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被动语态
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
例如:Many people speak Chinese. 谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。
例如:Chinese is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
1. 一般现在时: am (is, are) done.(every day, usually, often …)
2. 一般过去时: was (were) done (yesterday, last night/week/month/year,in1885…)
3. 一般将来时: will (shall) be done ( next week/month/year, in the future…)
4. 现在进行时: am (is, are) being done ( now, these days, Look! Listen! …)
5. 现在完成时: have (has) been done (since+clause/ the past time, for + some time , so far, these days…)
6. 带情态动词的被动语态:must (can, may, should, need, would) be done
7 不定式的被动结构 to+ be+动词的过去分词
三、各种时态的被动语态举例(以动词do为例)
1.一般现在时(am/ is/ are +done)
English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。
Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
2.一般过去时(was/ were +done)
The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。
He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。
My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。
3.一般将来时与过去将来时(will be +done; would be +done)
A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。
A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。
I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
4.现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)
The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时,机器正在被修理。
The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。
A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。
5.现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
Two hundred trees have been planted by now.
到现在为止,已经种了二百棵树了。
The book has been read many times by me.
这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。
Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict.
在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。
6.过去完成时(had been+done)
They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。
She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。
He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.
他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。
四、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成。
We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
They should do it at once.
It should be done at once.
五、被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如:Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。
(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。
(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。
例如:The glass was broken by Mike. 玻璃杯是迈克打破的。
This book was written by him . 这本书是他写的。
Our homework must be finished on time. 你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。
(3)表示客观的说明常用"It is + 过去分词."句型。
It is said that Lucy has gone abroad. 据说露茜已经出国了。
It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.) 大家相信他是个间谍。
其它常见的"It is + 过去分词+ that"句型还有
It is reported that…据报道
It is said that…据说
It is believed that…大家相信
It is suggested that…有人建议
六、动词的主动形式表示被动之意
(1)以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词,如:look, feel, smell等。
The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
The watch looks good.这表看起来很好。
This book sells well.这本书畅销。
(2)下列动词没有被动式:happen,cost,take place
An accident was happened yesterday.(×)昨天发生了一起事故。
An accident happened yesterday.
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