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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本幻灯片资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，如有不当之处，请参考专业资料。谢谢,英语修辞学(Rhetoric),English Figures of Speech,第1页,英语修辞普通规律与特点,General principles and features of English rhetoric,1.关系词丰富，介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等充分利用，使英语成为一个更为形式语言，即以形合为主语言。而汉语是以意合为主语言。,That is our policy and that is our declaration.,这就是我们国策。这就是我们宣言。,If winter comes,can spring be far behind?,冬天来了，春天还会远吗？,This is the reason why he is leaving so soon.,这就是他所以这么快就要离开原因。,第2页,2.英语名词用得多，汉语动词用得多。所以，从总体修辞效果上看，英语呈静态，汉语呈动态。,I fell madly in love with her,and she with me.,我疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了我。,A woman with fair opportunities,and without an absolute hump may marry whom she likes.,一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好话，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。,Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years,because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses.,激光能够应用于许多科学领域，又适合于各种实际用途，所以成了近年来轰动一时科学成就之一。,第3页,3.英语有“,物称倾向”，即主语往往是表示无生命物体,名词或表示事物名词词组。汉语则有显著“人称倾向”，即句子主语往往是人或有生命东西。,My heart,went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrows hand.,观众从他身边挤过去争相与达罗握手时，,我,很同情这位久经沙场老将。,Bitterness,fed on the man who had made the world laugh.,这位曾使全世界人发出笑声,人,自己却饱受辛酸。,The sight,of his native place called back his childhood.,见到自己故乡，,他,想起了童年情景。,The old mans,death,was calm and peaceful.,（那位）,老人,死得很安详。,第4页,4.英语被动句用得多，汉语主动句用得多。这更说明了英语“物称倾向”。,An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post(January 17,1962).,华盛顿邮报（,1962,年,1,月,17,日）一篇社论提供了一个例子。,It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and liver.,长久以来，大家知道心脏和肝脏关系是最主要。,The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies.,我国海运企业总能预见来自第三世界挑战。,第5页,5.英语,多用长句和复合句,。,With the gaining of our political freedom you will remember that there came a conflict between the point of view of Alexander Hamilton,sincerely believing in the superiority of government by a small group of public-spirited and usually wealthy citizens,and,on the other hand,the point of view of Thomas Jefferson,and advocate of government by representatives chosen by all the people,and advocate of the universal right of free thought and free personal living and free religion and free expression of opinion and,above all,the right of free universal suffrage.,想必你们还记得，在我们取得政治自由之后，亚历山大汉密尔顿和托马斯杰弗逊两人在观点上发生了分歧。汉密尔顿对于由一小群热心公益且往往有钱公民掌管政府优越性坚信不疑。杰弗逊则主张政府必须由全民选出代表掌管。他还主张公民普遍享受思想自由、居住自由、宗教自由和言论自由权利，尤其是享受普选权利。,第6页,6.英语大量使用抽象名词，,这类名词涵义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广，往往有一个“虚”、“泛”、“暗”、“曲”、“隐”魅力，因而便于用来表示复杂思想和微妙情绪,。,The signs of the times point to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration.,管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。,No year passes now without evidence of the truth of the statement that the work of government is becoming increasingly difficult.,行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了，每年都证实确实如此。