科技论文摘要的写法.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1,摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、准确地记述文献重要内容的短文。,一般文章应附中文摘要和英文摘要。摘要应具有独立性和自含性，不应出现图表、冗长的数学公式和非公知公用的符号、缩略语。,基本特性,2,它位于正文之前，,中文摘要以,200,300,字为宜,英文摘要,通常,100-500,个单词（,100150 words,）,英文摘要内容应对照中文摘要进行翻译。由于篇幅有限，必须十分简练，开门见山，直截了当，不使用多余的词或生僻的词，也避免使用冗长的句子。,3,科技论文摘要大致包括三个部分：,一、说明论文的主题,二、介绍主要内容,三、提出结论或建议,科技论文的摘要，在结构上和语言上相当的程式化。,6,三是,报道,指示性摘要,(,informative-indicative abstract,):,以报道性摘要的形式表述论文中信息价值较高的部分,以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。,7,此外,目前大多数刊物倡导结构式摘要,(structured abstract),即报道性摘要的结构化表达,在内容上大致包括目的,(Objective),、设计,(Design),、地点,(Setting),、对象,(participants or subjects),、处理,(Interventions),、主要测定项目,(Main outcome measures),、结果,(Results),、结论,(Conclusion),等主要方面,强调论文摘要应含有较多的信息量。与非结构式摘要相比,全结构式摘要观点更明确,信息量更大,更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但过于繁琐,而且不是所有研究都能按以上,8,个要素分类的。于是更多的论文扬长避短,采用半结构式摘要。,8,据统计，目前世界上约有,60,的核心生物医学期刊采用结构式摘要，但此种摘要不适合综述之类的文章。,摘要的要素包括目的（,objective,）、方法（,methods,）、结果（,results,）和结论（,conclusion,）四部分,。,9,结构式摘要的书写方法,目的,（,What I want to do?,）,：,应简要说明研究的目的和意义，一般用,1-2,句话简要说明即可，不必太过冗长。目的部分的文字最好不是对文题的简单重复。,1,）,Eliminate or minimize background information,2,）,Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract.,10,常用英文表达方式,英文常以动词不定式“,To+,动词原形”开头,To investigate.and;,To assess;,To determine whether;,To study;,To examine;,To evaluate and compare;,To improve;,To describe;,To explore;,To clarify;,To identify,。,11,方法,(How I did it?),：,论文对研究对象进行研究的过程中所运用的原理、理论、条件、材料、工艺、结构、设备、手段、程序等，是完成研究对象的必要手段。,(,可写可不写,),动词用过去时态,。,12,常用英文表达方式,be carried out(performed,made,conducted),developed,employed,derived,synthesized,monitored,determined,measured,observed,recorded,examined,identified,tested,calculated,proposed,evaluated,by means of,by the use of,in the presence of in the absence of,13,结果,(What results did I get?),：,作者运用研究方法对研究对象进行实验、研究所得到的结果、效果、性能、数据，被确定的关系等，是进行科研所得的成果。描述结果要尽量用具体数据，而不要过于笼统。,谓语动词用过去时态。,14,常用英文表达方式,was(were);,We found;,There was,。,15,（不）相符的表示方法,(to be)in good agreement with(to be)consistent with (to be)essentially identical with,(to be)contrary to (to be)in contrast with,16,结论,(,What conclusions can I draw?),：,作者对结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用、提出的问题等，是结果的总结，显示研究结果的可靠性、实用性、创新性，体现论文研究的价值与学术水平，突出论文的主要贡献和创新、独到之处。,动词时态用一般现在时或现在完成时。最好直接写结论,也可用一些句型引出结论。,17,常用英文表达方式,is;,The authors/Our suggestion(conclusion)is that;,This study/article shows(suggests,confirms,reveals,indicates,demonstrates)that;,It was shown(found,discovered,concluded,revealed)that ,It can be seen that,These observations support,18,英文摘要的时态,目的说明，用一般现在时、现在完成时或一般过去时。,材料、方法和结果部分,除指示性说明外，一律用一般过去时。过去完成时只用于说明研究前的情况或研究中某一点时间之前发生的情况。,19,结论部分：凡陈述研究的材料、方法和结果时,一律用过去时,;,分析结果或发现的原因时,或者提出结论性意见时,如果作者认为具有普遍意义,可用现在时,;,如果作者认为自己的分析或结论只限于本研究范围或者仅是一种可能性,则用一般过去时为好。,20,英文摘要的人称和语态,有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为,科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明,科技论文中被动语态的使用在,1920-1970,年曾比较流行,但由于主动语态的表达更为准确,且更易阅读,因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动语态。