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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Free template from,*,English Writing,Zhao Xiaojun,Foreign languages School,Inner Mongolia Normal University,/10/10,1,Free template from,第1页,Ideas&Improving,Zhao Xiaojun,College of Foreign Languages,zhaoxj9911,/10/10,2,Free template from,第2页,Teaching Aims,Ways to generate ideas for a given-titled composition,Ways to improve the draft,Improve the writing ability,/10/10,3,Free template from,第3页,Three ways to generate ideas,Questioning,Listing&grouping,Free-writing,/10/10,4,Free template from,第4页,Questions you may ask about the topic,1.“,What,”questions:Whats the problem?Whats the reason?Whats the answer?Whats my opinion?What can I do about it?,2.“,Who,”questions:Who was involved?Who did it?Who was affected?Who do I believe?,3.“,Why,”questions:Why did it happen?Why did it change?Why did I do it?Why do I care?,4.“,When,”questions:When did this happen?When did I realize this?When did it change?,5.“,How,”questions:How did it happen?How did it get started?How was I affected?How was others affected?How can I change this situation?,/10/10,5,Free template from,第5页,Questioning-“My biggest problem this semester”,1.Whats the problem?,2.In what courses?,3.How did it get started?,Questions,ANSWERS,Often get poor grades,.,Compulsory courses such as Writing and Intensive Reading,I didnt take the courses seriously and did not think them useful.I didnt try to memorize new words and didnt do all the assignments.,/10/10,6,Free template from,第6页,Questioning-“My biggest problem this semester”,4.Why didnt I memorize the new words?,5.How do I feel about them now?,6.What can I do about it?,Questions,ANSWERS,Boring work.Thought I could always depend on dictionaries in the future.,I realize one can not learn the language well without the basic vocabulary.,Ill attend the classes regularly and do every assignment as required,/10/10,7,Free template from,第7页,Listing&Grouping“The pleasure of having a bicycle”,I.List all words or phrases related to the topic:,1.not very costly;2.easy maintenance;3.one will never forget the skill;4.exercise the whole body;5.personally satisfying;6.freedom to move around;7.easy to learn;8.no need for a big shelter;9.see the beauty of nature better;10.stop at any place;11.no pollution;12.in close contact with nature;13.reduces stress;14.can be lent to others;15.may be stolen easily;16.can do the repairing job oneself;17.anyone can afford it,/10/10,8,Free template from,第8页,Listing&Grouping“The pleasure of having a bicycle”,II.Examine the list,and cross out the ones which do not fit.,III.Group the remaining points,1.Relatively inexpensive,2.Healthy,3.Flexible,1,17,4,11,12,13,6,8,10,14,15,4.Personally satisfying,5,9,/10/10,9,Free template from,第9页,Free-writing,1.Brainstorming,2.Choosing,3.Working out an outline,4.Doing free-writing,/10/10,10,Free template from,第10页,A brainstorm,describes,a state of mind,when one is hit with an inspiration or many sudden and exciting ideas,.,1.Brainstorming,Example:,Watching TV,international,wasting time,tired,benefit,travel,money,more knowledge,movies,talk show,directly,stars,/10/10,11,Free template from,第11页,2.Choosing ideas,Choosing ideas,is to,narrow down,the scope and,decide,which ideas you are going to use in your composition.,/10/10,12,Free template from,第12页,3.Working out an outline,A.Pattern of an outline,Topic,Thesis:,I.Introduction,II.Main ideas,1.Sub-idea,2.Sub-idea,a.Supporting details,b.Supporting details,III.Conclusion,/10/10,13,Free template from,第13页,3.Working out an outline,B.Two types,1).Topic outline:fragments,2).Sentence outline:complete sentences,/10/10,14,Free template from,第14页,Example:topic outline,Topic:My neighbors were moving away,I.My neighbors getting ready to move,II.My neighbors being a family of two,A.The wife,Wang,“head”of the family,1.A good cook,2.A good dressmaker,3.A peasant woman,B.The husband,Fan,a typical peasant,III.My loss of Wangs friendship,A.The cause,B.The consequence,VI.My regrets and the lesson I have learned,/10/10,15,Free template from,第15页,Topic My neighbors were moving away,I.My neighbors were getting ready to move.,II.My neighbors were a family of two,.,A.Wang,the capable housewife,was actually“head”of the family.,1.She could make all kinds of delicious dishes.,2.She could cut clothes as fashionable as those sold in town,and had made nice trousers for my daughter.,3.Wangs family were completely country folks,B.Fan,the husband,was a soft-spoken and timid man of few words,1.He had the habit of squatting down at the threshold when having his meals,2.He(more facts should be supplied),III.I lost Wangs friendship,A.Wangs nasty relatives destroyed my garden.,B.I didnt accept Wangs apology.,IV.Im sorry to see them go and regret having lost Wangs friendship just because I was too angry.,Example:sentence outline,/10/10,16,Free template from,第16页,Rules for writing an outline,1.The two types cant be used together in the,same,outline;,2.,Parallel