张良卫国际海上运输第二章.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,Maritime Cargo Transportation,charateristics of maritime shipping,cargo types of maritime shipping,maritime transport facility and infrastructure(vessels,channels and ports),maritime shipping services,operation of maritime shipping,Transportation modes,transportation,is defined as the,movement,of,freight,and,passengers,from one location to another.,The freight system includes several distinct forms of transportation,called,modes,.,The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities,giving them comparative,advantages,and,disadvantages,.,Modes of transportation,Maritime(Ocean)Transportation,Air Transportation,Rail Transportation,Road Transportation,Pipeline Transportation,Container Transportation,International Multimode Transportation(IMT),Parcel Post Transportation,Cargo types,98%of world trade in,volume terms,conveyed by sea transport,Bulk cargo,散货,Break-bulk cargo,杂货,Neo-bulk cargo,件装货,Containerized cargo,集装箱货,Bulk cargo(,散货）,Bulk cargo,is,commodity,cargo,that is transported,unpackaged,in large quantities.,Dry bulk cargo such as coal,grain,iron,cement,Liquid bulk cargo such as petroleum,liquefied natural gas(LNG),Move in big quantities,Many of them are unprocessed raw material with low value per unit weight,requires special vessels with the right equipment to load and discharge the cargo,this cargo generally has a single origin,destination and client,Ton-km Shipped by Maritime Transportation(in billions),break bulk cargo,(,general cargo),goods that is packed individually,and to be loaded and unloaded on a piece-by-piece or palletized basis,Generally has high value per unit weight,Move in smaller quantities,This cargo tends to have numerous origins,destinations and clients.,Before containerization,economies of scale were difficult to achieve with break-bulk cargo as the loading and unloading process was very labor and time consuming.,Neo-bulk cargo,件装货,Uniformly packaged goods,such as automobiles and logs,which store as solidly as bulk,but that are handled as general cargo.,Containerized cargo,Generally high value cargo that need extra protection,However,the ranges of containerized cargo is expending,Container for bulk cargo,Cargo,Trade and Ship Characteristics,Cargo Type,Trade Characteristics,Vessel Size,General Cargo,Break-bulk,Varied small consignments,Numerous consignees,Slow handling rates,Various routes,Numerous ports,Small,Unitized(containers),More uniform cargo,Rapid handling,Many ports,Small to medium,Dry Bulk,Ores/coal/cemet,Large consignments,Long hauls,Moderate handling rates,Specialized terminals,Few ports,Medium to very large,Liquid,Crude oil,Very large consignments,Long hauls,Few routes,Specialized terminals,Few ports,Very large to ultra large,Oil products,Small shipments,Numerous consignees,Many ports,Small to medium,Maritime transport facility and infrastructure,vessels,channels,ports,Vessel types(by function),Container vessels 集装箱船 p267,Ro/Ro vessels 滚装船,Break-bulk vessels 杂货船,Combination vessels 多用途船,LASH(Lighter Aboard Ship)载驳船,Oil tankers 油船,Bulk/Ore vessels 散货船,Refrigerated ship冷藏船,Vessel types(by size,in dead weight tons),Size of vessels-measured by Dead Weight Tonnage-D.W.T.