once aspired to occupy ages of the worlds thought and admiration.,12/114,12,【译文】现在这些伟人只是横七竖八地挤在一起，埋在黄土中；他们在世之时，堂堂英国却不足以供他们驰骋，如今却遵照经济标准，他们只分得那么小一块土地，那么黑暗而又贫瘠一个角落；他们曾企图让声名占有世代人思想，取得人人敬羡。如今他们坟墓却千方百计地雕出种种装饰，只是为了吸引游客偶然一顾，省得在短短几年中就把他们名字急忙忘怀。看了这些，想到人生虚空，我又几乎忍不住要惨然一笑了。,小节结束,13/114,13,3.1.2 英语爱化零为整，汉语喜化整为零,“英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人则化整为零”,（王力）,。说明英汉两种语言写作在篇章结构方面和句子互译方面差异。,14/114,14,例1：Meanwhile he took the mutton off the gridiron,and gravely handed,it,around.We all took some,but our appreciation of,it,was gone,and we merely made show of eating,it,.,(Charles Dickens:,David Copperfield,),【译文】这时候，他从烤架上拿了些羊肉，庄重地送到我们面前，我们各自取了一些，可是我们早已没有了胃口，只不过做做样子，装吃罢了。,15/114,15,例2：Harvard Business School opened in the early 20th century,and pioneered the case-study method of teachingmaking use of real-world scenarios,instead of relying on academic theorya methodology that has remained the bases for many MBA programmes around the world today.,【译文】哈佛商学院成立于20世纪初，它开了个案研究教学法之先河，即在教学中利用现实生活中案例，而不是单纯依靠学术理论，这种方法业已成为当今世界MBA课程基础。,小节结束,16/114,16,英语喜欢使用静态词汇，而汉语则多使用动态词汇，英译汉时经常把原文中表示动作意义静态叙述转换成汉语动态叙述。,3.1.3 英语爱用静态词，汉语惯用动态词,17/114,17,例1：Inspiration is the number one cause of greatness.If information,is,power,then inspiration must be,the power of our potential.,The power that moves us from the systematic to the spontaneous.From,ideas,to,results,.,【译文】灵感伟大成就之源。假如说信息为力量 话，那么灵感便是一个使我们从按部就班到挥洒自如、从构思意念到取得结果潜能。,18/114,18,例2：In order to resolve these problems,the Chinese and American experts agreed that youth organizations should call on the whole of society to create favorable conditions for the healthy growth of young people,as well as to encourage them to meet the urgent needs of society and to challenge the assumption that young people are apathetic and uncaring.,【译文】为了处理这些问题，中美两国教授一致认为，各青年团体应该动员全社会，既勉励青年急社会之所急，又要向那种认为年轻人冷漠无情、对社会漠不关心思想进行挑战，为他们健康成长创造有利条件。,小节结束,19/114,19,英语为了取得句子形式上平衡或修辞上强调效果，经常将句中一些成份位置进行调整，如主谓倒装、宾语后置、或与其它成份位置调换等，以产生修辞上生动效果。这种句子成份位置调换在汉语中比较少见。,3.1.4 英语语序变换多，汉语语序较固定,20/114,20,例 1：Mr.Bennet was among the earliest of those who waited on Mr.Bingley.He had always intended to visit him,though to the last always assuring his wife that he should not go;and till the evening after the visit was paid,she had no knowledge of it.,(J.Austen:,Pride and Prejudice,),【译文】班纳特先生尽管在太太面前一直都说不想去造访彬格莱先生，实际上他一直都打算去，而且还是最先去造访人员之一。直到他去造访后那天晚上，他太太才知道实情。,21/114,21,例2：The saga of the White Star liner Titanic,which struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage in 1912,carrying more than 1 300 passengers to their deaths,has been celebrated in print and on film,in poetry and song.,【译文】白星企业班轮泰坦尼克号在19处女航中因撞上冰山而淹没，船上1 300多名乘客遇难。