正在消失的胡同文化英文资料.doc

正在消失的胡同文化
资料一：
Hutongs (simplified Chinese: 胡同; traditional Chinese: 衚衕; pinyin: hútòng) are a type of narrow streets or alleys, most commonly associated with Beijing, China. In Beijing, hutongs are alleys formed by lines of siheyuan, traditional courtyard residences.[1] Many neighbourhoods were formed by joining one siheyuan to another to form a hutong, and then joining one hutong to another. The word hutong is also used to refer to such neighbourhoods.

Since the mid-20th century, the number of Beijing hutongs has dropped dramatically as they are demolished to make way for new roads and buildings. More recently, some hutongs have been designated as protected areas in an attempt to preserve this aspect of Chinese cultural history.

Historical hutongs
A typical courtyard of a Hutong. On the roof the owner keeps his pigeonsDuring China’s dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing and arranged the residential areas according to the social classes of the Zhou Dynasty (1027 - 256 BC). The term "hutong", originally meaning "water wells",[2] appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty, and it is believed to be a term of Mongol language origin.[2]

In the Ming Dynasty (early 15th century) the center was the Forbidden City, surrounded in concentric circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social status were permitted to live closer to the center of the circles[citation needed]. Aristocrats lived to the east and west of the imperial palace. The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy merchants often featured beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars and carefully landscaped gardens. The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by spacious homes and walled gardens. Farther from the palace, and to its north and south, were the commoners, merchants, artisans, and laborers. Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and simpler in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower.[citation needed]

Nearly all siheyuan had their main buildings and gates facing south for better lighting; thus a majority of hutongs run from east to west. Between the main hutongs, many tiny lanes ran north and south for convenient passage.[citation needed]

Historically, a hutong was also once used as the lowest level of administrative geographical divisions within a city in ancient China, as in the paifang (牌坊) system: the largest division within a city in ancient China was a fang (坊), equivalent to current day precinct. Each fang (坊) was enclosed by walls or fences, and the gates of these enclosures were shut and guarded every night, somewhat like a modern gated community. Each fang (坊) was further divided into several plate or pai (牌), which is equivalent to a current day (unincorporated) community (or neighborhood). Each pai (牌), in turn, contained an area including several hutongs, and during the Ming Dynasty, Beijing was divided into a total of 36 fangs (坊).[citation needed]

However, as the ancient Chinese urban administration division system gave way to population and household divisions instead of geographical divisions, the hutongs were no longer used as the lowest level of administrative geographical division and were replaced with other divisional approaches.[citation needed]

Hutongs in the modern era
At the turn of the 20th century, the Qing court was disintegrating as China’s dynastic era came to an end. The traditional arrangement of hutongs was also affected. Many new hutongs, built haphazardly and with no apparent plan, began to appear on the outskirts of the old city, while the old ones lost their former neat appearance. The social stratification of the residents also began to evaporate, reflecting the collapse of the feudal system.[citation needed]

During the period of the Republic of China from 1911 to 1948, society was unstable, fraught with civil wars and repeated foreign invasions. Beijing deteriorated, and the conditions of the hutongs worsened. Siheyuans previously owned and occupied by single families were subdivided and shared by many households, with additions tacked on as needed, built with whatever materials were available. The 978 hutongs listed in Qing Dynasty records swelled to 1,330 by 1949.[citation needed] Today, in some hutongs, such as those in Da Shi Lan, the conditions remain poor.[3]

