牛津译林版八年级下册8B-现在完成时.docx

现在完成时
1.构成
Have/has 过去分词
现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式:

肯定式
否定式
疑问式
单
数
I have
You have+ worked
He/She/It has
I have
You have + not worked
He/She/It has
Have I
Have you+ worked?
Have he/she/it
复
数
We
You+have worked
They
We
You+have not workec
They
Have we
Have you+ worked?
Have they
【提示】
①现在完成时的肯定式和否定式有其缩写形式：have^’ve hash's例如：She’s worked
=She has worked. I’ve not worked! haven’t worked
② 现在完成时的否定疑问句形式为：Have you not worked? Have they not workHds he notworked ?其缩写形式为：Haven’t yoworked? Haven’t they worked? Hasn’t he worked?
③ 现在完成时的简略回答形式为：Yes, I have. No, I have not/haven’t
2. 用法
⑴过去动作产生的影响等
表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。在没有具体时间状语的情况下，现在完成时可以表示某一行为动作在说话之前已经完成，而其结果或影响至今仍然存在.因此，现在完车时这一时态强调的是过去的动作同现在的联系，也就是强调现在的影响和结果。
例如:
Someone has broken the window打破”这一动作虽然发生在过去，但影响延续至今，其结
果是窗子仍然是破的，The window is now broken.
I have lost my pen结果是:我现在无钢笔可用，I have no pen to°u）e
He’s locked the db结果是：现在门锁上了，我们进不去，Now the door is locked and we can’tgo in）
The party has started. （The party started and now it is going on.
I’ve forgotten her name= I forgot her name.
他今天还没吃任何东西.（现在一定很饿了）
一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一
我已经吃过午饭了（现在不饿了）
⑵过去的动作延续到现在和未来
表示一个开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能继续下去的动作或状态，常同forsince引导的
时间状语连用，或用于How long...（多久）句型中，表示持续的时间•例如：
He has studied English for ten（可能继续学下去）
She has lived here since then
He has been in Nanjing since 23.
Miss Lin has worked in the factory since she came to the city.
你已经住在这个房子里多久了？
这个女孩已经病了一个星期了.
【提示】for是介词，后面只能跟单词或词组；since是介词或连词，后面可以跟单词、词组
或句子。
⑶同recently等状语连用
现在完成时常同表示从过去某时刻延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语连用，如recently today this morning this week latel,y up to now, so，farin the past/last fewmonths， since three years等 g o 例如：
I haven’t seen him this week
I have been busy this morning.
He has bought a new bike recently
⑷同often等状语连用
现在完成时常同不明确指出具体时间的状语连用，如often, already, yet, never, aeVerys，
once， twice sometimes, just, for a long ,timenly twic 等。例如：
Have you done your homework yet?
我们已经完成了工作。
我从没去过英国。
⑸将来某时已经完成的动作
现在完成时可以用在条件或时间状语从句中，表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。例如：
He will come as soon as he has finished the homework
If you have read the book before， I plleeaavsee lend it to me.
We shall wait here until the rain h&s stopped
（6）have gone和 have been
have gone和have been意义上不同，前者表示到某地去了，尚没回来，现在不在这里"，后者表示曾经到过某地，现在已返回"。比较：
She has gone to Beijih她现在不在这里,去北京了，可能已经到达，也可能仍在途中）
She has been to Beijin她以前到过北京，现在已不在北京了）
Where has he been?他已回来）
Where has he goi?e （他现在不在这里）
比较：
have been to do 做过 了某事
have gone to do 去做某事了
have come to do s来做某事了
⑺for 24还是 since 24
英语中有些动词表示的动作是一时性的、短暂的、不能延续的，所以，不能同for和，站。°等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，也不可用于“How long/How many4时间名词”句中。因此，这类动词可以单独使用于完成时中，但不可同表示一段时间的状语一起用于完成时中，包括现在完成时和过去完成时。这类动词有：go, come, leave arrive, join, receive, get,
buy, borrow, choose, close, ,fafinish kill, lend, marry, ppemeach, return, sta,rtstop, sit down stand up等.比较：
How long may I keep the book
Her grandmother has been dead five months.
It is five monstihnsceher grandfather died.
He has arrived
He arrived there three ahgoou.rs
It’s three hounce he arrived
It has been three hsoiunrcse he arrived.
He has been away from Shanghfiartwo weeks。
It is two weeskisncehe left Shanghai.
He has left Shanghai
She has joined the army
She has been in the asriince 204.
It is three yeiimseshe joined the army
【提示】①非延续性动词的完成时有时可以同for引导的短语连用，但表示的是某一动作的
目的或结果，而不是表示动作本身延续的时间.例如：
She has come for two wee她已经来了，准备住两个星期。
He has gone for three他a|s.了，要在三天后回来.
②非延续性动词的否定式表示动作的持续过程，具有延续性，因此可以同for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。例如：
I haven’t r©cd her letter for a who°leyear
He hasn't bought any book since last month
for/sinc的特殊注意：