今后关于她种种传说便成为各种刊物、电影以及诗歌、歌曲内容而广为流传。,小节结束,22/114,22,英语重物称，常采取无生命词汇作主语，所以多被动句，而且不指出动作执行者；汉语重人称，习惯用表示人或物词汇作主语，大都以主动句形式出现。,3.1.5 英语多被动，汉语惯用主动,23/114,23,例1：The little cares,fears,tears,timid misgivings,sleepless fancies of I dont know how many days and nights,were forgotten,under one moments influence of that familiar,irresistible smile.,(Thackeray:,Vanity Fair,),【译文】他那熟悉笑容有一股不可抵抗魔力，多少天来牵肠挂肚、淌眼抹泪，心里疑疑惑惑，晚上胡思乱想睡不着，一看见他，顷刻之间就把一切忧虑忘得精光。,（扬 必译）,24/114,24,例2：By August 23 the Seine was reached southeast and northwest of the capital,and two days later the great city,the glory of France,was liberated after four years of German occupation when General Jacques Leclercs French 2nd Armored Division and the U.S.4th Infantry Division broke into it and found that French resistance units were largely in control.,(William L.Shirer:,The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich,),【译文】到8月23日，盟军就抵达了巴黎东南面和西北面塞纳河，两天以后，雅克勒克莱克将军率领法国第二装甲师和美国第四步兵师攻进了巴黎。被德国占领了四年之久这座法国引以自豪伟大名城就此解放。他们发觉法国抵抗运动部队已经基本上控制了巴黎。,小节结束,25/114,25,课堂互动1：翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点,（参考译文）,1I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way,if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical,and if he has a quick,darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things,he will,unless he has great self-control,load his pages with metaphor and simile.,【译文】我想，假如一个人思绪不清，写起文章来也会杂乱无章；假如他性情多变、喜怒无常，他文章也会充满奇思妙想；假如他思绪灵敏，能由眼前之事联想到上百件事，除非他有很强自我约束力，他文章就会满篇是比喻联想。,26/114,26,2I sincerely hope that your congratulations will be matched by your collective endeavour to seek a just and practical solution to the problem which has bedeviled the United Nations for so many years.,【译文】,我们诚恳地希望，你们在表示祝贺之后，能作出对应共同努力，方便寻求一个公正可行方法，来处理这个多年来一直困扰着联合国问题。,课堂互动1：翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点,（参考译文）,27/114,27,3They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and,in some,has been a way of life for centuries.,【译文】他们通常没意识到在很多国家，行行色色贿赂行为正日益增多。在一些国家，这已成为人们几百年来生活方式。,课堂互动1：翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点,（参考译文）,28/114,28,4Culture to him,as to the Orientals,with whom he lived so much and sympathized so deeply,was an affair of the spirit and of mind not to be measured by material progress,or,even by the arts.,【译文】他心中所谓文化，与人精神心灵相关，不能用物质丰富，甚至艺术文明来衡量。他跟东方人交往很久，也同情东方人；在东方人心目中，文化也是如此。,课堂互动1：翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点,（参考译文）,29/114,29,5With Asias economic meltdown rattling the Beijing leadership,Zhu and his colleagues now have a powerful argument that China must get its own house in order to prevent meddling by the International Monetary Fund or other outsiders.