内分泌生殖系统教学课件：总论.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Introduction to the endocrine system,Part 1 Introduction,Endocrinology,1.,Definition:,the study of,hormones,and their functions.,2.,History:,Ancient China,1849,Berthold,1855,Addisons disease,Ernest Starling,1902,Hormone,1905,“Endocrine system”,Ernest Starling,(1866-1927),Endocrine vs.exocrine,Characteristic of endocrine gland,Without duct,The endocrine cells arranged in cluster,follicle or cords,Rich in capillaries,The secretion is hormone which transported by blood circulation,Endocrine system,Endocrine glands,Classical endocrine glands,Extensive endocrine glands,2.Endocrine cells,Classical endocrine glands,Hormones,Definition,-chemical messengers,-secreted by endocrine gland or cells,-released into the blood,-effect on target cells through receptors,Major Hormones,Hormones,Functions,to,control the regulatory systems,in the body,(1)homeostasis,(2)metabolism,(3)growth and development,(4)reproduction,Endocrine vs.Nervous regulation,Neural regulation,-exerts point-to-point,-control through nerves,-electrical in nature and fast,Endocrine regulation,-broadcasts its hormonal,messages to essentially all cells,-by secretion into blood and,extracellular fluid,-requires a receiver to get the,message,-slow and wider,Neuroendocrine regulation:,1928,Scharrer,Transportation of Hormones,Endocrine(Telecrine,hemocrine),Paracrine,Transportation of Hormones,Types of hormones,Peptide hormones,2.Steroids,Amine hormones,(derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine,),Synthesis of hormones,Synthesis of steroid hormones,Synthesis of amine hormones,Synthesis of,peptide hormones,The comparison of hormones,Receptors,Carrier,protein,Orally active,storage,Peptides,Cell membrane,No,Not usually,Hormone,Steroids,Cytoplasm/nucleus,Yes,Yes,mostly,Precursor,Thyroid hormone,nucleus,Yes,Yes,Precursor,Catecholamines,Cell membrane,No,No,Hormone,The transport of hormones,1.Peptide and CA:,water-soluble,2.Steroids and thyroid hormone:,bound to proteins,Eg.Thyroid hormones binding globulin(THBG),Cortisol binding globulin(CBG),Sex hormones binding globulin(SHBG),Effects of hormone binding proteins:,(1)Increase the solubility,(2)Create an accessible reserve,(3)Increase the biological half time,The metabolism of hormones,1.Peptide hormones:,degradation in a lysosome,2.Steroids:,excreted in an unchanged form,3.Catecholamines:,COMT and MAO,4.Thyroxine:,removing the iodine residues,Results of metabolism,Inactivation,Activation,Properties of the hormone effect,1.Specificity,2.Signal transmission,3.High biological efficiency,Properties of the hormone effect,1.Specificity:,target,receptor,Properties of the hormone effect,2.,Signal transmission,Properties of the hormone effect,3.,High Biological Efficiency,Low plasma concentration,(nmol pmol/L),great regulatory function,Part 2 Important concepts in endocrine regulation,Patterns of hormone secretion,Different hormones have markedly different patterns of secretion.,1.,Set point regulation,2.Episodic secretion,3.Diurnal variation,Regulation of hormone secretion:endocrine,axis,Endocrine,axis,1.Long-loop feedback:,(1)Classical negative feedback,(2)Regulated by the end product,2.Short-loop feedback,Regulated by the intermediate product,3.Ultrashort-loop feedback,Regulation of hormone secretion:,negative feedback,Regulation of hormones secretion,1.,Synergistic effects,2.,Permissive effect,3.,Antagonist effects,Interaction Between the Hormones,1.,Synergistic effects,(1),Additive:,same effect of the hormones on one target organ,(2)Complementary:,work on different stages of a physiological procedure,Interaction Between the Hormones,2.,Permissive effect,A hormone enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to the second hormone,and increases the activity of the second hormone.,Interaction Between the Hormones,3.,Antagonist effects,O,ne hormone antagonize the effects of another.,Eg.The regulation effect of glucagon and insulin on blood glucose metabolism,Interaction Between the Hormones,Part 3 Endocrine disorders,Endocrine disorders,Normal amount of hormones are essential for the body.,Either excessive or insufficient hormones secretion are disorders.,Excessive secretion:hyper-,Insufficient secretion:hypo-,Endocrine disorders,Secondary:,Hypothalamus or pituitary disorder,Primary:,endocrine glands disorder,Endocrine disorders,Part 4 Endocrine investigations,General principles,1.Purposes:,diagnosis/monitoring,2.After clinical pattern recognition or understanding of physiology and anatomy,3.Blood test maybe basic or dynamic.,1)Basic test:9:00h,fasted,2)Dynamic test:,(1)stimulation test:when suspect a hormone is too low.,(2)suppression test:when suspect a hormone is too high.,Measurement of hormones,Biological sample,(1)Blood,(2)Urine,(3)Biopsy,2.Image:,radiological imaging,is vital.,Ectopic hormone secretion,Definition:,The inappropriate secretion of hormones by tissues that do not usually produce that hormones.,Clinical significance:,as a feature of endocrine tumors.,Diagnosis:,combined methods.,Receptors and hormone action,The first step of a hormones action,is to bind to specific receptors at the,target cell.,Protein in nature,(may contain carbohydrate or phospholipid moieties),Classification by location:,Cell surface receptors,Intracellular receptors:,(1)cytoplasm receptors,(2)nucleus receptors,Receptors of hormones,Classification by mechanisms:,Receptors of hormones,Second messenger mechanisms:,Peptide hormones,and CA,-bind the receptors on the membrane,-activate some enzyme on the membrane,-regulate the concentration of second messengers in the cytoplasm,Mechanism of hormones action,G-protein-coupled Receptor,Second messenger mechanisms,2.Gene expression mechanism,:,Intracellular receptors,(1)-bind the receptors in the cytoplasm,-HR complex goes into nuclear,Or-bind the receptors in the nuclear,(2)-bind to target DNA,(3)regulate transcription,Mechanism of hormones action,Gene expression mechanism,Gene expression mechanism,cytoplasm receptors,nucleus receptors,3.Receptors activate a protein kinase,For insulin or growth hormone receptors,Mechanism of hormones action,Thank you,