资料二：
汉语意思：曾经是北京城市重要象征的胡同,已经不能适应现代化大都市的生活，落伍于时代的发展和生活节奏的变化。虽然许多人留恋胡同，留恋曾有的岁月，怀念邻里情谊、大家庭般的温暖，但是这些温情都阻挡不了胡同的没落。北京这些年发展很快，很多胡同消失了，许多人搬进高楼大厦，住上宽敞的公寓，但是胡同文化的传承仍表现在他们的身上。富裕的现代生活，并没有隔绝他们和胡同文化千丝万缕的精神联系。文化的没落不等于物质的消失。胡同文化会转移、分解、传承到新的载体上。在迈向现代文明的旅程中，既要创造新的文化，也要继承优秀的传统文化.
英语意思：共0条评论...Beijing city was once an important symbol of the alley, has been unable to meet modern metropolis of life, falling behind in the development of the times and the pace of life changes. Although many people nostalgia alley, nostalgia was the years to come, remember the neighbourhood friendship, family-like warmth, but they have warmth and alleys can not be stopped by the decline. Beijing has developed rapidly in recent years, many hutongs disappear, many people moved into high-rise buildings, live in spacious apartments, but the alley cultural heritage is still reflected in their possession. Prosperity of modern life, there is no isolation from their alleys and the spirit of culture inextricably linked. Cultural decline does not mean that the material disappeared. Alley cultural shift, decomposition, transmission to a new carrier. In the journey towards modern civilization, it is necessary to create a new culture, but also inherit the fine traditions of culture.
都市生活导致人际关系趋于冷漠
城市人虽然住得近却不了解彼此：
It seems very ridiculous that people living so near don’t know each other for such a long time. However, this kind of story is performed everywhere. It is the exact reflection of interpersonal relationships in the modern world. In the modern world, most people live in apartments. They close their doors and never go out as soon as they get home from work. If they live alone, they will kill their time by watching TV or reading magazines. They don’t have any connections even with their closest neighbors, who seem no different from people they meet everyday in the street. They become more and more indifferent.
This phenomenon is no good to us, nor to our society. People will feel lonely more and more. The world becomes so indifferent. Interpersonal relationships are not harmonious. It’s time that we took some measures to improve it. People living in the same zone can be organized to have some activities together. We should call on people to be friendly to each other. As a popular song says,” If everybody gives a little love to each other, the world will become the sea of love.”
生活质量好，消费水平高
资料一：
2007年以来，物价持续走高，通胀压力加大。 Since 2007, prices continued to rise, increasing inflationary pressures. 自8月起，居民消费价格指数连续4个月同比涨幅超过6%。 Since August, the consumer price index for 4 months or more than 6% year-on-year. 其中11月上涨6.9%，创近10年来最高。 Which in November rose 6.9 percent, hitting a 10-year high.