(,China:,Zhu is Taking a Broom to the Bureaucrats,),【译文】亚洲经济出现问题使北京领导层感到担心，朱镕基和其它领导人现在更有理由相信，为了预防国际货币基金组织和其它外部干涉，中国必须把自己事情办好。,小节结束,课堂互动1：翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点,（参考译文）,30/114,30,3.2英汉词汇表示对比,Differentiations in English and Chinese Dictions,31/114,31,每个词都有个词义，这是基本意义。一个词意义经常因为语言环境改变而改变，产生多个词义，其实这都是词词典意义。有时候这个词在词典里根本找不到这个意义，这便是词延伸意义，另外还有内涵意义、格调意义、情感意义、联想意义、搭配意义、主题意义等。,3.2.1 英语词汇含义多,32/114,32,例1：He,stole her a watch,.,A.他给她偷了一块表。,B.他偷了她一块表。,C.他偷看了她一眼。,D.她偷看了他一眼。,答案A,33/114,33,例2：That girl student is,in the green.,A.那,个女生身着绿装。,B.那个女生正值青春年少。,C.那个女生毫无经验。,D.那个女生涉世不深。,答案B,34/114,34,例3:He tried to seem angry,but his smile,betrayed,him.,A.他装出生气样子，可是笑容暴露了他真实情感。,B.他试图看上去是生气样子，不过他笑容背叛了他。,C.,他试图生气忍住不笑。,D.他心里很生气，却笑不出来。,答案A,35/114,35,例4：Science is,a servant,of mankind.,A.科学是人类仆人。,B.科学是人类工具。,C.科学服务于人类。,D.科学造福于人类。,答案D,36/114,36,例5：In an odd way the two leaders,diminished,each other.,A.两位领导人用一个奇特方式使对方黯然失色。,B.两位领导人用一个奇异方式相互贬低对方。,C.两位领袖用一个奇怪方式相互排挤对方。,D.奇怪是,这两位领袖站在一起，都不如原来形象那么伟大了。,小节结束,答案D,37/114,37,例1：Any literate person on the face of the globe,is deprived,if he does not know English.,【译文】世上文化人，假如不懂英语,就算不上,个真正文化人。,3.2.2,英语词汇搭配多,英语中词汇与词汇搭配不一样，意义不一样，假如只按词基本意思去译，往往就会变为望文生义，搞出很多笑话。,38/114,38,例2：She is forty,if she is a day.,【译文】她,最少,40岁了。,例3：The housewife,is not at home,to visitors.,【译文】家庭主妇,不接待,客人。,39/114,39,例4：He pretends to be,as modest as anything,.,【译文】他装得,极为谦虚,。,例5：We should find truth,in the light of,science.,【译文】,依据,科学，探求真理。,40/114,40,例6：Beyond the light of the fire everything was swallowed up,the blackness of darkness,.,(Mark Twain:,Adventures of Tom Sawyer,),【译文】在火光照不到地方，一切都被吞没在,夜黑暗,之中。,小节结束,41/114,41,3.2.3 英语词汇在句中位置多,A.,定语位置,例1：Its no legend.My father knew the two,men involved,.,【译文】这可不是瞎说。那,两个与本案相关人,我父亲都认识。,42/114,42,例2：They are to send a,government trade,delegation to China.,【译文】他们将派一个,政府贸易代表团,到中国来。,例3：The fundamental way out,for agriculture,lies in mechanization.,【译文】,农业,根本出路在于机械化。,例4：She was,happiness incarnate.,【译文】她是,幸福化身,。,小节结束,43/114,43,B.,状语位置,例1：He,left today week.,【译文】他,上星期今天,离开了。,44/114,44,例2：He,will leave today week.,【译文】他将,在下星期今天,离开。,例3：It is,nt half,hot today.,【译文】今天,很热,。,例4：I shall be,only too,pleased to come.,【译文】我非常愿意来。,45/114,45,例5：I,m nothing of,a scholar.,【译文】我,不识,字。,例6：Bunyan was sent to school for a short time,where he learned to read and write,after a fashion.,（Wu Weiren:,History and Anthology of English Literature,）,【译文】班扬上学少，学习也,不怎么好,。