借助语篇讲授虚拟语气.doc

借助语篇讲授虚拟语气

摘要：多年的英语教学实践表明，虚拟语气一直是学生掌握的一个难点，每次反复讲反复出错，学生迷惑多，老师困惑多，为了解决这一教学难题，本人认真研究新课标，结合语言学理论，从语篇的形式和内容入手，结合语言运用的环境，让学习者体验、感知和理解虚拟语气; 在语篇探究中讨论、归纳用法; 在语境感悟中理解并操练; 帮助学生理解和掌握虚拟语气的功能和结构模式。教学实践证明，借助语篇利用语境能使学生更容易熟练地掌握虚拟语气。
关键词：语篇 语境 虚拟语气
引言
语篇(text)是指“任何不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境下表示完整语义的自然语言”。语篇可以表现为一个词、一个词组、一个单句、一个复句、一个句群、一个段落、一篇文章乃至一部作品。语篇与词语和句子是不同性质的成分，词语和句子是语言的结构单位，语篇是语言的使用单位，是一次交际过程中的一系列连续的话段或句子所构成的语言整体。它可以是对话，也可以是独白，它包括书面语，也包括口语，是实际使用的语言单位，它是由意义上相互联系的句子构成的，而句子之间意义的衔接主要是通过语法手段和词汇手段实现的。语境是语言交际的基础，语境的创设是以语篇为载体，语篇为学生提供了一个语言使用的真实环境，人们交流思想和获取信息都是在一定的语境中进行的。因此，语法学习不应该只停留于句子层面，还应从语篇的角度对语法内容加以选择。教师在教授语法知识时，要重视创设和利用语篇语境，使学生更好地理解所学的语法知识，提高学生综合运用语言的能力。
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。在传统的语法教学中，虚拟语气多是被当作独立的语言现象来处理，语法教学只是从词汇和句法层面上培养了学生一种抽象的语言能力，而语言的使用应该是在具体的语境中进行的，真实的语言行为不是由孤立的句子构成的，而是由句子组成的语篇构成的。
在语篇中讲授虚拟语气就是从语篇的形式和内容入手，结合语言运用的环境，让学生去体验、感知和理解语言的真实意义, 在语篇探究中讨论、归纳虚拟语气的用法; 在语境感悟中理解、操练语法, 帮助学生理解并掌握虚拟语气的功能和结构模式。最后创造性地输出语言，发展听、说、读、写的综合运用语言的能力。
在语篇中讲授虚拟语气的探索：
一、 导入、呈现含有虚拟语气语法项目的语篇。语篇不仅注重语言形式和结构，更注重语言功能，在语篇层面上获取语言知识，使学生不仅仅理解和掌握语法，而是在此基础上学会如何在实际运用中发挥这些语言形式的功能，使他们能根据不同的场合、不同的对象，灵活运用所学的语言规则，进而有效地培养学生的语言交际能力。而以词汇和句子为中心的虚拟语气的教学，学生获取的仅仅只是虚拟语气的形式和结构，与表达的实际意义相脱节，造成了语言的形式，意义和功能互相矛盾的现象，加大了学生掌握的难度。
The following is about losing a football match and the writer lists a lot of excuses for their failure
Our first football match
We would have won…
If Jack had scored that goal,
If we’d had just a few more minutes,
If we had trained harder,
If Ben had passed the ball to Joe,
If we’d had thousands of fans screaming,
If I hadn’t taken my eye off the ball,
If we hadn’t stayed up so late the night before,
If we hadn’t taken it easy,
If we hadn’t run out of energy.
We would have won…
If we’d been better!
二、在真实的语言情景或模拟的语言情景中组织学生进行英语思维。因为在外语教学过程中，学生只有在真实的语言情景或模拟的情景中才能更好地组织思维，理解具体情景中所传递的信息和语言材料，这种信息和语言材料会使语言交际产生新的话题，使交际进行下去，使学生的注意力不仅仅只是集中在语言形式上，而是集中在信息和内容上，能够产生强烈的表达欲望，激发学生的兴趣，使学生在真实、和谐、自然的语言环境中进行有意义的交际。
Teacher: Suppose I’m a basketball fan, Yao Ming is coming here to play a basketball game this evening. But unfortunately, I haven’t got a ticket for it. I feel sorry about that and what should I say in this situation?
Student1: I wish I watched the basketball game.
If I had got a ticket, I would go to watch the basketball game.
If I had watched the basketball game , I would be much happier.
三、根据语篇信息和内容，开展以学生为中心的课堂教学活动。如dialogue, pair work, group discussion和debate等，这些丰富的活动方式，可将书面交际和口头交际结合起来，将语言学习与听说读写结合起来，将领会思想和表达思想结合起来，有利于形成以学生为中心的课堂教学。同时多种形式的课堂活动以及内容丰富的语篇材料有利于增强学生学习英语的兴趣，进而激发学生的学习积极性，活跃课堂气氛。
Topic1: If I were the ruler of the world, I would
If I were the ruler of the world,
I would make some changes fast.