资料二：
Modern city dweller consumption level is high
资料三：
随着人们生说水平的提高，人们的消费水平越来越高，物价上涨，gdp呈上身趋势。
As people life level, people's consumption level is higher and higher, rising prices, GDP showed a trend of upper.
资料四：
消费水平，是指人们可以消费到的产品和服务的数量和档次。随着人们可消费的产品和服务的数量的增加和这些产品和服务的档次的提升，人们消费水平也慢慢提高
The level of consumption, is that people can consume the products and services of the number and grade. Along with the people to consumer products and services and the increase in the number of these products and services quality improvement, people consumption level gradually improve
生活压力大
出生并成长在一个主要城市区域相关联的终生风险更大的焦虑和心境障碍。直到现在,生物学对这些协会没有被描述。一项新的国际研究,其中涉及道格拉斯心理健康研究所的研究员Jens Pruessner首次表明,两个不同的大脑区域控制情绪和压力是影响城市生活。这些发现发表在自然可能导致策略,提高生活质量的城市居民(居民)。“之前的研究已经表明,患焦虑症的风险比其他人高21%城市人,会增加39%的情绪障碍。”合作者Jens Pruessner说,道格拉斯研究员。“此外,发病率(发生率,影响)对精神分裂症(精神分裂症)几乎翻了一番针对那些在城市里出生和长大的。这些值是一个引起关注,这背后的生物学决定的第一步是要解决的趋势。”
Being born and raised in a major urban area is associated with greater lifetime risk for anxiety and mood disorders. Until now, the biology for these associations had not been described. A new international study, which involved Douglas Mental Health University Institute researcher Jens Pruessner, is the first to show that two distinct brain regions that regulate emotion and stress are affected by city living. These findings, published in Nature may lead to strategies that improve the quality of life for city dwellers（居民） . "Previous findings have shown that the risk for anxiety disorders is 21 percent higher for people from the city, who also have a 39 percent increase for mood disorders," says co-author Jens Pruessner, a Douglas researcher. "In addition, the incidence（发生率，影响） for schizophrenia（精神分裂症） is almost doubled for individuals who are born and brought up in cities. These values are a cause for concern and determining the biology behind this is the first step to remedy the trend."
财富的贫富差距
日益快速增长的中国经济,贫富差距也越来越明显。据报道,现在中国的基尼系数是0.45,这意味着收入不平等是相当大的。情况是,20%的穷人拥有4.7%的财富,而20%的富人都拥有令人难以置信的50%的财富。
财富的贫富差距是具有重大意义的使社会和谐的原因,穷人可能有一种嫉妒的感觉,这是潜在的威胁,对整个社会。更重要的是,建立一个全面小康社会是必要的过程对发达国家。如今,差距的主要表现是城市和农村之间的差距,在不同的地区和不同的社会地位。
在我看来,政府应该采取主要的职责是越来越大的贫富差距。它是在东西方之间的贫富差距是最尖锐的。这就是问题所在,政府政策应该照顾,如工业反哺农业在东方西方,帮助农业和更多的津贴和减税,提供更多的工作机会,在农村地区的人们通过扩大第三产业。个人所得税也可以平衡富人和穷人通过减少穷人的沉重负担的同时使富人帮助社会。政府可以确保农村生活提高最低赔偿标准,最低工资和养老金标准。通过提高标准的基础教育,促进就业的政府可以培养工作能力的穷人。这是一个非常重要的解决问题的方法从根的贫富差距。政府收集的大量的税收,但税收用于教育、医疗和养老保险只是一半的政府消费如政府的交通和食宿。更糟糕的是,有些人在垄断行业,如房地产和采矿行业,越来越丰富的依靠行业。
随着发达,将社会责任不仅有益于社会但丰富自己。最富的人是企业家,他们可以创造许多工作机会给穷人。
With the increasingly rapid economic growth of China, the wealth gap between also become more and more obvious. It is reported that the Gini Coefficient of China now is 0.45 which means the income inequality is fairly large. The situation is that the 20% poor people possess 4.7% wealth while the 20% rich people possess incredible 50% wealth.
The wealth gap between rich and poor is of much importance in making the society harmonious for the reason that the poor may have a kind of jealous feeling which is the potential threats to the whole society. What’s more, to build a well-off society in an all-round way is necessary procedure to developed country. Nowadays, the main performance of the gap is the gap between cities and countryside, among different regions and different social status.
In my opinion, the government should take the main responsibility of the wealth gap being bigger and bigger. It is between the east and west where the wealth gap is most sharp. This is the problem that government policy should take care of, such as industry in the east nurturing agriculture in the west, helping agriculture with more allowance and less tax, providing more work opportunities to people in rural area by enlarging the tertiary industry. Individual income tax is also a way to balance the rich and poor by reducing the heavy burdens of the poor while make rich to help the society. The government can make sure to raise the lowest rural life indemnification standard, the lowest salary and pension standard. By enhancing the standard of basic education, boosting employment government can cultivate the working ability of the poor. This is a very important way to solve the problem of wealth gap from the root. The government collects large amount of taxes, but the taxes used in the education, medical treatment and endowment insurance are just a half of government consumption such as governmental transportation and accommodation. What’s worse, some people in monopolized industries, such as real estate and mining industry, are more and more rich just rely on the industries.
As the rich, taking social responsibility is not only good for the society but rich themselves. Most rich people are 企业家, with which they can create many job opportunity for poor people.
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