中考英语语法综合熟记手册全整理.docx

中考英语语法总分值熟记
Ⅰ 词类
词类
英语名称
意 义
例 词
名词
The Noun (缩写为n)
表示人或事物的名称
basket, mouth, hospital, year, train
冠词
The Article (art)
用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物
a, an, the
代词
The Pronoun (pron)
用来代替名词、形容词或数词
they, his, him, mine, which, all
形容词
The Adjective (adj)
用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征
long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry
数词
The Numeral (num)
表示数量或顺序
three, thirteen, twenty, second
动词
The Verb (v)
表示动作或状态
hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing
副词
The Adverb (adv)
修饰动词、形容词或其他副词
quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes
介词
The Preposition (prep)
表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系
from, with, at, into, behind, between, for
连词
The Conjunction (conj)
用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句
and, or, but, so, because
感慨词
The Interjection (interj)
表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感
oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear
〔一〕名词：
专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin .
1. 个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple .
集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如 family, people, class, police . 可数名词
普通名词 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton .
抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可数名词
2．名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。
3．名词的格：名词有三个格：主格〔作主语〕、宾格〔作宾语〕、与所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。
〔二〕冠词
1．定冠词－the .
特指某〔些〕人或某〔些〕事物。The students are very good.
说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet
重复提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is white and black .
表示世界上独一无二的事物。The moon moves around the earth .
形容词最高级与序数词前与表示方位的名词前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south .
乐器的名称前常用定冠词－the 。I like playing the piano / violin .
与某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。We should help the poor .
放在某些专有名词前。We will go to visit the Great Wall next week . the people’s Republic of China .
放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching TV .
固定词组中。In the morning / afternoon / evening .
2．不定冠词－a / an .
指人或事物的某一种类。A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs.
指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen.
指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory.
不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位〞，如“每日〞、“每斤〞等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo.
3．零冠词。
泛指人类或男女。Man will conquer nature .
抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时，通常不加冠词。Knowledge begins with practice .
在专有名词前一般不用冠词。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist.
在三餐饭何球类运动名称之前不用冠词。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball.
在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。October 10th is Teachers’ Day.
称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor.
在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。This is his book. I can speak English .
不用冠词的惯用语。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。
〔三〕形容词
1．形容词的构成。
简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping .
复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking.
2．形容词的位置。
形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。A heavy box.
与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3 metre long. 12 kilometer away .
与不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing 等连用时，可以放在这些词之后。 Something important. nothing serious.
当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列：美小圆旧黄，法国木书房。Those large round black wooden tables.
3．形容词的比拟级与最高级。〔一般加 er / est ，不规那么见表〕
原级的用法：“……与……一样〞
肯定句：A ＋ 动词 ＋ as ＋ 形容词原级 ＋ as ＋ B . He is as tall as me .
否认句：A… ＋ not as ＋形容词原级 ＋ as ＋ B 〔即A 不如 B 那么…〕
A… ＋ not so ＋形容词原级 ＋ as ＋ B = A…+ less + 形容词原级＋than + B .
比拟级的用法：
A ＋ 动词 ＋ 形容词的比拟级 ＋ than ＋ B . 〔A 比B 更… ，在这种句型中，比拟级前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot,
any, far 等修饰，表示“…得多〞，“甚至…〞，“更…〞，“…一点儿〞。
“比拟级 ＋ and ＋ 比拟级〞、 “more and more ＋ 局部双音节或多音节的原级〞 译为“越来越…〞。
最高级的用法：〔个体用－of ，范围用－in，最高级前面要用定冠词－the〕
三种最高级表示法。
最高级：Shanghai is the largest city in China .
比拟级：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / China is larger than any country/ other countries in Africa.
原级：No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China .
〔四〕 副词
1．副词的种类：
时间副词：often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now …
地点副词：here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere …
方式副词：hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully …
程度副词：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough …
疑问、关系、连接副词：how, when, where, why, when, where, why, whether…
频率副词：often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly …副词：
其他副词：really, certainly, surely, maybe …副词：how, when, where, why, …
2．副词的比拟级与最高级。〔一般加 er / est ,不规那么见表〕
用法与形容词用法类似，注意：副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词 the .