载重吨,D.W.T.is referred to the carrying capacity in transportation.It refers to the amount of cargo that can be loaded on an empty ship without exceeding its operational design limits.,It can be divided into 2 classes:gross D.W.T.and net D.W.T.,1)Gross Dead Weight Tonnage,总载重吨,1)Gross Dead Weight Tonnage,总载重吨,It refers to the maximum loaded weight that is restricted with the,loaded line,.,It is the total of the weight of loaded cargoes,necessary fuel,freshwater and other spare material.,Total loaded tonnage=,full load displacement,light displacement,2)Dead Weight Cargo Tonnage-D.W.C.T.,净载重吨,It refers to the maximum weight of loaded cargoes that a ship is capable of transporting.It is also called as loaded-cargo tonnage.It is the margin of the amount of necessary storage of fuel,freshwater and other spare material subtracted from the total of shipload.,Operating Costs of Panamax and Post-panamax Containerships(in USD),Vessel types(by size,in dead weight tons),Domains of Maritime Circulation,Channel length(in km),Introduction of GZ Port,A comprehensive international hub port in south China,华南地区最大的国际综合性枢纽港,Key terms,hub port 枢纽港,throughput 吞吐量,lighter 驳运,bondedwarehousing;保税仓库,cargoesagents 货物代理,shipsagents 船舶代理,transshipment 中转,转船,pilotage引航,tally理货,trailer 集卡运输,dispatching system 集疏运系统,berth 泊位,anchorage 锚地,Introduction of GZ PORT GROUP,established in 2004 as a wholly state-owned company,In1999,thewholePortachievedanannual,throughput,ofmorethan100milliontonsofcargoes,in 201,5 the,wholeGuangzhouPort,can handle,over,400,milliontonsofcargoesand1,6,millionTEUs,Business scope,The,business,of,Guangzhou,Port,Group,Co.,Ltd.,includes,the,following,aspects:,handling,lightering,驳运,and,storing,cargoes,bonded,warehousing;,保税仓库,cargoes,agents,and,ships,agents,货物代理和船舶代理,agents,for,transshipment and,passenger,transportation;,代办中转、代理客运,Pilotage,引航,tally,理货,transportation,of,waterway,cargoes,and,passengers;,logistics,services;,other,port,related,business,and,etc.,What is tally,Tally services provide assurance that the number or quantity of goods to be shipped or received is the same as those described in shipping documents.,The competitive edge of GZ PORT GROUP,1.,班轮航线密集,High frequency of liner services,集装箱班轮航线覆盖全球主要航区,Providing container liner services over main sailing area of the world,2.,集疏运系统完善,Perfect,dispatching system,Connected to all over the country through railways,expressways and shipping channels,Connected with the world through Baiyun Airport,3.,一流的设施和管理,State-of-the-art facility and first-class management,6,4,berths,and 23,anchorages,each with,handling capacity,of more than 10000 tons,All the terminals are under the monitoring of leading computer system,4.specialize service,The RO-RO service,One of the three ports in China that entitle to the import of finished vehicles.(Xinsha and Nansha terminal),General and bulk cargo service,Mainly includes coal,ore,steel,building materials,chemical fertilizer,grain and cereals,wood,china,electrical appliances,etc.,Energy Resource business,Leading energy resources transit port in South China,with oil pipeline going straightly to the airport,watch the vedio and find out how a port operates,Discharge 卸货,Container stacking area 集装箱堆场,Load sequense 装载顺序,Crane起重机,吊车,Lorry 卡车，接驳车,Straddle carrier 跨车,Types of ocean transportation,Private fleets,私营船队,Charter transportation,包船运输,-shipload size shipper,Liner transportation,班轮运输,-less than ship load size shipper,Private fleets,私营船队,Private ships are ships that are owned or leased on a long-term basis by the firm moving the goods.,Another element of interest in international shipping is that of ship registry.Although a ship might be owned by an American and ply a route between the U.S.and the Persian Gulf,it might be registered in and fly the flag of Liberia or Panama,it is called flag of convenience方便旗,The owners derive certain benefits of taxes,manning,and some relaxed safety requirements by being registered in those countries,rather than in the United States,Canada,or wherever.,Charter services,(also known as Tramp).In this form of service a maritime company rents a ship for a specific purpose,commonly between a specific port of origin and destination.,This type of shipping service is notably used in the case of bulk cargo,such as petroleum,iron