在带有for或since短语或
since从句的句子中以及How long提问的句子中，谓语动词只
用延续性动词（可持续一段时间的动作），而不能用短暂性动词（在瞬间发生完毕的动作）
常见的短暂性动词与延续性动词的转换

borrow/lend
have (has)
kept
buy
have (has)
had/owned
die
have(has)
been dead
begin/start
have(ha)
been on
finish
have(has)
been over
open
have (has)
been open
close
have (has)
been closed
catch a cold
have(has)
had a cold
fall ill
have (has)
been ill
fall asleep
have (has)
been ill
become
have(ha)
been
leave
have (has)
been away from
get married
have (has)
been married
join
have(has)
been a member of

have(has)
been in
move/come/go to
have(ha)
been in/at

⑻现在完成时和一般过去时的比较
① 现在完成时不可与表示特定过去时间的副词连用，如ago, then, yesterda等，但一般过去时可以。例如：
He worked here last year.
② 现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果，而一般过去时只限于表示过去的动作本身，与现在的结果无关。例如：
He has been ill for a We®k在 仍然病着）
He was ill for a we©过去病过一个星期，现在好了）
He has bought a hou&现在完成时，到说话时仍然拥有那所房子）
He bought a house five year（ aag般过去时只说明他五年前买过一所房子，现在不一定还拥有那所房子）
I haven't written him for （a现在仍没有写）
I didn’t write him fo仅指g过;去）
③ 现在完成时可以同现在在内的时间状语连用;而一般过去时则不可。例如：
It has been hot this summ说话时仍然是夏天）
It was hot this sum（e说话时夏天已经过去）
④ 现在完成时不可与疑问副词when连用；而一般过去时则可以。例如：
When did he come?
（9）already和 yet的区别
already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑问句；already有时也可用于疑问句，表示惊讶，意外"的意思.例如：
Hurry up we are already twenty minutes late
I haven’t heard from him yet
Has class begun yet?
Has class begun already?不到）
Have you sold the car? yet
Have you sold the car al?e（d惊讶）
【补充】
ago和before的用法
ago是副词，表示从现在算起的若干时间以前，用于名词词组+ago ”结构;ago所在句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；ago不可单独使用，也不可用作连词。befor"副词用时，表示从过去某一时刻或某一事件算起的若干时间以前，所在句中的谓语动词用过去去完成时；before还可以单独使用，意为以前”，谓语动词用现在完成时，ago则没有这种用法;befor还可以用作连词，后接单词、词组或句子,ago则没有这种用法。比较：
She saw the film three days （从现在说起三天前）
She told me that she had seen the film three d（y从过去说起三天前）
I have seen her before.
She had left before he airrived
※课堂训练：
一、用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. Ialready__see） the film. I_see） it last week
2. he (fin]s出is work today? Not oyet
3. My father just (come ) back from work He is tired now
4. Where’s Li Ming He (go) to the teacher’soffice.
5o I (work) here since I_move ) here in 1999
6o So far I 侦ake ) quite a few friends here.
7. How long the Wangs _sta) here ? For two weeks.
8. I just (finish my homework.
9. He(go) to school on foot every day.
10. you (find) your science bbok yet
11. If it) (fine tomorrow I’ll go with, you
12. The students (-read) English when the teacher came in
13o Look! The monkey (climb) the tree
14o My mother ( come ) to see me next Sunday
15. I’ve lost my penyou( see) it anywherte
二、单项选择
()1. How long have youhere?
A. comeB. gotC. arrived D. been
()2o My grandpa died o-
A o at the age of my 2 B° for 2 years C° when I was 2. D. my age was 6.()3o Jane has to BeiJinghe will come back tomorrow
A o been B. gone C. went D. never been()4o It is ten years I last saw her.
A o after B o since C. for D. that
()5o Who will go to the station to meetLorry
I her several toimes
B. have met C o
a nice dr!essHow long -
buy B. did buy
— I will
A o met
()6。 --What
A. wil,l
C.
had met D o will meet
you it?——Just 2 weekos
are having D ° have, had

()7.—Do you know Lydia very well
Yes, She and I friends since we were very young
A o have made B ° have become C ° have been D. have turned()8o The Smiths in China for 8°years
A o has lived B° lived C° have been D°live
()9o —Hello, this is Mr. Green speaCaingI speak to Mr. B?ack
Sorry. Hethe Bainiao Park
A. has been to B. has gone to C° went to D° will go to()10. —you everto the US— Yes twice.
A o Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D° were, going
三、句型转换
I have been to Macau before为否定句)
I been to Macau before
He hasnt come to school because he was(1就划线部分提问)he come to school
I bough a new bike just° no(用 jus畋写)
Ijusta newobike
We began to learn English three yearns改a.gp同 义句)
WeEnglishthree years
5o He has never surfed, ___?___［改成反意疑问句)
6o They have been here since 20 对划线部分提问)have they been here?
The old man last year.
He has for a year.) (die动词填空)
Miss Gao left an hour。ago(同 义句转换)
Miss Gao hasan hour ago.
※课后作业
一、用 have / has been to / have gone t及 go 的各种形式填空。
1 ) Where is Jack? He.his country.
2) Davidthe park just now.
3 ) JohnEngland since he came back.
4 ) How longtheythis village
5 ) The Smiths Beijing for years.
6) you everAmerica? -- Ybs there many times.
7 ) I this school since three years ago.
8 ) Where is Jim? He the farm.
9) Whenhe_ Hean hour ago
10 ) Would you like toto the zoo with?meYes, but Ithere
beforeo
11) Whereyounow———I to the zoo.
12) He often ttttttttttttt swimmiong
13) ttttt you tttttt there last year?
14) ttttt they often tttttt skating in? winter
二、用 never ever, already, , juyfet, for, sinije空
1o I have seen him before, so I have no idea about him.
2o Jack has finished his homework
3o Mr. Wang has taught in this school tttttttt toen years
4o “Have you seen the film?,” I “Nove seeo ”t
5o “Has the bus left ?” itYhas left.”