定语从句-正误例析.doc

定语从句中常见错误例析
在使用定语从句过程中,有些学生往往会出现这样或那样的错误.为避免这些错误,现对一些常见错误作以归纳：

1 从句中多余宾语
[误] The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.
[正] The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth.
上例中,关系代词that或which在定语从句中作宾语,可省去,因此,从句中宾语it多余.

2 从句中缺少主语
[误] He is the professor gave us a speech yesterday.
[正] He is the professor who gave us a speech yesterday.
关系代词who 或that在定语从句中做主语不能省略,否则,句子结构不完整.

3 从句中主谓不一致
[误]I, who is your friend, will try my best to help you.
[正]I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you.
定语从句中,关系代词做主语时,应注意主谓一致,也就是说,根据先行词的人称和数来确定从句中谓语动词的形式.如：-
I just spoke to the doctor who is an eye specialist.
He was the only one of youngest girls who plays in the band.

4搭配错误
[误]Don’t talk about such things that you do not understand.
[正]Don’t talk about such things as you do not understand.
在such…as结构中,as所引导的中定语从句时,不能用其它关系代词代替,但在the same…as结构中,如属同类则用as,如: 如You’ve made the same mistake as I did ,not changed ,not another or others作之意时,则需用that，如You’ve made the same mistake that you made last time。

5关系代词误用
（1） what与that误用
[误]All what she could do was to go back home.
[正]All that she could do was to go back home.
what一词不能引导定语从句.当先行词是all时,应用关系词that引导定语从句,另外,有些复合不定代词（如nothing everything:等）作先行词,或先行词受形容词最高级、序数词等修饰时,关系代词常用that而不用which.如::They asked him to tell them everything that he saw in the factory.
（2） Who与 whom误用
[误]The citizens ,most of who were
e workers ,welcomed the new mayor.
[正]The citizens ,most of whom were workers ,welcomed the new mayor.
关系代词紧跟介词后面引导定词从句修饰人时用Whom;同样,关系代词紧跟介词后面引导定词从句修饰物时用 which 如:The two things about which Marx was not sure were grammar and some of the idioms
（3） that与which误用
[误]Tom ’s dog, that was very old now, became ill and died,
[正]Tom’s dog, which was very old now , became ill and died
非限制定语从句,用关系代词which引导.
（4） that 与who误用
[误]They talked about an hour of things and persons who they’re membered in the school.
[正]They talked about an hour of things and persons that they’re membered in the school.
先行词在多个,且既是人又是物时,要用关系代词that引导定词从句

6关系代词与关系副词混淆
[误]I’ve been to the city where you visited last week.
[正]I’ve been to the city that you visited last week
定词从句修饰代表地点、时问的先行词时,要看代表先行词的关系词在定语从句中是否作谓语动词的宾语.如作动词的宾语,就要用关系代词that 或which引导定语从句.反之,要用关系副词 where（表地点）或 when（表时间）,在定语从句中作状语.如:Mary would never forget the evening when she lost the beautiful necklace

7先行词混淆
[误]}Is this museum that you visited the other day?
[正]Is this museum the one you visited the other day?
该例中This museum 为主语,并非先行词.照句子结构缺少表语the one,即定语从句所修饰的先行词.

8定词从句与强调句混淆
[误]Is it in this museum where he works?
[正]Is it in this museum that he works?
上例为强调句.需要记住的是,强调句型为止It is/was+被强调部分+that/who…不能与定语从句混淆.

9遗漏介词
[误]The person whom I spoke just now is the manager
[正]The person whom I spoke to just now is the manager.
该句的汉语意思是:“刚才和我说话的那个人是经理.”根据句意,定语从句中的关系代词who
m在句子成分上就无处可放,无法解释.又如:This is the room that we lived last year.应改为:This is the room that we lived in last year（关系代词that作介词in的宾语,故不能遗漏）

10错用先行词前面的限定词
[误]My house which/that I bought last year has a lovely garden before it
[正]The house which/that I-bought last year has a lovely garden before it.
[正]My house,　which I bought last year, has a lovely garden before it,

11错用关系词.有以下几种情况:
（1）物主代词his不能引导定语从句
[误]I met Tom ,under his arm there was a book .
[正]I met Tom ,under whose arm there was a book .
（2）应该用关系词which而不用人称代词it .
[误]He lived in a house,　in front of it stands a tall tree .
[正] He lived in a house,　in front of which stands a tall tree .
(3) 应该用关系词whom,不应该用人称代词宾格them .
[误]I have two brothers ,all of them are in Beijing .
[正]I have two brothers,　all of whom are in Beijing .