structures,are used for the,headings,of the same rank;,3.Use the,same signals,to mark the equal important parts,such as Roman numerals,capital letters or Arabic numbers.,/10/10,17,Free template from,第17页,Topic:Contrast between my roommates Jenny and Linda,I.,Interests,1.Jenny,inactive type,Reads,watches TV,likes talking,2.Linda,“outdoors”type,Jogger,swimming,II.,Attitude toward schoolwork,1.Jenny grows tense before exams,studies for hours,takes notes carefully.,2.Linda takes things easy before tests,and surrounds herself with food,can never sit still.,/10/10,18,Free template from,第18页,4.Doing free-writing,Rules,:,Dont stop,to correct mistakes,or,consult your friends or dictionaries,.,Compensation strategy,Overcoming limitations in writing,Switching to the mother tongue,2.Coining words,3.Using a circumlocution or synonym,/10/10,19,Free template from,第19页,How to revise the draft?,1.Content,:,look at the composition as a whole.,A.What is the topic of the composition?Does the,draft fulfill the assignment?,B.Is the thesis clear?Is it supported by enough facts(details,examples,reasons,etc)?,C.Is there irrelevant material that should be removed?,D.Is the logic sound?Are there gaps in the logic?,/10/10,20,Free template from,第20页,How to revise the draft?,2.Organization,:look at the arrangement of the materials.,A.Does the introductory paragraph lead to the main point of the paper?,B.Does each paragraph have a separate central idea?Does it relate to the papers main idea or to the previous paragraph?Are there proper transitions between sections?Are the paragraphs arranged in climactic order?,C.Does the concluding paragraph give the reader a clear impression of what the paper intends to say?,/10/10,21,Free template from,第21页,How to revise the draft?,3.Sentences,:make correct&good sentences,A.Is each sentence clearly related to the sentence before it and to the sentence after it?,B.Are there unnecessary sentences that may be removed?,C.Are there structural mistakes?,D.Are there wordy and redundant sentences?,E.Is there variety in sentence type?,/10/10,22,Free template from,第22页,How to revise the draft?,4.Diction,:,A.Are there words that are not appropriate for the topic or the style of the whole paper?,B.Are there words or phrase which are directly translated from Chinese but which may mean something different in English?,C.Are there collocations which may be incorrect because they are taken from Chinese?,5,.,Mistakes,in grammar,spelling,punctuation,word-division and other mechanics,.,/10/10,23,Free template from,第23页,What do we learn?,Three ways to generate ideas,questioning,listing&grouping,and free-writing.,II.Four steps to do free-writing,brainstorming,choosing,working out an outline,doing free-writing,III.Outline,topic&sentence,IV.Ways to revise the draft,content,organization,sentences,diction,and mistakes,/10/10,24,Free template from,第24页,Suggested Reading,Ding Wangdao.,(),.,A basic Course in Writing,.Chapter 6,Yang Junfeng.(1999).,Basic Writing in English.,Part Two-I,/10/10,25,Free template from,第25页,EMail me:zhaoxj9911,/10/10,26,Free template from,第26页,Types of words,1.,common words,:a few thousand words,used by ordinary people for ordinary purposes.,2.,formal and technical words,:words used by people of special professions or fields,on special occasions or for special purposes.These words are political,legal,scientific,technical,business and literary words.Here are examples of the first and second kinds of words:same,speech,learned,destroy.piece.endeavor,fragment,3,.,nonstandard words,:used by people who are not well-educated or by people of special groups,such as people of a particular region or an age group.,/10/10,27,Free template from,第27页,Types of words(continued),Some of these words may not be understandable to people in general,and may disappear after a short period of time.These words are slang,jargon,dialectal,and obsolete words.,eg.aint(am not,isnt,hasnt);deal(agreement);neat(nice),/10/10,28,Free template from,第28页,How to achieve accuracy and appropriateness,1).Use common or informal words for general purposes;use formal or nonstandard words only on special occasions or for special purposes;,2).Use specific and concrete words when giving details;use general or abstract words when making summaries;eg.,general specific,animal tiger,fox,insect,laugh giggle,roar,grin,3).Use idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations;avoid combinations that are unidiomatic;,/10/10,29,Free template from,第29页,4).When there are synonyms,choose the word that expresses the meaning most exactly and that suits the content and style.,/10/10,30,Free template from,第30页,Types of Verbs,Transitive verbs,Intransitive verbs,Ditransive verbs,Phrasal verbs,Link verbs,Auxiliary verbs and Modal verbs,/10/10,31,Free template from,第31页,Transitive Verbs,1.often followed by objects,eg.The temperature rose 10 degrees.,2.used together with prepositional phrases or adverbs,eg.She always reminds me of her mother.,3.delexical verbs(have the same meaning with+v./n.),a.