ore,grain or coal,often requiring specialized cargo ships,Liner shipping services,.Involves a regular scheduled shipping service often calling several ports along a fixed route.,This type of shipping service is notably used in the case of general cargo and containerized cargo,Maritime Shipping Characteristics,Tramping,Liner Shipping,Transportation Demand,Number of shippers,Few,Many,Quantity,Large,Small,Density,High(weight),Low(volume),Unit value,Low,High,Regularity,Low,High,Transportation Supply,Contract,Charter party,Freight(bill of lading),Vessels,Liquid and bulk,General cargo,Frequency,Low,High,Implications,Freight,Liquid and main bulk commodities,Minor bulk and general cargo(containerized),Share in Maritime Transport,Tons,70%,30%,Value,20%,80%,Liner transportation,Characteristics of Liner,regular,scheduled departures,specified,route,routes with fixed,base ports,基本港,comparatively fixed,freight rates,费率,Liner transportation,Types of liners,Conference liners,Freight rate quoted by shipping conference,Stable freight rates,Regular services,Non-conference liners,Freight rate quoted by independent carriers or vessel operators,Less dependable service,High flexibility,liner conference,Definition,Agreement,between two or more,shipping companies,to,provide,scheduled,cargo,and/or passenger,service,on,a particular,trade,route,under,uniform,rates,and,common,terms,.Also called,shipping conference,.,班轮运输的货运程序,承运人揽货,并向港口预订泊位,Cargo canvassing,berth reservation,托运人填写托运单，租船订舱,Reservation of Shipping Space,备货，报关,Cargo preparation,custom clearances,装船换单/接货装船,Cargo receiving,loading and obtaining bill of lading,海上运输作业,Ocean shipping,货物的卸船,Cargo Unload,货物交付,Cargo deliver to consignee,Step 1,承运人揽货,Cargo canvassing,What is Cargo canvassing(cargo collection)?,How?,通过自己的营业机构或代理，中介,Carriers collect cargo through its own office or agent,发布班轮船期表,Liner schedule is published for space availability check,华北东,/美西周班航线(CEN),船名,航次,大连,新港,青岛,横滨,长滩,奥克兰,大连,VSL,VOY,DAL,TXG,QIN,YOK,LGB,OAK,DAL,XI BO HE,079E/079W,11/12,11/13,11/15,11/18,11/28,12/01,12/17,LUO BA HE,078E/078W,11/19,11/20,11/22,11/25,12/05,12/08,12/24,远东,/美西周班航线(PSW-3),船名,航次,青岛,上海,神户,名古屋,东京,长滩,奥克兰,东京,名古屋,青岛,上海,VSL,VOY,QIN,SHA,KOB,TOK,TOK,LGB,OAK,TOK,NAG,QIN,SHA,WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE,73E/73W,11/17,11/19,11/22,11/23,11/24,12/03,12/06,12/17,12/19,12/22,12/24,BOSPORUS BRIDGE,99E/99W,11/24,11/26,11/29,11/30,12/01,12/10,12/13,12/24,12/26,12/29,12/31,Step 2,、托运人填写托运联单，租船订舱,/,承运人确定航次货运任务,The shipper,authorize,his representative,usually,Clearing and forwarding agents,(,C&F agent,)or,forwarder,),to apply for shipping space from carrier or his agent,货主一般委托货运代理代为订舱,The C&F agent fill in shipping bills(including Book Noting,Shipping Order,Mate,s receipt,10 copies),present to carrier or his agent and conduct shipping reservation,托运人委托货运代理填制托运联单（包括,托运单B/N、装货单S/O、收货单M/R等,），向承运人或其代理人办理托运,Carrier or his agent examine the shipping bills,issue the copies of B/N,S/O,M/R to C&F agent,承运人或其代理人审核托运联单，确定,运杂费后，留下托运单，签发相关联单（B/N(留底），S/O,M/R（报关）给货代,Carrier(or his agent)issue a Loading List according to all booking reservation and draft a stowage plan,base on the L/L,承运人或其代理根据订舱情况进行货物积载安排，出具装货清单L/L,托运单（,B/N,，,Booking Note,）,托运单又称为订舱单，是托运人根据贸易合同和信用证条款的内容填制的向承运人或其代理办理托运货物的书面凭证,为承运人配载，通知港口仓库接受货物等作业提供依据,托运单内容：托运人与收货人名称、启运港、目的港、货名、标记及号码、重量、件数、尺码、装船日期、运费支付方式、可否转船，分批装运等,装货单（,S/O Shipping Order),装货单是接受了托运人提出装运申请的船公司，签发给托运人，凭以命令船长将承运的货物装船的单据。,装货单既可用作装船依据，又是货主凭以向海关办理出口货物申报手续的主要单据之一，所以装货单又称“关单”，,对托运人而言，装货单是办妥货物托运的证明。对船公司或其代理而言，装货单是通知船方接受装运该批货物的指示文件。,装货清单（,LOADINGLIST,，,L/L,）,装货清单是承运人将全船待装货物按目的港和货物性质归类，依航次、靠港顺序排列编制的装货单汇总清单,其内容包括装货单编号、货名、件数、包装形式、毛重、估计尺码及特种货物对装运的要求或注意事项的说明等。,装货清单是船上大副编制配载计划的主要依据，又是供现场理货人员进行理货，港方安排驳运，进出库场以及承运人掌握情况的业务单据。