国际知名科技期刊“,Nature”,“Cell”,等尤其如此,其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。为了解专业期刊对写作风格的规定,有人随机抽查了,500,份医学和生物学英文期刊的“读者须知”。统计表明,82%,的期刊没有文风方面的规定。可见,为简洁、清楚地表达研究成果,在论文摘要的撰写中不应刻意回避第一人称和主动语态。,21,注意问题,中文摘要前加,“摘要：”,或,“,摘要,”,作为标志，英文摘要前加“,Abstract:”,作为标志。,尽量用短句。,以重要事实开头，不以辅助从句开头，叙述要完整，清楚简明，尽量用短句，并避免句型单一。提倡使用非谓语短语和介词短语进行逻辑关联，提倡使用公知的缩略语，不常用或新的术语首次出现时用全称，以后用简写。,描述作者的工作一般用过去时态，但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时，应该用现在时态。,22,少用复合句。避免使用一长串形容词或名词来修饰名词，要组织好句序,使动词尽量靠近主语。,一般都应使用动词的主动语态，如：写成,A exceeds B,比写成,B is exceeded by A,更好。,摘要中不要出现公式、图表及特殊的字符。,不使用俚词外语表达概念，慎用行话和俗语，应用标准英语。,23,删繁从简,例如：,at a temperature of 250 to 300 at 250 to 300,at a high pressure of 2 kPa at 2 kPa,has been found to increase increased,from the experimental results,it can be concluded that the results show,24,能用名词做定语时就不要用动名词,例如,:,measuring accuracy measurement accuracy,能用动词、形容词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式,例如,:,measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made thickness of plastic sheets was measured,experiment results experimental results,25,可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，要少用,of,句型,例如,:,accuracy of measurement measurement accuracy,structure of crystal crystal structure,26,1.,通常论文摘要的第一句点题,常用的句型有：,(1),The author/writer of the article reviews(presents,gives,points out,discusses,analyses,，,tries to describe,explores,holds,deals with,summarizes,examines,investigates,researches into),27,(,2)This article/paper/essay)approaches(holds,reports,reviews,，,touches upon,tells of,is about,concerns),28,2.,介绍内容的句子,常用的句型有：,(1),Examples of demonstrate that,(2),Statistics confirm that,29,注意在英文摘要中，句子的主语通常使用第三人称，动词的时态以一般现在时为主。,论文摘要的写作示例讲解,30,1.,松嫩平原盐碱土对水稻叶绿素含量的影响,摘 要,:,采用盆栽法，研究了不同盐碱胁迫对吉,89-45,和吉农大,10,的叶绿素总量、叶绿素,a,和叶绿素,b,含量的影响。结果表明，同一盐碱胁迫处理下，生育前期叶绿素含量低，之后逐渐增加，到抽穗期达最大值，然后又开始下降，,2,个品种叶绿素含量变化趋势基本一致。各处理的叶绿素含量始终低于对照。另外，不同处理中叶绿素,a,含量的变化范围始终大于叶绿素,b,含量的变化范围。,关键词,:,盐碱胁迫,;,水稻,;,叶绿素含量,31,1.,Effect of Saline-Alkali Soil from Songnen Plain on Chlorophyll Content in Rice,Abstract:Effect of different saline-alkali stress on chlorophyll,chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents of two rice cultivars(Ji 89-45 and Jinongda 10)were studied with pot experiments.The chlorphyll contents were low at the early growth stage,then increased gradually and reached the highest value at the flowering and milk stage,and no difference in change tendency of chlorphyll content between the two cultivars was found.Chlorphyll contents under the stress treatment were lower than those under control treatment.In addition,the variable range of chlorphyll a content was always wider than that of chlorophyll b content.,Key words:saline-alkali stress;rice;chlorophyll content,32,摘要：,本文论述经典弹性理论中的接触问题。它从基本原理着手，给读者提供这门学科的最新信息，使读者扩大关于接触问题的所急需的知识面,。,Abstract:This article presents an account of contact problems in the classical theory of elasticity.It starts from fundamentals and aims to provide the reader with information on recent developments in this subject that he will need to widen his horizon of contact problems.,33,2.,转,C4,基因水稻的生理表现,摘要,:,以,C3,水稻原种,(WT),和,C4,玉米为材料,研究了转,PEPC+PPDK+ME,基因水稻,(PKM),的,C4,光合酶活性、不同光温条件下光合参数和水分利用效率、活性氧代谢等指标。