六大主要英语国家基本概况(对比记忆).doc

六大主要英语国家基本概况
（对比记忆）

地理位置,面积:

英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east.
The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square km.It runs 1,000 km from north to south and extends,at the widest part,about 500 kilometres.

美国:the United States of America
The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959)
The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west.

爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire)
The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km.
It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.

加拿大:Canada
Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years.
Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States.

澳大利亚:Australia
Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world.
It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south.

新西兰:New Zealand
New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day.
The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.

主要山峰，河流，湖泊

英国：
山峰：Ben Nevis,the highest moutain in Britain(1,343m) is located in Scotland.
The highest peak to England is Scafell(978m) which in the Lake District in north-west England.
Snowdonia(1,085m)in the northwest is the highest mountain in Wales.
河流：The longest river is the Severn River which is only 338 kilometres long.
The second largest and most important river in Britain is the Thames River.It is 336 milometres long.
River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.
湖泊：There are many lakes in Britain especially in northern Scotland,the Lake District in north-west England and North Wales.
The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland.

美国：
山峰：There are two main moutain ranges,the Appalachian moutainsa and the Rocky mountains.These mountains run roughly from north to south.
The Rockies,the backbone of the North American continent is also known as the Continental Divide.
河流：Mississippi is one of the world's great continental rivers.(3,782 kilometres long)It has two branches,river Missouri and river Ohio.
Mississippi has been called "father of waters" or "old men river".
Ohio has been called the American Ruhr.
On the Pacific side there are two great rivers--the Colorado and the Colmbia.
The Rio Grand River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.
湖泊：The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are lake Superior,which is the largest frest water lake in the wrold,Lake Michigan(the only one entirely in the U.S.),Lake Huron,Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Cananda and the United States except Lake Michigan.

爱尔兰：
山峰：The highest peaks are Carrantuohill(1,041m) and Mount Brandon(953m) near Killarney, and Lugnaquilla(926m),about 64km. south of Dubin.
河流：The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River.

加拿大：
山峰：The highest peak in Canada is Mount Logan(6,050m),which is in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada.
河流：The two principal river systerns are the Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence.
湖泊：Canada has numerous lakes. In addition to the Great Lakes on the U.S. border,there are nine others that are more than 161 kilometres long and thirty five that are more than 80 kilometres long.

澳大利亚：
山峰：The highest point in Australia is Mount Kosciusko at 2,255 metres above sea level.
河流：The Murray is Australia's longest river(2,520km).
湖泊：Lake Eyre is regarded as Australia's largest lake,but it known as a part time lake.

新西兰：
山峰：The highest peak,Mt Cook,3,764m, is in the centre of the mountain range,which is called the Southern Alps.
In North islang the central plateau is dominated by 3 volcanic mountains. Ruapehu(2,797m) and Ngaurohoe(2,290m) are active volcanoes. Tongariro,is dormant.
河流：The rivers in South island,the largest of which is the Clutha,run eastward from the mountain lakes across the plains to the Pacific Ocean.The two largest North island rivers,the Waikato and the Wanganui,run northwest and southwest respectively.
湖泊：Lake Taupo is the largest lake in New Zealand.

气候，人口

英国:Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990).
A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfull throughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature.

美国:The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold.
By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a 50% increase.
The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions.
1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England)
2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.
*these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian.
3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains.
4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate.
5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate.

爱尔兰:The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000.
The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon.

加拿大:Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada.
Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied.
1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia.
2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga.
3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone
Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow.

澳大利亚:Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre.
Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry.

新西兰:The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori.
The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied.
In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries.

自然资源

英国:Compare with many other countries,Britain has comsiderable reserves of coal.Today British coal mining is called a "sick" industry.
Natural gas and oil was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea.
Britain was the first nation to build a large iron and steel industry.Rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.
As with the coal industry,Britain's steel industry is declining.

美国:Fertile soil is one of the most important natural resouces in the United States.
America's forest resources are among the world's largest.
Another natural resource that contributes to the welfare of the country is water.
America is the leaders in production of Coal,iron ore,cpper,oil,sulfur,lead and zine.
But short for tin,manganese,and nikel.

爱尔兰:Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe.
While Ireland lacks sizeable oil deposits,it has a valuable energy source in the peat,or turt,bogs that cover extensive areas of the country.

加拿大:Water is one of the most important natural resources in Canada.
Almost half of the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third,in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world.The largest producer of newsprint in the world.
Canada is a primary world producer of nickle,zine and asbestoes,and comes second in potash,third in gold and fourth in copper.
Canada is a major world supplier of uranium.
Experts believe that the cold fields of Canada may be among the largest in the world.
A great deposit of petroleum was discovered south of Edmonton in Alberta. About two thurds of Canada's petroleum and about four fifths of its natural gas come from Alberta.

澳大利亚:Australia is one of the world's biggest producers of minerals and metals.
It has major deposits of bauxite,mineral sands,diamonds,and black and brown coal,and large reserves of ores containing gold,lead,zinc,iron,copper,nikel,manganese and uranium. It is the world largest exporter of coal,and a major exporter of uranium.

新西兰:There is an increasingly large share of energy comes from local resources:natural gas,crude oil,hydroelectricity and geothermal steam. Coal is of growing importance.Solar energy,vegetable oils and ethylalcohol from fermentation make small contributions.

农业

英国:The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening.
Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain.
The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.

美国:Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world.
It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.

爱尔兰:Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports.
The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.

加拿大:The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important.
The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt.
Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products.
Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario.
Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.

澳大利亚:Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice.
Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.

新西兰:Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.

制造业,工业

英国:The textile is one of Britain's oldest.Textiles were on of the country's most vauluable exports.
Britain became a world leader in shipbuilding during the middle of the 19th century.The two main centres for shipbuilding were on the River Tyne near Newcastle,England and on the Clyde near Glasgow in Scotland.
The Britain motor industry now dominated by four firms(Ford,the Rover Group,GM-Vauxhall,and Peugeot)
There are three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth. Scotland has Europe's largest collection of foreign-owned chip factories.Over 90% of the companies are from the U.S.A.,Japan,the Netherlands and germany.

美国:The untied States ranks first,second,third or fourth in the world in the production of crude steel,passenger cars,commercial vehicles,chemicals,radio sets,television sets,and other manufacturing goods.Manufacturing accounts for about one quarter of the GDP,about one quarter of the national income,and over one fifth of the work force.
The industrial regions are the Midwest(the nations's leading centre of heavy industry) round the Great Lakes,the Middle Atlantic states,the South,and the Pacific Coast.

爱尔兰:Since the 1961s,manufactuing has become the mainstay of the Irish economy.
Of industrial employment,66% are employed in manufacting.

加拿大:Manufacturing is the mst important economic activity in Canada.Food processing is the leading industry. The manufacture of transportation equipment ranks second. The production of paper and paper related products ranks third. Metal products are also important.

澳大利亚:The mining industry in Australia has faced new problems in recent years.
Australia's service sector is the fastest-growing sector of industry.It has been growing in im