一 . 误用关系词
　　1. I'll never forget the days when we spent together on the farm.
　　2. This is the factory where he was invited to visit last month.
　　分析：定语从句的先行词是表示时间或地点的名词或代词时，引导定语从句的关系词不一定都是 when 或 where .关系词的选择主要取决于定语从句中的谓语动词。如果从句的谓语动词是及物动词而且其后没有宾语，就用关系代词 that 或 which 作宾语。如果从句的谓语动词是不及物动词或者是后面已经有了宾语的及物动词，就用关系副词。在句 1 和句 2 中，从句谓语动词 spent 和 visit 都是及物动词，而且后面又没有宾语，所以应分别将 when 和 where 改为 that 或 which .
　　二 . 宾语重复
　　1. As we all know it， the earth is round.
　　2. The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see it carried out the next month.
　　分析：如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，则谓语动词后面就不能再有宾语。在句 1 中，关系代词 as 作从句谓语动词 know 的宾语，因此， it 就是多余的，应去掉。在句 2 中，关系代词 that 在从句中作动词 see 的宾语，因此 it 也是多余的，应去掉。
　　三 . 缺少先行词或关系词
　　1. Is this park where his father works？
　　2. I went to the village they grew up.
　　分析：定语从句前面必须有先行词和关系词。在句 1 中，关系副词 where 前缺少先行词，所以应在 where 前面加上先行词 the one （代表 this park ）。在句 2 中，先行词 the village 和定语从句之间缺少关系词，谓语动词 grew up 为不及物动词，所以应在先行词 the village 后面加上关系副词 where .
　　四 . whose 的误用
　　1. I live in a house whose the window faces south.
　　2. This is the student whose's parents died in the fire.
　　分析： whose 在定语从句中作定语时，应将其放到被修饰的名词前面，该名词前不能再有其他限定词。因此句 1 中应去掉 window 前面的定冠词 the .句 2 中的 whose's 是错误的，因此应去掉“ s ”。
　　五 . 忽略标点符号的作用
　　1. The old man has three sons， all of them are workers.
　　2. Don't carry the pan out of the kitchen， in that case you might have the house on fire.
　　分析：在使用定语从句时，如果主句和从句之间用了逗号，就意味着逗号后面是一个非限制性定语从句。如果关系词出现在介词的后面，则应为关系代词 whom， whose （指人）或 which （指物），不应该为 that 或 them .因此句 1 中的 them 应改为 whom ，句 2 中的 that 应改为 which .
　　六 . 错认先行词
　　1. I was the only one in the office that was invited to the party.
　　2. Do you remember one afternoon in America where a terrible earthquake took place？
　　分析：一般来说，先行词后面紧跟着关系词，其次再跟定语从句。但有时出于意思上的需要而在先行词和关系词之间插入了其他成分。在这种情况下确定哪一个是先行词，便是正确理解句子的关键。在句 1 中，先行词是 the only one 而不是 the office .因此应将 that 改为 who ，以免引起误解。在句 2 中，先行词是 one afternoon 而不是 America ，故应将 where 改为 when .
　　七 . 不注重固定搭配
　　1. Such person like him can't be depended on.
　　2. He went to the same university which his brother did.
　　分析：当先行词被 such 或 the same 修饰时，其后的定语从句常由 as 引导，因此， such … as 和 the same … as 是固定搭配。所以，应将句中 1 中的 like 改为 as ；将句 2 中的 which 改为 as .
　　八 . 主谓不一致
　　1. I， who is your brother， have the right to prevent you from doing that.
　　2. She is one of the students who has passed the exam this time.
　　分析：定语从句中的谓语动词和先行词在人称和数上保持一致。句 1 中的先行词是 I ，因此定语从句中的谓语动词 is 应改为 am .但当先行词是 one of 后面的 the students 时，定语从句的谓语动词常为复数形式；如果 one 前面有 the only ， the very ， the last 修饰，则说明先行词是 one ，定语从句谓语动词常为单数形式。因此，句 2 中的 has 应改为 have 或在 one 前面加修饰语 the only 或 the very .
　　九 . 与其它从句混淆
　　1. This is the house in which he lives.
　　2. This is the house where he lives.
　　3. This is where he lives.
　　4. This is in which he lives.
　　分析：这四个句子中，前三个句子是对的。第四个句子是错的，因为 in which 不能在此句中引导表语从句。由于 in which 前面缺少先行词，因此也不能认为 in which he lives 是定语从句。
　　十 . 误用 as 和 which
　　1. Bamboo is hollow， as makes it very light.
　　2. Which we all know， the earth is round.
　　分析： as 和 which 用来引导定语从句时，它们之间的区别在于：引导定语从句的 as 可以放到主句前面也可以放到主句后面，而引导定语从句的 which 只能放到主句后面。 as 引导的定语从句表示“正像……那样，正如……”。例如： as is often the case （这是常有的事）， as we all can see （我们可以看得见）， as is known to all （大家都知道）， as has been pointed out （正如所指出的那样）， as is announced （正如所宣布的那样）。因此句 1 中的 as 应改为 which ， which 在意思上指前面整个主句的内容，如果用 as ，无论从意思上看还是搭配上看都不对；句 2 中的 which 应改为 as .