,Step 3,、托运人备货，报关,Shipper prepare his cargoes for export(packaging,marking),托运人办妥出口货物的包装，刷唛(mark),Shipper or its CCertificate of Origin；Certificate of Inspection,Marine Insurance Policy；Shipping bills,custom officer endorse on S/O as let ship approval,托运人或货运代理持出口货物报关单,合同，发票，装箱单，原产地证明，商检证书、保险单和船运单据等证明报关,海关,在S/O上盖放行章,The exporter makes necessary arrangements forcargo transportation to the port,cargo can either be place in ports warehouse or directly loaded on the vessel,托运人向港口仓库发货(集中装船)或直接装船,Step 4,、接货，,装船，换单,Shipping agent receive the cargo on behalf of the carrier,装船往往是由承运人在各装货港指定装船代理人接收托运货物，办理交接手续,C&F Agent,turn in Shipping Order,Mate,s Receipt to tally company for Tally verification,然后货运代理人将S/O、M/R送交理货公司，凭此理货装船,注：Tally services provide assurance that the number or quantity of goods to be shipped or received is the same as those described in shipping documents such as the bill of lading,letter of credit,mates receipt,or other documents.,Step 4,、接货，,装船，换单,After examination of cargos quantity and package condition,tally company turn in S/O and M/R to the Mate of vessel,the Mate keep shipping order and,issue endorsed,M/R to the C&F Agent,理货公司理货后将S/O和M/R交大副，大副,核对无误，留下,S/O,，签发M,/R,，交还托运人,The C&F Agent surrenders the Mates Receipt to the Shipping Company for obtaining the Bill of Lading and pay the freight,货运代理人根据,M/R,付运费，并凭缴费凭据换提单,（B/L）,Shipper collect payment from the bank(or importer)with Bill of lading,托运人持提单到银行结汇,收货单（,M/R Mates Receipt),收货单是船舶收到货物的收据及货物己经装船的凭证,由大副签注，又称为”大副收据”,货物装船时，如发现外表存在缺陷，大副可拒收或要求托运人予以调换。如不愿或不能调换，大副应早收货单上如实加以批注，以使船方免除赔偿责任,托运人凭经过签注的收货单向承运人或其代理支付运费，换取提单,Common remarks on mates receipt,常见大副批注,SHORT SHIP FIVE CASES,THREE BALES BURST,N/R FOR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR SHORTAGE OF CONTENTS,TWO CARTONS OPEN FLAPS,FOUR LOOSE PIECES,UNSECURELY PACKED,ONE CARTON N0.23 MILDEW STAINED,MARKS INDISTINCT,PERISHABLE CARGO AT SHIPPERS RISK,DAMAGE BY VERMINS(RATS),CARGO SWEATED N/R FOR LOSS OR SHORTAGE AND CONTENTS,ALL TIMBER LOADED WET,SHORT SHIP FIVE CASES,短装五箱,THREE BALES BURST,N/R FOR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR SHORTAGE OF CONTENTS 3,包破裂，船方对内容的灭失或短少不负责,TWO CARTONS OPEN FLAPS,两纸箱盖松开,FOUR LOOSE PIECES,四捆零散,UNSECURELY PACKED,包装不固,ONE CARTON N0.23 MILDEW STAINED,第二十三号箱有霉渍,MARKS INDISTINCT,标志模糊,PERISHABLE CARGO AT SHIPPERS RISK,易腐货物，发货人自负风险,DAMAGE BY VERMINS(RATS),有虫或鼠咬,CARGO SWEATED N/R FOR LOSS OR SHORTAGE AND CONTENTS,货物发汗，船方对货物损失，短少和内容不负责,ALL TIMBER LOADED WET,全部木材水湿装船,凭保函签发清洁提单,实践中，当货物包装不良或存在缺陷时，托运人会出具保函，要求承运人签发清洁提单，以便能顺利结汇，在当今航运实务中被普遍采用。,也因为这种保函能使承、托运人之间就签发清洁提单与否发生争议时迅速得到“润滑”，从而使予盾双方摆脱僵持的困境，避免双方一触即发的损失。这种保函实际上对促进经济和航运事业的发展起到了一定的积极作用。,但长期以来，对这种保函的效力问题，不仅外国法院有不同的主张和判例，我国现行的海商法也无明确的规定，法学界和航运界各执一说，莫衷一是，至今国际间尚无统一的认识,Letter of Indemnity,保函,a document which the writer issues to another party agreeing to protect them from liability for the performance of certain act.,Case,A shipper of orange juice in barrels prevailed,说服,upon the owners of the ship to issue a clean bill of lading acknowledging the receipt of the consignment“in apparent good order and condition”in the knowledge that the barrels,桶,were old,frail and leaking at the time of shipment.When the barrels of orange juice arrived at the port of discharge,considerable loss had been suffered and,because of the clean bill of lading,the carrier paid the claim.,Thereafter,the carrier brought a claim against the shippers under the terms of the,letter of indemnity,.,The shipper,however,sought shelter behind the law and refused to pay,submitting that the letter was issued by them in pursuance of a conspiracy between themselves and the carrier in order to misrepresent the condition of the barrels and was,therefore,unenforceable,不能执行的,The Court ruled that the carrier made a representation in the bill of lading which he knew to be false,therefore,the ele