语法概要.doc

教育硕士英语统考（非英语专业）

语法
强调结构：
1. It was not until dark that she realized it was too late to go home.
2. It was in 1943 that the harmful smog made its appearance in Los Angeles.
3. It was not until he arrived at the station that he realized he had forgotten the ticket.

1. It was during the morning rush hour ______ the bomb exploded. (2007--- 26)
A. that B. when C. while D. before
2. If nature doesn’t provide man with the necessary material, it is in the laboratory ______ he will turn to for it. (2006---23)
A. where B. which C. that D. what
3. ______ that saw the trade between the two countries reach its highest point. (2003---32)
A. During the 1990’s B. That it was in the 1990’s
C. It was in the 1990’s D. It was the 1990’s
4. ______ he realized it was already too late for us to return home. (2002---15)
A. No sooner it grew dark when B. Hardly it grew dark than
C. It was not until dark that D. Scarcely it grew dark than

倒装结构：
1. Much as he likes her, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
2. I couldn’t persuade him to accept it, nor could I make him see the importance of it.
3. Hardly had the helicopter landed when the waiting crowd ran towards it.
4. No sooner had he arrived than he fell ill.
5. Scarcely had he arrived when they asked him to leave again.
6. Were you in my position, you would do the same.
7. People’s attitude toward night-time dreams has changed, so has their attitude toward daydreams.

1. As computer systems become even more sophisticated, ______ the methods of those who exploit the technology. (2008---29)
A. so too do B. as well as
C. likewise D. therefore
2. Only by understanding the web deeply ______ hope for people to grasp its full potential deeply. (2006---14)
A. can there be B. can be there
C. be there can D. there can be
3. Scarcely ______ those words when suddenly the monster was transformed into a very handsome youth. (2005---11)
A. had he uttered B. did he utter
C. he had uttered D. he did utter
4. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he ______ our chairman now. (2004---17)
A. must he B. would have been
C. shall be D. would be

5. Not until recent years ______ a popular means of communication. (2004----23)
A. email became B. email has become
C. did email become D. will email become
6. ______ before we departed last weekend, we would have had a wonderful dinner party. (2003---30)
A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive
C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive
7. ______ will Mr. Forbes be able to regain control of the company. (2002---17)
A. With hard work B. As regards his hard work
C. Only if he works hard D. Despite his hard work

比较级：
1. He doesn’t smoke so heavily as his brother.
2. I have as many assignments as you have.
3. The sun is a lot bigger than the moon.
4. The harder she worked, the more progress she made.
5. He has twice as many books as I have.

1. The population of many Alsakan cities has ______ doubled in the past three years. (2002---5)
A. larger than B. more than
C. as great as D. as many as

wh-引导的名词性从句:
wh-引导的主语从句
例句：
After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, what our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
It is pretty well understood what controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today
What surprises me most is that she doesn’t even know where the difference between the two lies.
What we can’t get seems better than what we have.
What you have done might do harm to other people.
In some countries, what is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people.

wh-引导的宾语从句
例句：
I want to know what he has told you.
I wonder what we can do about it.
A computer can only do what you have instructed it to do.
I think Father would like to know what I’ve been up to so far, so I decided to send him a quick note.
Our hometown has changed a lot, and now it is quite different from what it used to be a few years ago.
The photographs will show you what our village looks like.
Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders what will happen to her private life.
When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.
They are teachers and don't realize what it takes to start and run a company.
By success I don't mean what is usually thought of when that word is used.

wh-疑问词引导的表语从句
That is what I want to tell you.
---Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
---Oh, that’s what makes me feel excited.

同位语从句：
1. Where did you get the idea that I wouldn’t come?
2. He holds the opinion that money may not bring happiness.
3. The question who should do the work hasn’t been discussed yet.

虚拟语气：
1. It was suggested that meeting be put off.
2. It is important that the work be finished before dark.
3. Had he worked harder, he would have done better in the exam.
4. I would rather you had stayed last week.
5. It is time we began our work.
6. He took an umbrella with him in case it (should) rain.

1. The boy regretted having spent so much time playing when he ______. (2008---25)
A. should have studied B. had studied
C. was to study D. must study

2. I’ve attached my contact information in the recommendation letter ______ you have further questions. (2008---27)
A. for good B. in order C. for fear D. in case
3. I ______ rather solve the problems in my farm myself than seek the help of other people. (2006---18)
A. should B. shall C. would D. will
4. It is unacceptable that a person ______ for an uncommitted crime. (2005---20)
A. gets punished B. punishes
C. get punished D. punished
5. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he ______ our chairman now. (2004---17)
A. must he B. would have been
C. shall be D. would be
6. It is requested that all the students ______ present at the meeting tomorrow. (2004---35)
A. were B. will be C. are D. be
7. ______ before we departed last weekend, we would have had a wonderful dinner party. (2003---30)
A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive
C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive
8. We are sure that ______ to do this face to face, he would find it difficult to express himself without losing his temper. (2002---13)
A. were he to try B. would he try
C. was he trying D. if he tries

动词不定式：
1. I have heard both teachers and students speak well of him.
2. The boy’s father bought him a large toy train to play with.
3. If I had remembered to close the window, the thief couldn’t have got in.
动名词：
做主语
Forgetting the past means betrayal.
It’s no good waiting here. Let’s walk home.
做表语
Seeing is believing.
Her job is taking care of the elderly.
做宾语
I enjoy working with you.
He kept nodding as he listened.
suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cannot help, mind, need, enjoy, require, put off, delay, practice, advise, consider, deny, miss
做介宾
He insisted on doing it in his own way.
I have been looking forward to seeing you.
I don’t feel like eating anything.
与介词构成短语做状语
He always thought carefully before doing anything.
They were surprised at your doing that.
与介词构成短语做定语
What’s their reason for canceling the meeting?