,第7页,What is Rhetoric?,第8页,Why Do We Learn Rhetoric?,第9页,To understand the authors intention better.,To find out the common ways people know the world and ways people express themselves.,To appreciate the beauty,explicit or not,of the language.,To learn how to achieve an effective communication.,第10页,Division of Rhetoric,Communicative Rhetoric 交际修辞,(Negative Rhetoric 消极修辞),-To add to peoples knowledge;accurate,plain;,Aesthetic Rhetoric 美学修辞,(Positive Rhetoric 主动修辞),-To get people affected,or moved;vivid,brilliant,colorful.,第11页,一、语义修辞,1明喻（simile）俗称直喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不一样事物相同关系而组成修辞格。,1.The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field.,2.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.,认真观察以上各例，我们会发觉它们特点，由（as）.as,like等引导，这些引导词被称作比喻词（acknowledging word），它们是区分明喻最显著特征，明喻较为直白，比喻物和被比喻物之间相同点较为显著，所以明喻是一个比很好判断修辞手。,第12页,1.Simile(明喻),拉丁语 similis(like),1.three parts:,subject,(主体),reference,（喻体）,indicator of resemblance,（比喻词）,My love is like a red red rose.,2。主体和喻体普通指两个不一样事物。,John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆贺五朔节围绕此柱歌舞),第13页,五朔节欧洲传统民间节日。用以祭奠树神、谷物神、庆贺农业收获及春天降临。历史悠久，最早起源于古代东方，后传至欧洲。每年5月1日举行。五朔节前夕，在英国、法国、瑞典一些地域，人们通常会在家门前插上一根青树枝或栽一棵幼树，并用花冠、花束装饰起来。少女们手持树枝花环，挨家挨户去唱五朔节赞歌，祝福主人。在一些农村，每年5月1日凌晨，青年们便奏着音乐、唱着赞歌，结伴去树林砍树枝，待太阳出来后返回，将树枝插在门窗上。,第14页,What is simile?E.g.,The snow was like a white blank drawn over the field.,The structure:,The signified,the simile marker,and the signifier,本体,比喻词,喻体,第15页,The three uses of similes:,Descriptive描述型明喻;,Illuminative启示型明喻;,Illustrative说明型明喻;,;,第16页,Descriptive 描述型,Her lips were red,her locks were yellow as,gold,.,Pop looked so unhappy,almost like,a child whos lost his piece of candy,.,The big black flies hit us like,bombs,.,第17页,Illustrative说明型,E.g.What is tennis?,Tennis is like a pingpong game scaled up to a sizable court.,Its function,is to explain,abstract,or,complicated,ideas or things,unfamiliar,to you in,simple,concrete,ideas,or things,familiar,to you.,第18页,Illuminative启发型,E.g.,What happened to a dream deferred(postponed)?,Like a raisin(葡萄干)in the sun?,Or fester(化脓)like a sore?,Does it stink like a rotten meat?,Its function,is to give deeper,insight,into persons or things.,第19页,Compare the following sentences:,Jim looks like his brother Billy.,My car runs as fast as the train.,A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face.,Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.,-,(The first two sentences are not cases of simile.)Simile is a comparison between two,unlike,things across domains(跨领域).,第20页,Like and as型,Marriage,is like,a beleaguered fortress;those who are without want to get in,and those within want go get out.,婚姻象是一个被包围 堡垒；外面想要进去，里面人想要出来。,Love goes towards love,as,schoolboys from their books;But love from love,towards school with heavy looks.(Shakespeare),赴情人约会，象学童抛开书一样，和情人分别，象学童板着脸上学堂。,第21页,虚拟句型和what 型,The first time I read an excellent book,it is to me,as if,I had gained a new friend.,我头一回读到一本好书，对我来说好象交到一位新朋友。,Judicious praise is to children,what,the sun is to flowers.(Bovee),明智表彰对于孩子作用，就象阳光对于花朵作用。,第22页,Than and And 型,We have,no more,right to consume happiness without producing it,than,to consume wealth without producing it.,我们不创造幸福便无权享受幸福，正如不创造财富也就无权享受财富一样。