〔五〕数词
1．基数词：
2．序数词：
1-10
11-19
20-90
100-
1 first 1st
11 eleventh 11th
20 twentieth 20th
100 one hundredth 100th
2 second 2nd
12 twelfth 12th
21 twenty-first 21st
103 one hundred and third 103rd
3 third 3rd
13 thirteenth 13th
30 thirtieth 30th
134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th
4 fourth 4th
14 fourteenth 14th
37 thirty-seventh 37th
200 two hundredth 200th
5 fifth 5th
15 fifteenth 15th
40 fortieth 40th
1000 one thousandth 1,000th
6 sixth 6th
16 sixteenth 16th
50 fiftieth 50th
1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th
7 seventh 7th
17 seventeenth 17th
60 sixtieth 60th
1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th
8 eighth 8th
18 eighteenth 18th
70 seventieth 70th

9 ninth 9th
19 nineteenth 19th
80 eightieth 80th

10 tenth 10th

90 ninetieth 90th

〔六〕代词
类 别
作 用
例 词
人称代词
代替人或事物，主格作主语，宾客作宾语

单 数
复 数
一
二
三
一
二
三
主 格
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
宾 格
me
you
him
he
it
us
you
them
物主代词
形容词性只作定语，名词性可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属关系
词义
类型
我的
你的
他的
她的
它的
我们的
你们的
他们的
形容词性
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名词词性
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
反身代词
起强调作用，只作同位语与宾语
数 人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单 数
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
复 数
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
相互代词
表示相互关系，作宾语
宾 格
所 有 格
each other〔两者相互〕
each other’s〔相互的〕
one another〔三者或三者以上〕
one another’s〔相互的〕
指示代词
起指示作用
This, that, these, those, it, such, same
不定代词
代替或修饰任何不定数量与不定范围的人或事物
some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each
疑问代词
表示疑问，构成特殊问句
who, what, whose, which, whom
关系代词
引导定语从句
which, that, who, whom, whose
连接代词
引导名词性从句
what, who, that
〔七〕动词
类 别
意 义
例 子
例 句
行为动词
含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。
与物动词
后面一定接宾语
Open, visit, hear …
He visited Gaozhou yesterday.
不与物动词
后面可以不接宾语
Laugh, cry, live …
He lives in Beijing .
连系动词
本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。
Be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem …
The meat smells bad .
He is a student .
助动词
本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否认、疑问、时态或其他语法形式
Do, does, did
He doesn’t speak English .
We are playing football .
He had gone to Beijing .
情态动词
本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气与情态。情态动词没有人称与数的变化。
Can, may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to …
She can speak English .
May I speak to Ann, please、
We must go now .
注：动词〔除情态动词，只有原形与过去式〕有原形、第三人称单数、动词－ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。
（八） 介词
I. 介词分类：
1
简单介词
about, across, through, against, from, but, except, besides, between, among, around, with, after, by, at, below, beyond, under, over, during, in, on, to, off, for
2
合成介词
into, onto, out of, upon, within, without, towards
3
短语介词
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to
4
分词转化成的介词
considering(就而论), including
5
形容词转化成的介词
like, unlike, near, next, opposite
II. 常用介词区别：
1
表示时间的in, on, at
at片刻的时间、具体时间点、年龄；in一段的时间、年月季节世纪年代、早中晚；on与日子有关、具体某天、星期、某天的早中晚;固定用法:in the morning /in the afternoon / in the evening;at noon /at night /at midnight
2
接在学科前in, on
On与in后面接某科目的时候意思差不多，on一般比in更专业( on math高数，in math根底数学)；
3
表示时间的since, from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，与完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开场，一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。
4
表示地理位置的in, on, to
in在某范围内，on与什么毗邻，to在某环境范围之外、隔海相望
5
表示“在…上〞的on, in
on只表示在某物的外表上，in表示占去某物一局部
6
表示“穿过〞的through, across
through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在外表上通过，与on有关
7
表示“关于〞的about, on
about指涉与到，on指专门论述
8
between与among的区别
between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间
9
besides, except, except for, but, but for 的区别
besides指“除了…还有〞，except与but指“除了什么〞，except for 与but for除了...(整体中的细节)之外/要不是...
