医学考博写作课程讲义全.doc

第一局部 医学考博写作简介摘要写作概况例句：随着现代医疗科技的开展，越来越多的疾病找到了治疗方式。With the development of modern medical science and technology, surgeons/doctors have found cures for more and more diseases.正As developping of modren medical science and techonlogy, more and more diseases find cures.误单词的记忆与应用单词怎么背？背准单词的四个方面：1、读音2、外形3、词义4、用练习：practice对写作的整体认识认识两个人：出题的与改卷的1、出题的：a. 内容：医学科普文章 b. 形式 c. 时间与字数：50分钟；约200词2、改卷的：高分策略：1、字迹清楚；段落明朗 2、要点完整；紧扣提纲 3、首保正确；再求闪光 4、主体段落；先总后分 5、语句连贯；连词用上评分实例实例一Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:1当今社会上存在着很多不老实的现象。2老实利人利己，做人应该老实。 1. In our modern social life, there are many examples around us show many people are cheated. Advertisements cheat people, salesmen cheat people, even ones closest friends cheat him or her. So many heartbreaks are heard everyday that we cannot help asking: where is our honest exist Everybody is taught honest in the primary school or even in the kindergarten. Honesty does good not only to ourselves, but to others as well. If we are honest to others. We will be happier and be in a better mood. Otherwise, well feel guilt at last. To a company and its advertisement, honesty will bring it more consumer and more profit. If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone. To a company, no consumer will buy your product againSo, as the above is said, it pays to be honest. Lets create a morally outstanding social11分 2. Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat in the examsDishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers wont buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later18分3. With the development of modern economic and industry, competitive is becoming more and more obvious. At the same time, the performance of dishonest is becoming more and more clearlyNowadays, there are many dishonest performance in our society. For example, some people found that he saled goods had past the preservation date. Not throw them away, they revised the perservation date, and sated them again after several days. Another case in the point, a pair of shoes was made from goat. However, in order to sale at a high price, the salers would say they were made from cow which has good qualityFrom the foregoing, we can see that dishonest dose not only harm to yourselves but also harm to others. And it is no use only realise the harmness of dishonest. We should be honest from now on and be honest in our daily life.7分第二局部 写作常见错误分析六种易犯错误4句子成分缺失If work hard, we will surely be successful.Everywhere can find skyscrapers and flyovers in Beijing today.The apples five dollars per kilo. / This girl very beautiful.Finally, the service. The canteen workers arent patient enough when serving us.二动词形式错误 1时态错误 3单复数错误 1A/The Wise man seeks opportunities rather than wait for them.三代词错误 1As long as one works hard, you can learn English well.四冠词错误五词性错误错误改正方式1、教师修改2、自己修改互相修改3、跟范文对照4、对译第四局部 句子写作练习复合句1将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。1They need more help in English. That is quite obvious.2She is still alive. That is good news.3She will come here. It doesnt seem likely.4We are badly in need of something. It is raw material.3将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句，并且用it作形式宾语。1I was far more intelligent than he was. I always took that for granted.2You were unable to attend our meeting. We all thought that was a pity.3You should mind your manners. We consider that is important.4He was too ill to go on working. He didnt want that to be known.5将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。1He is growing old. Nothing could hide the fact.2He works hard. The fact does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.3I have a complacent feeling. I feel that Im highly intelligent.4He explained that he didnt see the notice. The explanation is unsatisfactory.6将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。1I have an arrangement with my bank. By the arrangement they let me use their money and repay them next month.2He sent her a letter. In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.3Mr. Brown just came from Britain yesterday. He will teach us accounting this term.4She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan. She has some relatives there.7将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为状语从句。 as long as, on condition that, lest, so.that, such.that, in case, as if, now that, whether.or, however, 1Youve bought a new car. What are you going to do with the old one2Wed better take the telescope with us. Perhaps it is needed.3We must hurry off. Otherwise, we might miss the bus.复杂的简单句2起伴随或补充说明作用的从句、简单句或并列谓语往往可以改写为“with+名词+分词形容词介词词组的构造作状语。1They wear layers of clothes even in summer time. Newspapers are stuffed between the layers as further protection against bad weather.2If more people help them, they probably will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.3As all his savings were gone, he started to look for a job.4In the corner there is a table, One of its legs is shorter than the others.5When the job was finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.1表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语。1They looked both ways before they crossed the street.2l made my decision after I talked to Sir Francis.3Although he was ill, he was determined to carry out his plan.4Although theyre intelligent, they arent doing well in school.5Although hes rich, he isnt very happy.6If we had your support, we might succeed in performing our task.7Even if there were air and water, plants still couldnt grow on the moon.8If you dont work hard, you will accomplish nothing.9If it had not been for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.3还有另外一些从句或简单句也可以改写为介词词组作状语。1She wont go home until she has taken the exam.2Because he had a bad leg, he couldnt walk as fast as the others.3We are full aware that the situation is serious.4She hurried back to school for fear that she miss too many lessons.5We should not criticize Susan for what she has done. Instead, we ought to praise her for it. 6Dr. Wilson did not go to New York yesterday to attend his daughters wedding. He flew to Florida for an emergency case.4系表构造的定语从句往往可以改写为直接用形容词、介词词组或分词构造作定语。