I would make peace last,
War disappear,
I would make poor rich,
Good become bette,
I would remove anything,
That hinder the progress of human being,
I would make the world,
Full of harmony, friendship,
And love.
A true family.
Topic 2: If I had a million dollars, I would …
If I had a million dollars, I would …
If I had a million dollars,
I would buy
Enough bread for hungry,
Enough books for children,
Enough ships for fishermen,
Enough houses for homeless,
Enough hope for the world.
We would win
We would win
四、借助语篇中的语境来理解和掌握虚拟语气，培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。在语篇中进行高中虚拟语气的教学，从语篇的形式和内容两个方面入手，结合语言运用的环境来理解和掌握虚拟语气，有利于培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力，进而提高学生运用外语理解和表达思想的能力。
Read the following composition and try to find out as many sentences with the subjunctive mood as possible.
Unexpected guest
Linda had a very difficult situation at her house a few days ago. Her relatives from Hongkong arrived Unexpectedly, without any advanced notice at all, and they wanted to stay for the weekend. They didn’t even knock at the door. They just walked right in.
Needless to say, Linda was very upset. If she had known that her relatives from Hongkong were going to arrive and want to stay for the weekend, she would have been prepared for their visit. She would have bought a lot of food, She would have cleaned the house. She would have made plans to go sightseeing. She would have cooked a special dinner. She would have planned everything perfectly. And she certainly wouldn’t have invited all her daughter’s friends from nursery school to come over and play.
Poor Linda！She really wishes her relatives had called in advance to say they were coming. The weekend was really a disaster!
Do you know what is the subjunctive mood and in what situations we should use the subjunctive mood?
1.The subjunctive mood is used when we want to express a wish, request, recommendation or report of a command.
2.The subjunctive mood is used to express something that is contrary to the fact, highly unlikely or doubtful.
How can we show our feelings in such situations? We can use the following two sentence structures to express our regretting.
虚拟情况
条件句
结果主句
(1)与过去事实相反
If +主语 + had + 过去分词
主语 + would (should, could, might) + have + 过去分词
(2)与现在事实相反
If + 主语 + 动词过去式（be 用were）
主语 + would (should, could, might) + 动词原形
(3)与将来事实相反
If +主语+should / were to
主语 + would （should, could, might）+ 动词原形
(4)错综时间条件句（即主从句表示不同时间的动作）
根据句义采用不同时态
五、在“任务型”活动中巩固操练虚拟语气，进而达到熟练运用这一语法的目的。任务的设计要贴近学生的实际生活，更接近真实交际。
Write a letter according to the following requirements. Then one student reads his composition and the other three find out the excellent expressions and some mistakes in it.
Imagine that you live in the center of a city. Near the center, there is a very old museum, which shows many works by local artists. Some people living downtown want to build a supermarket where the museum now stands, but some people don’t agree with it. They want to protect the museum. Please write a letter to the local newspaper to give your opinions.
I am writing to express my view concerning…
You have asked me for my advice with regard to… and I will try to make some conductive suggestions.
表达建议常用句式：
I feel that it would be beneficial if…
I would like to suggest that…
I would recommend that…
If I were you, I would …
You may consider doing…
It would seem to me that you could…
As you may agree that…
建议信的结尾常用句式：
I would be ready to discuss this matter in further detail.
One possible version:
Dear editor,
I am writing to express my view concerning whether we should protect the old museum or build a supermarket. I feel that it would be beneficial if we built a supermarket there. It would be convenient for people to buy things. Although the old museum can tell us about how local people lived in the past, we must consider the development of our city and we must pay more attention to improving the life conditions of the living people now. So I would recommend that we should build a supermarket here. As for the old museum, we could move it to another place.
Best wishes to you.
结论：教学实践证明，借助语篇讲授虚拟语气，教师好教，学生易学。以上五个步骤的教学，其优点如下：1、符合新课标倡导的观察——发现——讨论——归纳——巩固——运用的单元教学模式；2、在实际活动中贯穿了大量的听、说、读、写等实践活动，有效地培养学生基本语言技能和准确的综合语言运用能力，体现了新课标语法教学的目的；3、呈现语篇让学生逐步接触和理解较为复杂的语言现象，培养学生归纳、分析和解决问题的能力。
参考文献
[1]《博才英语》编委会. 博才英语高中英语语法[M]. 西安：陕西旅游出版社，2005
[2]黄国文. 语篇分析概要[M]. 长沙：湖南教育出版社, 1998.
[3]胡壮麟. 语篇分析在教学中的应用[J]. 外语教学, 2001, (1).
[4]人民教育出版社英语室. 高中英语教科书New Senior English For China [Z]. 北京：人民教育出版社, 2003.
[5]中华人民共和国教育部. 普通高中英语课程标准（实验稿）[Z]. 北京：人民教育出版社, 2003.