10
表示“用〞的in, with
with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音
11
as与like的区别
as意为“作为，以…地位或身份〞，like为“象…一样〞，指情形相似
12
in与into区别
in通常表示位置〔静态〕，into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置
III.常用介词的用法： 
1.by意为“在……之前；不迟于……〞；for意为“历时……之久；持续……〞；in意为“在……以后；在……时间内〞；since意为“自从……以来；自……以后〞；until用于否认句中，意为“直到……才〞，。
①他已经当教师9年了。He has been a teacher ________ nine years.
②我已经在这儿住了10年了。I have lived here ________ ten years ago.
③他十分钟之后将会回来。He will be back ________ ten minutes.
④直到五月，我们才会看到一些花。We don’t see any flowers ________ May.
⑤我明天早晨八点前必须得到校。I must be at school ________ eight tomorrow morning.
2.表示方式的介词
介词用来表交通，常把by, in, on来用；
限定、复数用in / on，by要直通海陆空；
(骑马、骑车惯用on，小轿车前in才通)
① by + 交通工具，意为“乘坐……〞。如：海：by ship / boat / sea  陆：by bus / car / train / bike / taxi  空：by air / plane / spaceship
②on / in + 限定词 + 交通工具，意为“乘坐……〞。如：He goes to work on the bike /He goes to work in his car. 他骑自行车 / 开车去上班。
③on foot为固定短语，意为“步行〞。 
3.表示运动方向的介词
    across意为“从……外表穿过〞，或沿某一条线的方向而进展的动作；through意为 “从……内部穿过〞，past与by表示“从旁边经过或路过〞。如：
   Please be careful when you go ________ the street.
   Look! The mosquito is trying to fly ________ the window.
   We often go ________ a bakery on our way to school. 
IV.不用介词的情况
today, yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语前；含有last, this, that, these, those, next, every, one, some, all等词的时间状语前；here, there, home, back等副词前。
如：We meet every day.　
〔九〕连词
1．并列连词：
表联合关系连词。〔and, or, but, for, not only…but also, as well as, both…and…, neither…nor .〕
转折连词。〔but, while, yet, however .〕
选择连词。〔or, or else, either…or…, otherwise .〕
2．附属连词：
引导主语从句、宾语从句与表语从句的连用，主要有三个：that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student .
引导状语从句的附属连词：
1． 连接时间状语从句：when, before, after, while, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever since …
2． 连接让步状语从句：although, though, even if, however …
3． 连接原因状语从句：as, because, since, now that, for …
4． 连接目的状语从句：that, so that, in order that …
5． 连接条件状语从句：if, unless, once, in case …
6． 连接结果状语从句：so…that, such…that …
7． 连接方式状语从句：as, as if, as though …
8． 连接地点状语从句：where .
9． 连接比拟状语从句：as, as…as, not as/so …as, than …
〔十〕非谓语动词
1．定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词与副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语与补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词与动名词。
2．动词不定式：to ＋ 动词原形〔在某些情况下可以不带to 〕。〔没有人称与数的变化，可以有自己的宾语与状语，有时态与语态的变化〕
一般式：主动语态：to do , 被动语态：to be + 动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)
动词不定式to 的省略：1〕在感官动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice 与使役动词have, let, make等后面要省to，但在变被动语态时要复原不定式to。【例】I often saw him go out of the room . ---- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .
2〕在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。
动词不定式的否认形式：not + to do ，有时也可以用－never + to do 构造。
3．动名词、现在分词：动词原形＋ing 。具有名词、动词一些特征。
一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词〔表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)
用法：1〕动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。Learning English is very important. --- It’s very important to learn English.