结果表明,PKM,水稻饱和光合速率介于,WT,和,C4,玉米之间,稍偏向玉米,而水分利用效率与,WT,接近。由于玉米,C4,基因的导入,PKM,水稻高表达了相关的,C4,光合酶。在高光和高温条件下,PKM,水稻光合速率比原种提高,55%,以上。另外,虽然,PKM,水稻光合速率增加,但蒸腾速率亦升高,因此,PKM,水稻的水分利用效率略有增加,偏向原种。在光氧化条件下,PKM,水稻耐光氧化能力进一步增强。,关键词,:,转基因水稻,;,光合特性,;,水分利用效率,34,2.,Physiological Performance of Transgenic Rice Expressing C4 Genes,Abstract:,In this study,the activities of C4 photosynthetic enzymes(including PEPC,PPDK,ME and MDH),t he gas exchange parameter s and water use efficiency(,WU E,)under different light intensities and temperatures,and the metabolic index of active oxygen were determined in transgenic rice carrying PEPC,PPD K and ME genes(PKM),taking the C3 type untransformed rice(WT)and maize(a C4 plant)as controls.,35,The result showed that the light-saturated photosynthetic rate of PKM was intermediate between WT and maize,wit h a slight bias towards maize,while t he,WU E,of PKM was similar to WT.The C4 photosynthetic enzymes were highly expressed in the PKM.Under t he conditions of high photon flux density and high temperature,the photosynthetic rate of PKM increased by 55%,as compare to WT.Though,Pn,of PKM increase,its transpiration rate was also increased.,36,Thus the,WUE,of CK was only slightly increased,and was similar to WT.In addition,the resistance of CK to photooxidation was enhanced under the photooxidative conditions.,Based on the above results,CK possesses enhanced photosynthetic productivity,providing a new technical approach and physiological basis for constructing C4 like rice with enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and high yields.,Key words:,Transgenic rice;Photosynthetic parameter;Water use efficiency,37,摘要：,2006,年,4,月,23,日,5,月,15,日在浙江省绍兴官渡三角帆蚌养殖基地,用密网围成四个网箱,各网箱分别投放,2L,、,4L,、,8L,、,0L(,对照,),生活污水,吊高,30cm,定期检测各网箱中细菌、霉菌、放线菌、酵母菌四大类微生物。研究结果表明,:,在所用的生活污水浓度范围内,生活污水的浓度越高,三角帆蚌的生长越好,;,投放的生活污水能增加水体中的细菌数量,投放越多,细菌数量增加越大,;,水体防线菌和霉菌的数量随着投放污水量的增加而显著增加,;,3.,生活污水对三角帆蚌生长及养殖水体微生物群的影响,38,生活污水的投放与否以及投放的量与酵母菌之间没有明显的关系,;,从研究中可以得出生活污水有利于三角帆蚌养殖水体中微生物的生存,有利于三角帆蚌的生长。,关键词：三角帆蚌,;,生活污水,;,细菌,;,霉菌,39,Abstract,:The experiment was carried on the breeding base of,Hyriopsis Cumingii,in Guandu Village,Shaoxing,Zhejiang Province from April 23 to May 15 in 2006.We prepared four cages.In each cage,we hanged 20,Hyriopsis Cumingii,which the initial weight of about 190g,Crane 30cm high.Putting 2L,，,4L,，,8L,，,0L(control)sewage into different cage.Testing the quantity of bacteria,Streptomyces,Actinomycetes and yeast in each,cage regularly.,3.,Effect of Sewage on the Living of,Hyriopsis Cumingii,and the Microorganism in Water,40,The results showed that in the concentration of sewage,the,Hyriopsis Cumingii,lives in sewage with higher concentration grow better.The Hyriopsis lives in the sewage with highest concentration weights higher than the other treatment and control groups obviously.The sewage would increase the number