,小节结束,46/114,46,课堂互动2：翻译句子，注意词义选择,（参考译文）,1That woman walks,the streets,.,【译文】那女人是个街头女郎。,2Bill is taking his,bird,to the pictures tonight.,【译文】比尔今晚要带他“小鸟”去看电影。,3He is,not,so ill,but,he can come to school.,【译文】他,还不至于,病得不能上学。,47/114,47,课堂互动2：翻译句子，注意词义选择,（参考译文）,4She,is at home,in English.,【译文】他英语,很棒,。,5He,and he,alone could control the situation.,【译文】他，,只有他,，才能控制局面。,6It is raining,cats and dogs,outside.,【译文】外面下着,倾盆大雨,。,48/114,48,课堂互动2：翻译句子，注意词义选择,（参考译文）,7It is,not half,bad for a beginner.,【译文】就新手而言，这是相当不错了。,8.Dont,make light of,their design.,【译文】别,轻视,他们方案。,9He is,a foreign-language,student.,【译文】他是,学外语,学生。,49/114,49,课堂互动2：翻译句子，注意词义选择,（参考译文）,10I came to the university,this day 25 years ago,.,【译文】,二十五年前今天,，我来到这所大学。,11Well be there,this time next month.,【译文】,下个月这个时候,，我们将到那儿。,12I,m something of,a carpenter.,【译文】我能作些木工活。,50/114,50,课堂互动2：翻译句子，注意词义选择,（参考译文）,13Xiao Gao,is anything of,a gentleman.,【译文】小高,有点儿,君子风度。,14He,is nothing of,a musician.,【译文】他,全无,音乐家,风范,。,15We,sang,the old year,out,and the New Year,in.,【译文】我们以歌声,辞,旧,迎,新。,小节结束,51/114,51,3.3 英汉句法结构对比,Comparison in English and Chinese Sentence Structure,52/114,52,例1：This attitude has been described as anything from a“merciful loss of memory”to“escapist therapy”.,【译文】人们对这种态度议论纷纷，有说是“好心遗忘”，有说是“逃避现实疗法”。,3.3.1 英汉句子结构交换,A.英语简单句可转换成汉语复合句,53/114,53,例2：His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free Beijing University.,【译文】因为中学成绩优异，他无偿上了北京大学。,54/114,54,例3：His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.,【译文】她很疲惫，也感到越来越热，于是决定一碰到有阴凉地方就坐下来休息。,小节结束,55/114,55,例1：He doesnt know what life means to him.,【译文】他不知道人生意义。,例2：What troubles me is that I dont have much experience in this kind of work.,【译文】使我苦恼是我做这种工作经验不多。,例3：He was very clean and his mind was open.,【译文】他为人单纯而坦率。,B.英语并列句、复合句可转换成汉语简单句,小节结束,56/114,56,“语义表示没有明确从左向右或从上到下次序，但语义在句法上尤其是横向组合关系上有详细线性表示。语序实质是依据思维之流来安排句法单位排列次序”,。但S-V-O句子结构是人类语言最优化结构，最符合人类认知次序，使用最为广泛。,3.3.2 英汉句子次序调整,57/114,57,A.调整时间次序,英语叙述其从句可在主句之前，也可在主语之后，而汉语则按事情发生先后次序来叙述。,58/114,58,例1：If she had long lost the blue-eyed,flower-like charm,the cool slim purity of face and form,the apple-blossom coloring which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago,she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion,whose cheeks were faintly mottled,and whose grey-blue eyes had acquired a certain fullness.,【译文】假如说她早已失掉了那蔚蓝色眼睛、花儿般魅力，也失掉了她脸儿和身段那种玉洁冰清、苗条多姿气质和那苹果花似颜色儿二十六年前这种花容月貌曾那样快速而奇妙地影响过爱舍斯特那么在四十三岁今天，她依旧是个好看而忠实伴侣，不过脸颊淡淡地有点儿斑驳，灰蓝眼睛也已经有点儿鼓了。,59/114,59,例2：Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first broken through by conscious choice.,【译文】遗传和行为继承一直是支配环境惟一方式，当这种继承第一次被有意识选择打破时，人类历史便开始了。