,Love and cough,can not hid.,恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃他人耳目。,A word and a stone,let go cannot be recalled.,说出话如同抛出石头，是收不回来,第23页,E.g.,The world is a,stage,.,The theory is totally based on solid,foundation,.,A romance was,budding,.,The economy is,overheating,.,She,exploded,.,I notice tears,welling,up in her eyes.,Embarrassed at our noisy children,we,sheepishly,tried to sneak into the dining room,hoping not to be noticed by others.,The temperature fell to a,murderous,-40,.,第24页,Two steps involved:,What do these n.,v.,adv.,adj,imply,?,Structure:,The signified is the signifier.,本体 是 喻体。,The theory is a,building,.,The romance was a,plant,.,The economy is,machinery,.,She was a,container,.,My tears is a,well,.We are,sheep,.,The temperature is a,murderer,.,第25页,、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.,这头象和任何人见到一样像一条蛇。,、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.,他看上去好像刚从我童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。,、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.,它那长长叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细手指去触摸什么东西似。,第26页,2.Metaphor,第27页,隐喻（Metaphor）,希腊语Metapherein(transfer)转换,无需借助比喻词，直接将甲事物看成乙事物来描写。,也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不一样事物相同或相关关系而组成修辞格。比如：,1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.（他朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。）,2.You are your mothers glass.(你是你母亲翻版。),3.Hope is a good breakfast,but its a bad supper.,第28页,由以上各例可知，暗喻没有引导词，这是明喻和暗喻在形式上最大区分。换句话说，有为明喻，没有为暗喻。如：He has a heart of stone.He has a heart like stone.很显然，前句是暗喻，后句是明喻。暗喻时，比喻物和被比喻物之间相同点较为含蓄，猛一看它们毫无关系，实际却有着某种内在联络。,Compressed simile(简缩了明喻),The solider was as brave as a lion in the battle.,The soldier was a lion in a battle.,第29页,谈到暗喻，有必要说说它两种变体（variety）：,博喻（sustained metaphor）和延喻（extended metaphor）,，它们是英语比喻中特殊类型。,（1）博喻 连续使用多个喻体去比喻主体方法就叫做博喻。,比如：,第30页,There again came out the second flash,with the spring of a serpent and the shout of a fiend,looked green as an emerald,and the reverberation was stunning.(暴发了第二次闪电，她像蛇一样蜿蜒，如魔鬼般嘶叫，像翠玉般碧绿，轰隆隆震耳欲聋。)这个例子中对闪电比喻就用了三个喻体，spring of a serpent（动态），shout of a fiend（声音），green as an emerald(颜色)，它们从不一样角度绘声绘色地把闪电展现在读者面前。由此可见，多喻体使用其优势是单一喻体所无法比拟。它能够多角度、多侧面、多层次、多结构地表现主体。,第31页,（2）延喻 据Longman Modern English Dictionary解释，延喻即make an initial comparison and then develop it,expanding the authors idea（作出首次比较再扩展，以延伸作者意图）,。请看下例：,第32页,A photographer is a cod,which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity.(摄影师像鳕鱼，产卵百万为是长成一条。)摄影师通常拍片成堆，难觅一成功之作，似鳕鱼产卵无数，长成者廖廖。故萧伯纳把摄影师先比作cod，再深入用cod习性比喻之，生动地道出了摄影师艰辛。这里which后从句就显示了延喻功效。,第33页,与普通比喻相比延喻使用更复杂。普通比喻只需抓住主、喻体之间相同之处，延喻不但要注意比喻本身，还要注意延伸部分是否与喻体保持了一致。也就是说，延伸部分应该是喻体一部分，不能游离于其外。,第34页,延喻组成份以下几个：,由动词组成,The mist,like love,plays upon the heart of the hills.（薄雾，如心灵深处爱，在山深处浮荡。）,b.Her eyes,pools of love,were rippling in tenderness.(她双眼似爱池塘，正泛着柔情蜜意涟漪。),第35页,由介词短语组成,a.The stone shaped as a kitten with crystal eyes.（石头形如小猫，眼似水晶,b.The huge sunlight flamed like a monstrous dahlia with petals of yellow,fire.（煤气灯燃得像一朵巨大大丽花，黄黄火舌恰似花瓣。）,第36页,由句子组成,He is as poor as a church mouse,and a church mouse like him eats like a horse.