医学考博写作课程讲义全.doc

第一局部 医学考博写作简介
摘要写作概况
例句：
随着现代医疗科技的开展，越来越多的疾病找到了治疗方式。
With the development of modern medical science and technology, surgeons/doctors have found cures for more and more diseases.〔正〕
As developping of modren medical science and techonlogy, more and more diseases find cures.〔误〕
单词的记忆与应用
单词怎么背？
背准单词的四个方面：
1、读音
2、外形
3、词义
4、用
练习：practice
对写作的整体认识
认识两个人：出题的与改卷的
1、出题的：a. 内容：医学科普文章
b. 形式
c. 时间与字数：50分钟；约200词
2、改卷的：
高分策略：1、字迹清楚；段落明朗
2、要点完整；紧扣提纲
3、首保正确；再求闪光
4、主体段落；先总后分
5、语句连贯；连词用上
评分实例
实例一
　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
　　1．当今社会上存在着很多不老实的现象。
　　2．老实利人利己，做人应该老实。
1. In our modern social life, there are many examples around us show many people are cheated. Advertisements cheat people, salesmen cheat people, even one's closest friends cheat him or her. So many heartbreaks are heard everyday that we cannot help asking: where is our honest exist
　　Everybody is taught honest in the primary school or even in the kindergarten. Honesty does good not only to ourselves, but to others as well. If we are honest to others. We will be happier and be in a better mood. Otherwise, we'll feel guilt at last. To a company and its advertisement, honesty will bring it more consumer and more profit. If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone. To a company, no consumer will buy your product again．
　　So, as the above is said, it pays to be honest. Let's create a morally outstanding social．〔11分〕
2. Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat in the exams．
　　Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers won't buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later．〔18分〕
3. With the development of modern economic and industry, competitive is becoming more and more obvious. At the same time, the performance of dishonest is becoming more and more clearly．
　　Nowadays, there are many dishonest performance in our society. For example, some people found that he saled goods had past the preservation date. Not throw them away, they revised the perservation date, and sated them again after several days. Another case in the point, a pair of shoes was made from goat. However, in order to sale at a high price, the salers would say they were made from cow which has good quality．
　　From the foregoing, we can see that dishonest dose not only harm to yourselves but also harm to others. And it is no use only realise the harmness of dishonest. We should be honest from now on and be honest in our daily life.〔7分〕
第二局部 写作常见错误分析
六种易犯错误
4．句子成分缺失
　　If work hard, we will surely be successful.
　　Everywhere can find skyscrapers and flyovers in Beijing today.
　　The apples five dollars per kilo. / This girl very beautiful.
Finally, the service. The canteen workers aren't patient enough when serving us.
〔二〕动词形式错误
　　 1．时态错误
3．单复数错误
1〕A/The Wise man seeks opportunities rather than wait for them.
〔三〕代词错误
1〕As long as one works hard, you can learn English well.
〔四〕冠词错误
〔五〕词性错误
错误改正方式
1、教师修改
2、自己修改〔互相修改〕
3、跟范文对照
4、对译
第四局部 句子写作练习
复合句
1．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。
　　1〕They need more help in English.
　　 That is quite obvious.
　　2〕She is still alive.
　　 That is good news.
　　3〕She will come here.
　　 It doesn't seem likely.
　　4〕We are badly in need of something.
　　 It is raw material.
3．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句，并且用it作形式宾语。
　　1〕I was far more intelligent than he was.
　　 I always took that for granted.
　　2〕You were unable to attend our meeting.
　　 We all thought that was a pity.
　　3〕You should mind your manners.
　　 We consider that is important.
　　4〕He was too ill to go on working.
　　 He didn't want that to be known.
5．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。
　　1〕He is growing old.
　　 Nothing could hide the fact.
　　2〕He works hard.
　　 The fact does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.
　　3〕I have a complacent feeling.
　　 I feel that I'm highly intelligent.
　　4〕He explained that he didn't see the notice.
　　 The explanation is unsatisfactory.
6．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。
　　1〕I have an arrangement with my bank.
　　 By the arrangement they let me use their money and repay them next
month.
　　2〕He sent her a letter.
　　 In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
　　3〕Mr. Brown just came from Britain yesterday.
　　 He will teach us accounting this term.
　　4〕She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan.
　　 She has some relatives there.