,60/114,60,例3:He smelled the breeze and he listened for any foreign sound of secrecy or creeping,and his eyes searched the darkness,for the music of evil was sounding in his head and he was fierce and afraid.After he had probed the night with his sense he went to the place by the side post where the pearl was buried,and he dug it up and brought it to his sleeping mat,and under his sleeping mat he dug another little hole in the dirt floor and buried his pearl and covered it up again.,61/114,61,【译文】他吸闻着微风吹来气息，听听有什么奇异声响，两眼在黑暗中搜索，因为邪恶之歌又在耳边响起。他有点凶猛，也有点害怕。他用眼睛和耳朵在黑夜里仔细审查一番之后，又回到屋里，来在侧柱旁埋珍珠地方，把珍珠挖出来，拿到席子上，又在席子下面地上挖了一个小洞，把珍珠埋进去，再盖上土。,小节结束,62/114,62,英汉两种语言普通都遵照由上到下、由左到右、由里到外次序排列；不过汉语由背景到焦点、由参考体到目标体；英语由焦点到背景、由目标体到参考体。英语大都把最主要或者较紧急信息放在最前面，而汉语则相反，最主要却在最终，遵照“尾心”标准。,B.调整空间次序,63/114,63,例1：I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm breeze on my skin and the cool support of water.,【译文】和煦微风吹拂着我肌肤，清凉海水托浮着我身体。我享受着那种纯净飘飘欲仙感觉。,64/114,64,例 2：An individual human existence should be like a riversmall at first,narrowly contained within its banks,and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.Gradually the river grows wider,the banks recede,the waters flow more quietly,and in the end,without any visible break,they become merged in the sea,and painlessly lose their individual being.,【译文】人生像条河，开始是涓涓细流，夹在两岸之间，河水飞跃咆哮，流过巨石，飞下悬崖。以后河面逐步展宽，两岸离得越来越远，河水也流得较为平缓，最终融入大海，与海水浑然一体，看不出任何界限，从而结束其单独存在那一段历程。,65/114,65,例3：He entereth smiling andembarrassed.He holdeth out his hand to you to shake,anddraweth it back again.He casually looketh in about dinner-time when the table is full.He offereth to go away,seeing you have companybut is induced to stay.He filleth a chair,and your visitors two children are accommodated at a side-table.,（,Charles Lamb:,Poor Relations,）,【译文】,他微笑着走进来,（自然是想讨好主人，让人家高兴并喜欢他）,，,但又忸怩不安,（自己心里明白，我这个穷亲戚，人家是不欢迎）,。他刚伸出手想同主人握手,（既然是亲戚真没这个必要，可穷亲戚又矮人一节，还是主动先伸手，常言“礼多人不怪嘛”，可发觉主人根本就没有握手意思，所以伸出去手）,又缩回去了。他称原来无事只是随便来坐坐,（是想给主人一个解释，你别怕，我不是来借钱，也不是要东西）,，,正巧赶上主人宴请宾客,（看似巧合，但实际上，每逢酒宴之日他总是不请都来）,，,因有客人，他声言就走,（并非本意，只是做做样子，他知道，主人一定会出于礼节或碍于面子而虚留一番）,，,可主人刚一劝（,虚情假意也好，正中下怀，便来个“顺水推舟”），,就不走了，留下吃饭,（本想就如此这般）,。他占了一个座位,（混一顿算一顿）,，,把客人两个孩子挤在了桌旁,（顾不了那么多，人穷志短嘛）,。,小节结束,66/114,66,英语因果叙述表示原因从句可在主句之前，也可在主语之后，而汉语常是“因”在前，“果”在后；表示条件假设从句和表示因果从句差不多，而汉语常是“条件假设”在前，“结果”在后；英语表示目标行为，常是“行为”在前，“目标”在后，而汉语有时为了强调目标，常把目标放在行为之前；表示结果理由从句，常是“理由”在前，“结果”在后，汉语也常是“理由”在前，“结果”在后。汉语普通是由大到小、或由整体到部分这么排列；而英语普通是由小到大，由部分到整体排列。,C.调整逻辑次序,67/114,67,例1：The young cyclist dashed about madly and was knocked down by a truck.,【译文】那个骑车青年横冲直撞，,结果,被一辆卡车撞倒了。,68/114,68,例2：Instead of the sublime a
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