+v.(n.),b.+n.,/10/10,32,Free template from,第32页,Intransitive Verbs,1.no objects following.,eg.He was shivering all over.,2.followed by objects,a.changed from vt.eg.He runs a store./He runs fast.,b.followed by objects of the same origin.eg.live a happy life.,/10/10,33,Free template from,第33页,Ditransive verbs,1.usual pattern:vt.+indirect o+direct o,2.vt.+direct o+to/for+indirect o,eg.Sing us a song,please.,Sing a song for us,please.,We owed him$100.,We owed$100 to him.,3.rarely change the order,eg.I wish you good luck.,/10/10,34,Free template from,第34页,Phrasal Verbs,Phrasal verbs have a certain meaning,1.vi.+adverbs,eg.break in;come about,2.vi.+prep.,eg.account for;call on,3.vt.+adv.,eg.bring about;hurry up,4.v.+adv.+prep.eg.put up with,/10/10,35,Free template from,第35页,Phrasal verbs containing n.,1.V.+n.,eg.change ones mind,2.v.+n.+prep.,eg.get hold of,3.v.+prep.+n.,e into being,/10/10,36,Free template from,第36页,Two Forms of Verbs,Finite Forms,Non-finite Forms,/10/10,37,Free template from,第37页,Finite Forms of Verbs,Features,1.the verb will be coherent with subject;,2.the verb should represent different,tense,voice,and,mood,.,/10/10,38,Free template from,第38页,Non-finite Forms of Verbs,Features,1.neednt be coherent with subject,2.can be used as many sentence elements but predicate,3.three types:infinitive,gerund,&participle,/10/10,39,Free template from,第39页,Tenses,The present indefinite,The present(past)continuous tense,The simple future tense/the past future tense,The future continuous tense,The simple past tense,The present(past)perfect tense,The present(past)perfect continuous tense,The sequence of tenses,/10/10,40,Free template from,第40页,Voices,(,Subject),The people,(,Predicate),supported,(,Object),him,He,Was,supported,by the,people,/10/10,41,Free template from,第41页,Moods,The Indicative Mood,The Imperative Mood,The Subjunctive Mood,/10/10,42,Free template from,第42页,The Present Indefinite,Verbs:stative verbs:love,owe.,inatantaneous verbs:declare,Usage:,1.,经常发生或重复发生动作。,eg.He gets up at six.,2.,现在情况或状态。,eg.She knows several languages.,3.,永恒真理。,eg.It snows in winter.,/10/10,43,Free template from,第43页,普通现在时表示现在动作,1.,球赛讲解,egnow YaoMing,gathers,the ball.,2.,演示说明,egwatch,I,switch on,the current.,3.,动作描述或舞台动作描述,He,sits,down.,4.,表示一些没有时间性动作,a.,剧情介绍,eg.How,does,the story,end,?,b.,转述书面材料内容,eg.The notice,says,c.,指路,eg.How,do,I,get to,?/You,go,down.,d.,图片说明,eg.The wounded child,stands,e.,用在,here,和,there,后面,eg.Here,comes,the,/10/10,44,Free template from,第44页,Sentences,1.What is a,correct sentence,?,1).It should be structurally correct complete;,2).It should begin with a capital letter;,3).It should end with a full stop,or a question mark,or an exclamation mark;,4).It should express a single complete idea.,/10/10,45,Free template from,第45页,2.Improve the following sentences,1).How to operate this computer?,2).Have lost my key.,3).Because he didnt finish his assignment.,4).The old man returning home after 8 years absence to find that all the neighbors he had known were no longer there.,/10/10,46,Free template from,第46页,3.Types of sentences,1).The Periodic Sentence:the sentence that is not complete in structure or meaning until it reaches the last word,which is the most important word of the sentence.,2)The short and long sentences,a.short sentences:powerful,effective,clear and easy to read in ads and speech.,b.long sentences:effective and adequate.,c.alternating short and long sentences,/10/10,47,Free template from,第47页,3).Simple,Compound,Complex,and Compound-Complex sentences,a.,The simple sentence,has a single subject-verb combination.,Eg.Tom and Mary went to the park,ate there and came back late yesterday.,b.,The compound sentence,is made up of two or more simple sentences.Two forms:coordination conjunctions and semicolon.,/10/10,48,Free template from,第48页,Complex&Compound-Complex sentence,A complex sentence is made up of a simple sentence and a statement that begins with a dependent word.eg.,Because I got up late,I didnt have breakfast.(subordination,),A compound-complex sentence,is made up of two or more simple sentences and one or more dependent word statements.Eg.Because I got up late this morning,I didnt have breakfast and I was late for class,too.,/10/10,49,Free template from,第49页,Sentences I-Common Errors,Zhao Xiaojun,College of Foreign Languages,/10/10,50,Free template from,第50页,Teaching Aims,1.Let Ss understand the typical errors in sentences structure,2.Ways to avoid and correct,3.Improve the writing ability,/10/10,51,Free template from,第51页,.Run-on sentences,A run-on sentence,incorrectly runs together two independent sentences without any signals to mark the break.,E.g.The exam was postponed the class was canceled as well,.,/10/10,52,Free template from,第52页,1.punctuation:comma,semicolon or period,2.joining word(conjunction,adv,phase),The exam was postponed,and,the class was canceled as well.,The exam was postponed,;,the class was canceled as well.,How to
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