1I love girls who are intelligent2At the party, I got to know a professor who is in his thirties.3I hate to see letters that are written in pencil.4The substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine.5Among those who are taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.5两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词构造作状语.1Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left the meeting.2As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tired out.3Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. 4College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They cheat on exams more frequently.6两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立构造作状语。1He sat in front of them. And his dusty face masked his age.2She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room. Her heart beat fast.3The old beggar sat at the comer. Tears welled up in his eyes.4Jim continued on his way. The dog was jumping about in front of him.5The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile. Her long hair flowed in the breeze.7解释性的语句往往可以改写成同位语。1This is Mr. Black. He is director of our hospital.2Leave it to me, said Peter. Peter was the man on duty.3Qinghai Lake is the largest inland body of salt water in China. It lies 3195 meters above sea level.4The whole plan was completed within three months. That is half the usual time.5He read all kinds of books. They were ancient and modern Chinese and foreign.6He was formerly a worker himself. He is now an engineer.省略句英语经常省略与上文一样的内容或虽无其词已有其意的内容。1You can do it this way if you care to do it.2His face is tanned and his hands are big and strong.3Fill in the blanks with articles wherever they are necessary.4As it was scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.5The boy looked as if he were afraid of nothing.6When you are in need, dont hesitate to ask me for money.7When he was still a young man, he was appointed to that position.倒装句英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。1否认词位于句首时1I have never been to Europe.2He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over.3She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.4Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill.5She cares little about what others say about her.2so,neither,nor等词位于句首，说明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时1Richard can speak Japanese. His sister can speak Japanese, too.2Copper is a good conductor. Many other metals are good conductors, too.3Paul could not dance, and he could not sing either.4The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. And the wife did not say a word of welcome either.3含有sothat构造的句子将so引导的局部位于句首时1He was so excited that he could not go to sleep.2He spoke so forcefully at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.3He worked so hard that he obtained his Ph. Ddegree one year ahead of schedule.4only引出的状语位于句首时1His father called his name only once.2The doctor realized only then that his patient needed surgery.3We can conclude the business only when you adjust down your price.5as表示让步时1As he is old, he insists that he should attend the project.2As she is a girl, she is not afraid of snakes.6主语局部过长或上下文需要衔接时1The young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and agreed to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years was sitting in front of the counter.2The question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and financial loss is more important.被动句英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：1不知道动作的执行者；2没有必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者；3虽然需要同时指出动作的执行者但更强调动作的承受者。英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：1当汉语用人们、我们或有人做主语时2汉语的无主句将以下句子改为被动形式。1All people believe that the Internet will play a more important role in the future.2We should take effective measures to stop various forms of pollution.3Someone saw the young man enter the building next to the bank.4I heard the wind roar through the trees.5They do not allow you to smoke in the laboratory.6What should one do in a case like this否认句改写以下句子，注意否认转移。1I left college not because I was tired of learning.2We set up the corporation not merely because we wanted to make profits.3John married Alice not because she was rich, nor because she was pretty.4He joined the Confederate army not because he stood for slavery.5The police arrested him not because he had really committed any crime, nor because he was an escaped prisoner.强调句改写以下句子，强调划线局部。1Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.2The author praises all that is progressive with genuine真实的feeling.3We could not cross the river because the water had risen.4Jim, a heartless fellow, was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night在深夜.5Mrs. Williams didnt know anything about it until I told her.第三局部 写作用词练习用词准确化1Choose the more precise of the two words in brackets and fill in the blank with your choice: 1The President spoke on radio to the _country, land, state, nation2Is that _ gentleman sitting on the bench your father old, elderly3Your niece impressed me as sweet and _childlike, childish4People are serious and _ in religious servicesrespectable, respectful5She _ to have lunch with her friend, saying that she wasnt feeling wellrefused, declined2Complete the following sentences, using words given below in their proper forms: come fall get go grow run turn1Meat soon _ bad in hot weather2His hair is beginning to _ grey, though he is only thirty3The streams _ dry because it had not rained for months4One does not necessarily _ wise as he grows old5Youll _ wet if you go out in the rain without an umbrella6His dream _ true at last. He became a very famous surgeon7The children _ tired of playing the same game all day long8The recorder isnt working properly. Something must have _ wrong9Leaves _ yellow in autumn. But when spring comes, they green10When she heard of her daughters sudden death, the poor old woman _ mad11Last night he _ ill and ran a high fever用词多样化Replace the italicized parts with words or phrases of the same or similar meaning and usage1Some people think that exams will still play a very important role in different fields of human life2More and more people begin to keep pets3There have been big increases in the price of houses in the past three years4Developing countries have made big progress in their peoples medical conditions5I think its a good idea to go to Hainan during the Spring Festival6As a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made a lot of information available at our fingers tip7It was through his uncles influence that he got his position8His car uses too much fuel第五局部 写作题型分类扩展字数例文摘要型写作步骤：1通读全文约5分钟。浏览文章，掌握文章大意与构造2阅读划线约10分钟。划出主要内