7．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为状语从句。
　 〔as long as, on condition that, lest, so...that, such...that, in case, as if, now that,
whether...or, however, 〕
　　1〕You've bought a new car.
　 　 What are you going to do with the old one
　　2〕We'd better take the telescope with us.
　　 Perhaps it is needed.
　　3〕We must hurry off.
　　 Otherwise, we might miss the bus.
复杂的简单句
2．起伴随或补充说明作用的从句、简单句或并列谓语往往可以改写为“with+名词+分词／形容词／介词词组〞的构造作状语。
　　1〕They wear layers of clothes even in summer time. Newspapers are
stuffed between the layers as further protection against bad weather.
　　2〕If more people help them, they probably will be able to accomplish the
task ahead of time.
　　3〕As all his savings were gone, he started to look for a job.
　　4〕In the corner there is a table, One of its legs is shorter than the others.
　　5〕When the job was finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.
1．表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语。
　　1〕They looked both ways before they crossed the street.
　　2〕l made my decision after I talked to Sir Francis.
　　3〕Although he was ill, he was determined to carry out his plan.
　　4〕Although they're intelligent, they aren't doing well in school.
　　5〕Although he's rich, he isn't very happy.
　　6〕If we had your support, we might succeed in performing our task.
　　7〕Even if there were air and water, plants still couldn't grow on the moon.
8〕If you don't work hard, you will accomplish nothing.
　　9〕If it had not been for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.
3．还有另外一些从句或简单句也可以改写为介词词组作状语。
　　1〕She won't go home until she has taken the exam.
　　2〕Because he had a bad leg, he couldn't walk as fast as the others.
　　3〕We are full aware that the situation is serious.
　　4〕She hurried back to school for fear that she miss too many lessons.
　　5〕We should not criticize Susan for what she has done. Instead, we ought to praise her for it.
6〕Dr. Wilson did not go to New York yesterday to attend his daughter's wedding. He flew to
Florida for an emergency case.
4．系表构造的定语从句往往可以改写为直接用形容词、介词词组或分词构造作定语。
　　1〕I love girls who are intelligent.
　　2〕At the party, I got to know a professor who is in his thirties.
　　3〕I hate to see letters that are written in pencil.
　　4〕The substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine.
　　5〕Among those who are taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.
5．两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词构造作状语.
　　1〕Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left the
meeting.
　　2〕As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tired out.
　　3〕Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers.
　　 Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking.
　4〕College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic
success. They cheat on exams more frequently.
6．两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立构造作状语。
　　1〕He sat in front of them. And his dusty face masked his age.
　　2〕She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room. Her heart
beat fast.
　　3〕The old beggar sat at the comer. Tears welled up in his eyes.
　　4〕Jim continued on his way. The dog was jumping about in front of him.
　　5〕The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile. Her long hair flowed in the
breeze.
7．解释性的语句往往可以改写成同位语。
　　1〕This is Mr. Black. He is director of our hospital.
　　2〕"Leave it to me," said Peter. Peter was the man on duty.
　　3〕Qinghai Lake is the largest inland body of salt water in China. It lies 3195
meters above sea level.
　　4〕The whole plan was completed within three months. That is half the usual
time.
　　5〕He read all kinds of books. They were ancient and modern, Chinese and
foreign.
　　6〕He was formerly a worker himself. He is now an engineer.
省略句
英语经常省略与上文一样的内容或虽无其词已有其意的内容。
　　1〕You can do it this way if you care to do it.
　　2〕His face is tanned and his hands are big and strong.
　　3〕Fill in the blanks with articles wherever they are necessary.
　　4〕As it was scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.
　　5〕The boy looked as if he were afraid of nothing.
　　6〕When you are in need, don't hesitate to ask me for money.
　　7〕When he was still a young man, he was appointed to that position.
倒装句
英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。
　　1．否认词位于句首时
　　1〕I have never been to Europe.
　　2〕He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over.
　　3〕She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
　　4〕Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill.
　　5〕She cares little about what others say about her.
　　2．so,neither,nor等词位于句首，说明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时
　　1〕Richard can speak Japanese. His sister can speak Japanese, too.
　　2〕Copper is a good conductor. Many other metals are good conductors, too.
　　3〕Paul could not dance, and he could not sing either.
　　4〕The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. And the wife did not say a
word of welcome either.