of bacteria in the water.And the more sewage,the greater increase in the number of bacteria.With the increase in the volume of sewage,the number of,41,bacteria and fungi in water increased significantly.Whether put sewage or not and the volume of the sewage has no obvious relationship with the number of yeast.It can be drawn from the study that sewage benefits the survival of microorganisms in Hyriopsis mussel aquaculture waters,and is conducive to the growth of,Hyriopsis Cumingii,.,Keyword,：,Hyriopsis cumingii,;sewage;bacteria;mould,42,摘要：,以胡萝卜片为材料,研究了不同干燥方法对胡萝卜片品质的影响，探讨了普通热风干燥、远红外线干燥、微波干燥、冷冻干燥,4,种方法对胡萝卜片品质，包括,Vc,的含量、总酸度、复水性及感官品质的影响，为胡萝卜片的干制提供技术指导。试验结果表明：冷冻干燥对于胡萝卜片品质的影响最小，其次是微波干燥、普通热风干燥，远红外线干燥则对胡萝卜片品质影响最大；综合考虑胡萝卜片中,Vc,的含量、总酸度、复水性及感官品质等的变化，四种干燥方法中冷冻干燥是胡萝卜片适宜的干制方法。,43,Abstract:Take carrot movie as material,impact of the method having studied diversity is dry over carrot movie quality,have discussed average heated-air drying,far infrared drying,microwave drying,lyophilization 4 kinds of method pair of carrot movie quality,have included the Vc contents,general acidity,have restored the ability in swimming and the organoleptic quality effect,have provided a technical adviser to carrot movie dry-curing.,44,Test result is indicated:The lyophilization effect to carrot movie quality is minimal,is that the microwave is dry,average hot wind is dry secondly,far infrared drying affects a maximum then to carrot movie quality;Think that the Vc contents,general acidity,the change restoring ability in swimming and organoleptic quality etc.,do four kinds in carrot movie synthetically,45,摘要写作的常用词和词组,control group,对照组,this article/the present study/this study,本文,/,本研究,previous/earlier studies,先期研究,a retrospective study,回顾性研究,a prospective study,前瞻性研究,as described in the literature,如文献所述,46,关键词,关键词的作用,体现论文核心内容；,通过关键词可查到该论文。,第一个为本文主要工作或内容,第二个为本文主要成果名称或若干成果类别名称,第三个为本文采用的科学研究方法名称，综述或评论性文章应为,“,综述,”,或,“,评论,”,第四个为本文采用的研究对象的事或物质名称,47,2.,选择关键词应注意问题,关键词应体现论文核心内容；,一般文章应标注中文关键词和英文关键词。每篇文章可选,3,8,个关键词。,尽可能不用英文缩写；,除专用名词外,关键词应是词典中能查到的词，不要自造；,多个关键词之间应用分号分隔，以便于计算机自动切分。,(6),中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词：”或“,关键词,”,，英文关键词前冠以“,Key words,：”作为标志。,48,Homework,摘要：高等植物按C的同化反应不同可分为C3、C4和CAM途径。C4植物在长期的进化过程中形成了特有的高效光合基因，使得C4植物在高光强、高温和高氧分压条件下具有较C3植物更高的光合速率。利用转基因技术，将C4高光效基因导入C3植物，提高作物产量，是世界主要农作物育种研究的一个热点。笔者综述了C4碳同化途径的特点及其在农作物改良中的应用，并介绍了C4高光效基因对转基因C3植物生理生化和光合作用的影响，探讨了向C3植物中转入C4高光效基因的可能性。,关键词：C4途径；PEPC；抗旱生理；转基因育种,Key words:C4 pathway;PEPC;drought resistance physiology;transgenic breeding,49,摘要,:,以不同浓度,PEG 6000,模拟干旱处理,研究了盐生植物毕氏海蓬子和盐角草幼苗的抗旱性。结果表明,:,随着,PEG 6000,浓度的上升,毕氏海蓬子和盐角草体内主要抗氧化酶,SOD,POD,CAT,活性总体呈先升后降,盐角草,SOD,活性呈上升趋势。毕氏海蓬子产生速率高于盐角草,且随着干旱的加剧呈上升趋势。盐角草,MDA,含量基本趋于稳定,毕氏海蓬子,MDA,的含量虽低于盐角草,但随着干旱的加剧呈上升趋势。毕氏海蓬子的脯氨酸含量随干旱程度的加剧先上升再下降,盐角草的脯氨酸含量一直上升,两者可溶性蛋白含量变化不大。叶绿素含量总体随干旱递增,叶绿素,a/b,随干旱程度加剧先略有增加然后大幅度下降。总体来看,盐生植物抗氧化酶活性是水分胁迫的敏感指标,而盐角草耐旱能力比毕氏海蓬子要强。,关键词,:PEG 6000;,毕氏海蓬子,;,盐角草,;,抗氧化系统,;,抗旱性,Key words:,Salicornia Bigelovii,Torr.;,Salicornia europaea,L.;PEG 6000;antioxidize system;drought resistance.,