（他一贫如洗，赤贫他又尤其能吃。）,由从句组成,The chess-board is the world,where the rules of the game are what we call the laws of nature.(棋盘如世界，游戏规则如同自然法则。),第37页,总来说，延喻是喻体一部分，能够深入描绘喻体发出动作或产生状态，对喻体特征进行扩展，解释喻体功用。它使喻体由单一性改变为多样性，在结构、内涵等方面含有单一喻体无法比拟修辞效果，所以学习好延喻对于提升写作效果是非常有帮助。,第38页,More.,、German guns and German planes rained down bombs,shells and bullets.,德国人枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。,、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.,钻石部是商店心脏和关键,。,第39页,名词型和动词型,Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is written in poetry and remaining chapters in prose.,结婚，是一本第一章以诗写成，其余各章以散文写就书。,He that cannot forgive others breaks the bridge over which he must pass himself for every man has need to be forgiven.,不能原谅他人人，等于毁掉了他自己必须经过桥，因为每个人都有需要他人原谅时候。,第40页,形容词型和of短语型,她对细节有摄影机般记忆力。,She has a photographic memory for detail.,A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop.,一位警察招手,要我从长蛇阵般车流中出来，并招呼我停下。,第41页,1)何等感人一页又一页篇章！这,是,人类思维花朵。（徐迟：哥德巴赫猜测）What inspiring chapters!They,are,the flowers of the human brainwork.,2)霎时间，东西长安街,成了,喧腾大海。（袁鹰：十月长安街）At once，the Eastern and Western Changan Roads,became,roaring oceans.,3)Janes uncle,is,an old fox，up to all kinds of evils.简叔叔,是,个老狐狸，什么坏事都干得出来。,4)After that long talk，Jim,became,the sun in her heart.那次长谈之后，吉姆,成了,她心中太阳。,第42页,a bed of roses,安乐窝,clean hands,两袖清风,curtain-lecture,枕头风,like mushroom,雨后春笋,mushroom fame,一夜成名,a mushroom millionaire,暴发户,第43页,3.Personification:(拟人）,It gives human form of feelings to animals,or life and personal attributes(赋予)to inanimate(无生命)objects,or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们以人思想。感情与行为方式。,e.g The wind,whistled,through the trees.,Money talks;money prints;money broadcasts;money reigns.,第44页,拟人（personification）拟人手法是把物，诸如动物、植物、物体、思想或抽象概念等比作人，赋予它们人特征、外表、思维、动作。即把原来适合用于人词汇用于物，使之人格化。,请看下面举例：1.Freedom blushed for shame.（自由因惭愧而脸红。）,2.How rarely reasons guide the stubborn choice.(固执选择极少是理智。),3.The sun looks over the mountains rim.(太阳挂在山边。),4.The moans of the autumn wind wound in the deep of the mountains.(秋风呻吟萦绕在大山深处。),5.Flu stalked about,touching one here and there with his evil finger.(流感四处游荡，用它罪恶手指碰碰这个，碰碰那个。),第45页,4.Euphemism(委婉),Euphemismos(good speech),以较文雅，悦耳或温婉说法来代替粗野，刺耳或直露话。,第46页,委婉英语定义是speak with good words，就是把话说得好听些，婉转些，使听者感到愉快。委婉法在各种语言中都有使用，十分广泛。,英语中委婉修辞大致能够分为两类，一类是用暗示手法，转换角度使语言温和愉悦，另一类是用好字眼来代替不好刺眼字眼。,1.Your painting is not so good.(画画得差，却说成“不太好”，good总比bad好听。)2.He wasnt at all embarrassed by her low-income,and decided to marry her soon.(这里low-income其实是贫穷poverty婉转暗示。),3.Jackson,a black brought up in the inner city,ran swiftly along the track and beat all the others.(inner city用来婉称slum贫民窟，表示了对那位黑人运动员尊重。),第47页,相关疾病、残疾等/人体，排泄，性爱，生育等,疾病：look off color,Under the weather,Social disease(AIDS),残疾：disabled;auditory-impaired;visually retarded,衰老：golden age:feel ones age,死亡：be at rest;return to dust;be no longer with us,人体：in a state of nature;,In ones birthday suit,排泄:pass air;make a noise(放屁)wash ones hands;relieve oneself,answer the call of nature(大小便),性爱：have relations with;make love,Sleep around(乱搞那女关系),生育：in trouble(未婚先孕),In the family way;eating for two(怀孕),第48页,相关职业，社会问题委婉语,职业：,补鞋匠 shoetrician,垃圾清运工garbologist,园丁land architect,家庭妇女domestic engineer,商场巡视员aisle manager,To hook;to palm;to walk away with(顺手牵羊),吸毒：to blow snow;,Joy powder（毒品）,Lady snow(可卡因),Do time(服刑),第49页,相关政治、经济、军事、外交委婉语,政治：eyes only(绝密文件),经济：adjustment downward（效益不佳）,军事：adjustment of the front(撤退),外交：an underdeveloped country,贫穷落后国家,第50页,More Examples,And,it being low water,he,went out with the tide,.