2〕No + 动名词表示“制止〞。No smoking. No parking.
3〕动名词做主语谓语动词用单数〔is, V+s〕
动名词的否认形式：not + 动名词〔v-ing〕 No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn’t explain the sentence .
4. 过去分词
形式：规那么动词＋ed，与不规那么动词的过去分词。
过去分词的否认形式：not + 动词过去分词。
用法：表示动作在谓语动词之前完成；有被动意义，没有被动语态的形式。
〔十一〕动词的语态
1. 语态定义：英语中表示主语与谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态与被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主动) English is taught in our school .〔被动〕
2. 被动语态：助动词Be + 与物动词的过去分词〔be +p.p.〕，be有人称、时态与数的变化。见下表：
时 态
谓语动词的形式
例 子
一般现在时
Am / is / are + 动词过去分词
Colour TVs are made in the factory .
一般过去时
Was / were +动词过去分词
My hometown was liberated in 1949 .
一般将来时
Shall / will + be +动词过去分词
The film will be shown again .
现在进展时
Am / is / are + being +动词过去分词
The walls are being painted .
过去进展时
Was / were +being动词过去分词
The tickets were being well sold then .
现在完成时
Has / have + been + 动词过去分词
A new road has been built here .
时 态
谓语动词的形式
例 子
过去完成时
Had + been +动词过去分词
Much had been done before mother came back .
含情态动词的被动语态
情态动词＋be＋动词过去分词
The composition must be handed in today .
被动语态中值得注意的问题：
带有双宾语的动词，可以把任何一个宾语变被动，一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .
英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long .
在英语中有时“be + V-ed〞构造并不是被动语态，而是系表构造。The mountains were covered with snow .
在“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语〞的构造中，要补留宾语补足语。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken.
宾语补足语为省to的不定式，变为被动语态后，要复原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh .
如果短语动词是与物动词时，可以用被动语态，但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for .
〔十二〕动词的时态：
时态
表示内容
谓语动词的构成
常用的时间状语
例句
一般现在时
现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态
动词原形〔包括第三人称单数形式＋s / es〕
often、usually、always、sometimes、every day、in the morning (afternoon …)等
He is often late for school.
She usually goes to work on foot.
一般将来时
将要发生的动作或存在的状态
shall / will + 动词原形
be going to + 动词原形
be + 动词－ing
tomorrow、next week、this month、in an hour、the day after tomorrow 等
He will go to Shanghai next week.
I am going to buy a book tomorrow.
I am flying to Guangzhou next week.
一般过去时
过去发生的动作或存在的状态
动词过去式 〔一般＋ed , 特殊见课本不规那么表〕
yesterday、last week、three days ago、before、 the day before yesterday 等
I finished my homework yesterday.
He went to Gaozhou three days ago.
现在进展时
现在正在进展的动作
am / is / are + 动词现在分词
now、It’s six o’clock.也可用look、listen 等词提示
They are doing their homework now.
Look! The boy is playing basketball.
过去进展时
过去某个时刻正在进展的动作
was / were + 动词现在分词
at six yesterday morning、this time yesterday、也可用when等引导的从句
I was sleeping at 11 last night .
They were cooking when the bell rang .
现在完成时
动作发生在过去，已完毕，对现在有影响；或者开场在过去一直持续到现在的动作。
have / has + 动词过去分词 〔一般＋ed , 特殊见课本不规那么表〕
already、ever、never、just for three days、since 1998 、by the end of this term、yet 等
I have already finished my work .
He hasn’t found out who broke the door.
过去完成时
过去某个时间之前已经完成了的动作
had + 动词过去分词
By the end of last month、when、before等引导的从句
I had seen the film when I was in college.
The meeting had begun before we arrived .
过去将来时
从过去某个时间看将来发生的动作
should / would + 动词原形
be going to ＋动词原形
be + 动词－ing
通常在宾语从句中出现，主句为过去时
He said (that) he would go to Maoming t