动名词短语前面加物主代词，表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Our worry is your relying too much on your parents.
Do you mind my reading your paper?
Do you think there will be any chance of my seeing him again?
也可以用名词所有格来构成这种结构
They all thought Miss Lin’s going there a great mistake.
如果不在句首，也可用人称代词宾格构成这结构
I don’t mind him going.
Is there any hope of Xiao Yang winning the game?
但：His going won’t be of much help.

1. Peter suggested stopping at the next town.
2. She was so angry that she felt like throwing something at them.
3. I don’t mind your telling me lies.
4. They are considering buying a new house.
1. I really appreciate ______ to help me, but I am sure that I can manage it myself. (2006---26)
A. you to come B. that you come
C. your coming D. how you come

独立结构：
独立主格结构多以逻辑主语＋分词或with＋逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。
看看下面的4个例句都属于独立结构吗？只有2是，为什么？
1. Looked at in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so bad.
2. All things considered, the trip will have to be cancelled.
3. While orbiting the sun, the satellite has sent lots of information back to the earth.
4. Believing the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.

一、独立主格结构的构成
1.名词(代词)+现在分词
The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cave.
Night falling, we hurried home.
2.名词(代词)+过去分词
He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
This done, we went home.
3.名词(代词)+形容词
She came into the room, her ears red with cold.
The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside.
4.名词(代词)+副词
He put on his socks wrong side out.
The meeting over, we all went home.
5.名词(代词)+不定式
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
注意：不定式表示将来的动作。
6.名词(代词) +介词短语
He walked out of the camp, rifle in hand (= with a rifle in his hand.)
She came out of the library, a large book under her arm.

独立结构在句中的作用
1． 时间状语
The test finished, we began our holiday.（= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.）
2．条件状语
Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. (=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.)
3．原因状语
The storm drawing near, the worker decided to stop working. (=Since the storm was drawing near, the worker decided to stop working.)
4． 伴随状语
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. (= He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.)
其它形式的独立结构
1．在独立结构前加with, 这种结构在句中可作：
1）伴随状语
With the young man leading, they started toward the mountain.
The soldiers marched forward, with guns on their shoulders (=gun on shoulder).
He used to sleep with the window open.
2) 原因状语
He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
With Tom away, we have got more room.
3）时间状语
With everything well arranged, he left his office.
2．It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）
It being Monday, the library is closed.
It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.
3．倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）
1) there be形式
There being no bus or taxi, we had to go home on foot.
2) such形式
Such being the case, she had nothing to say.
3) 介词短语形式
In the sand being the mark of a man’s foot, Crusoe stared at it, full of fear.

So many members being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
The teacher having left, the students continued their performance.
The duty completed, he had a week off.

The bell ringing, all the students went into the classroom.
The question being rather hard, we need more time to consider.
Weather permitting, we shall go tomorrow.

1. A series of attempts ______ made, he came to a successful solution of the problem. (2008---21)
A. to be B. had been
C. were D. having been
2. All flights ______ because of the snowstorm, they decided to take the train. (2006---25)
A. were cancelled B. have been cancelled
C. had been cancelled D. having been cancelled
3. ______, the researchers cannot concentrate on that very precious experiment. (2004---29)
A. With you standing there B. On you standing there
C. You are standing there D. you stand there
4. With temperature ______ so rapidly, we could not go on with the experiment. (2003---28)
A. fell B. fall C. falling D. fallen
5. Weather ______, there will be an open air party with live music here this weekend.
A. permits B. should permit C. will permit D. permitting

练一练
1. _____ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was B. There being
C. Because there being D. There were
2. _____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits B. If time permitting
C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting
3. _____, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said
C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather
5. _____, the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given B. The signal giving
C. The signal given D. When the signal given
6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.
A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down
7. _____, the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on
C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on
8. _____, I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window _____.
A. opened B. open C. opening D to open
10. _____, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder
11. _____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
12. He stood there silently, his lips_____.
A. trembling B. trembled
C. were trembling D. were trembling
13. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
A. All things considering B. All things considered
C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered

答案：
1-5 BCCAC 6-13 DBBBCCA

非谓语动词
非谓语动词的体
非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done, having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。
动名词的体也有having done, having been done和 being done的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。
不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。如：
1. The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company. (1997.6)
A. have told B. be told
C. being told D. having told
having told在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。

2. I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ______ all the time. (1997.1)
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse D. getting worse
从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。

3. The speech ______ a lively discussion started. (1995.1)
A. being delivered B. was delivered
C. be delivered D. having been delivered
该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用完成体，答案为D。

做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况
对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如：
1. The project ______ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. (1999.6)
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished

2. If I correct someone, I will do