(,Charles Dickens,Davidcopperfield),正是退潮时候，他跟潮水一道走了。（溺水而死）,If you will allow me,I will,call your carriage,for you.（Oscar Wilde）,假如你愿意话，我去给你叫辆车。（下逐客令）,第51页,I am afraid she cant act that part-She is a little,on the plump side.,恐怕她饰演不了那个角色-她有些发福。,We had three main,difficulties,with regard to those documents.,关于那些文件，我们有三个主要不便同意之处。Difficulty=disagreement,第52页,The U.S.side declared:The United States acknowledges that,all the Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait,maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is part of China.The United States does not challenge that position.,美国方面申明，美国认识到，在台湾海峡两岸全部中国人都认为只有一个中国，台湾是中国一部分，美国政府对这一立场不提出异议。,第53页,提喻（,synecdoche,）,又称举隅法，主要特点是,局部代表全体,，,或以,全体喻指部分,，,或以,抽象代详细,，或以,详细代抽象,。比如：,、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth,but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.,长城不但是用石头和土建造，而且是用几百万人血和肉建成。,句中“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大牺牲）,第54页,“.saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,.”,他说这是世界上最美语言。,这里用详细“tongue”代替抽象“language”,第55页,Many eyes turned to a tall,20year black girl on the U.S.team.,”。,很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高岁黑姑娘。,这里“many eyes”代替了“many persons,第56页,Metonymy借代,Metonymia(希腊语)changing of name,有意不用需要说明人或物本称，而是借与该人或该物亲密相关事物来代替。,指两种不一样事物并不相同，但又密不可分，因而惯用其中一个事物名称代替另一个。,What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.(幼小所学，终生不忘),Cradle(birth),grave(birth),表示简练，详细，生动，有趣。,第57页,5.夸大（hyperbole）,夸大手法是人们从主观出发，有意识地把事实夸大，有意言过其实，以到达强调或突出一个修辞手法。它偏重于情感，而不太重视事实，表示得比实际事情更高、更强烈、更有集中性，含有诙谐、讥讽、褒贬等功用。普通说来，凡事物，都可适当地利用夸大去修饰。,第58页,比如：,1.The tumult reached the stars.(闹声震天。),2.My gray hair can make a long long rope.(白发三千丈。),3.I havent seen you for ages.(几辈子不见了。),4.Having been elected chairman,he felt as if he were on the top of the,world.(被选为主席后，他感觉似乎站在了地球之巅。),5.He hurried to the railway station,looking at his watch a hundred times.(他急忙朝火车站去，看了一百遍表。),第59页,夸大最惯用手法有以下几个：,（1）利用数词,His eyes fell on the page,but his mind was a million miles away.(他眼睛在书页上，可心思却在十万八千里之外。),I am ten times better than you in handwriting.(我写字比你好十倍。),第60页,（2）利用极端概念,Ill keep it a secret till the end of the world.(我将把秘密保持到世界末日。),I will love you till the seas gone dry,the rocks melt with the sun.(我爱你到海枯石烂。),第61页,（3）利用形容词和副词,The cost mounted to astronomical figures.(花销到达天文数字。),I am thirsty to death for the book.(我想那本书想得要命。),假如用terrible,terrific,awful,horrible,fantastic等感情强烈词去修饰并不主要事情，就含有夸大成份。,第62页,（3）利用形容词和副词最高级,Im the happiest man in the world.(我是世界上最幸福人。),Shakespeare is universally well known.(莎士比亚名冠天下。),（5）利用介词短语,Bill Gates rounded up a wealth beyond calculation.(比尔盖茨聚财无数。),Dont let the chance slip through finger
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