　　3．含有so…that构造的句子将so引导的局部位于句首时
　　1〕He was so excited that he could not go to sleep.
　　2〕He spoke so forcefully at the meeting that everyone present was
convinced.
　　3〕He worked so hard that he obtained his Ph. D．degree one year ahead of
schedule.
　　4．only引出的状语位于句首时
　　1〕His father called his name only once.
　　2〕The doctor realized only then that his patient needed surgery.
　　3〕We can conclude the business only when you adjust down your price.
　　5．as表示让步时
　　1〕As he is old, he insists that he should attend the project.
　　2〕As she is a girl, she is not afraid of snakes.
　　6．主语局部过长或上下文需要衔接时
　　1〕The young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and
agreed to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years was sitting in front of
the counter.
　　2〕The question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and
financial loss is more important.
被动句
英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：
〔1〕不知道动作的执行者；
〔2〕没有必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者；
〔3〕虽然需要同时指出动作的执行者但更强调动作的承受者。
英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：
〔1〕当汉语用人们、我们或有人做主语时
〔2〕汉语的无主句
将以下句子改为被动形式。
　　1〕All people believe that the Internet will play a more important role in the
future.
　　2〕We should take effective measures to stop various forms of pollution.
　　3〕Someone saw the young man enter the building next to the bank.
　　4〕I heard the wind roar through the trees.
　　5〕They do not allow you to smoke in the laboratory.
　　6〕What should one do in a case like this
否认句
改写以下句子，注意否认转移。
　　1〕I left college not because I was tired of learning.
　　2〕We set up the corporation not merely because we wanted to make profits.
　　3〕John married Alice not because she was rich, nor because she was pretty.
　　4〕He joined the Confederate army not because he stood for slavery.
　　5〕The police arrested him not because he had really committed any crime,
nor because he was an escaped prisoner.
强调句
改写以下句子，强调划线局部。
　　1〕Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.
　　2〕The author praises all that is progressive with genuine〔真实的〕feeling.
　　3〕We could not cross the river because the water had risen.
　　4〕Jim, a heartless fellow, was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of
night〔在深夜〕.
　　5〕Mrs. Williams didn't know anything about it until I told her.

第三局部 写作用词练习
用词准确化
　　1．Choose the more precise of the two words in brackets and fill in the blank with your choice:
　　1〕The President spoke on radio to the ______．〔country, land, state, nation〕
　　2〕Is that ______ gentleman sitting on the bench your father 〔old, elderly〕
　　3〕Your niece impressed me as sweet and ______．〔childlike, childish〕
　　4〕People are serious and ______ in religious services．〔respectable, respectful〕
5〕She ______ to have lunch with her friend, saying that she wasn't feeling well．〔refused, declined〕
　　2．Complete the following sentences, using words given below in their proper forms:
come fall get go grow run turn
　　1〕Meat soon ______ bad in hot weather．
　　2〕His hair is beginning to ______ grey, though he is only thirty．
　　3〕The streams ______ dry because it had not rained for months．
　　4〕One does not necessarily ______ wise as he grows old．
　　5〕You'll ______ wet if you go out in the rain without an umbrella．
　　6〕His dream ______ true at last. He became a very famous surgeon．
　　7〕The children ______ tired of playing the same game all day long．
　　8〕The recorder isn't working properly. Something must have ______ wrong．
　　9〕Leaves ______ yellow in autumn. But when spring comes, they green．
　　10〕When she heard of her daughter's sudden death, the poor old woman ______ mad．
11〕Last night he ______ ill and ran a high fever．
用词多样化
　　Replace the italicized parts with words or phrases of the same or similar meaning and usage．
　　1〕Some people think that exams will still play a very important role in different fields of human life．
　　2〕More and more people begin to keep pets．
　　3〕There have been big increases in the price of houses in the past three years．
　　4〕Developing countries have made big progress in their people's medical conditions．
　　5〕I think it's a good idea to go to Hainan during the Spring Festival．
　　6〕As a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made a lot of information available at our finger's tip．
　　7〕It was through his uncle's influence that he got his position．
8〕His car uses too much fuel．
第五局部 写作题型分类
扩展字数例文
摘要型写作步骤：
1〕通读全文〔约5分钟。浏览文章，掌握文章大意与构造〕
2〕阅读划线〔约10分钟。划出主要内