资源描述
《头晕》视频文字版(该视频中dizziness“头晕”实际指眩晕)
Dizziness by Dr. Ashley Strobel
Objectives目标
Focused History(显著病史)、Physical Exam(体格检查)、Benign VS Emergent (良性VS急性)、When to Image(何时行影像学检查)、Treatment(处理)
Benign VS Emergent 良性VS急性
NOT central VS peripheral—too complex
现已不再区分中枢性及外周性,因其太复杂。
Ischemic posterior CVA or bleed is the emergency!!
后循环缺血性卒中或出血是急性的。
While 25% of CVA presents with dizziness, only 3.2% of dizziness ED visits are for CVA/TIA
虽有25%的卒中患者出现头晕,仅3.2%头晕急诊患者被诊为卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作。
Peripheral Pathophysiology 外周病理生理
Labyrinth and CN 8 迷路与第Ⅷ对脑神经
Labyrinth: 3 semicircular canals and otoliths: uticle and saccule 迷路:三个半规管及含有耳石的椭圆囊和球囊。
Impulses from labyrinth travel to CN 8(vestibular and cochlear nerves) 冲动由迷路传入第Ⅷ对脑神经(前庭蜗神经)
Central Pathophysiology 中枢病理生理
Brainstem脑干:vestibular nuclei in medulla and pons 延髓和脑桥之前庭神经核
Cerebellum小脑
(因其处密闭空间,须觅良法查之)
Other contributing factors to dizziness其他对头晕起作用之因素
Spinal cord impulses脊神经冲动(后角感觉外周感觉)
Occipital lobe impulses枕叶冲动(视觉相关)
Dizziness Definition 头晕分类
Vertigo=Acute Vestibular Syndrome 眩晕=急性前庭综合征
Vertigo: motion, disorientation in space 眩晕:动性或位置性错觉
Presyncope: diaphoresis, about to faint or pass out, seeing stars昏厥前期表现:出汗,欲倒,眼冒金星
Disequilibrium: difficulty standing upright, assoc with periph neuopathy
前兆:难以直立,(没有摔倒而感觉可能摔倒,恶心),伴随有外周神经病。
Weakness: organic, fatigue/tired
虚弱状态:可为器官性,疲乏/劳累
History: Deadly D’s
Diplopia 复视
Dysarthria 构音障碍
Dysphasia 言语障碍
Dysphonia 发声困难
Dysaesthesia 感觉不良
Drop attacks without syncope 无昏厥的摔倒发作
Down-is-up distortions (room tilting) 上下颠倒式感觉失真(房间倾斜)
(如有上述症状,需要治疗)
Acute Vestibular Syndrome: When to worry?
急性前庭症状:何时予以关切?
Multiple prodromal episodes 多次前驱症状发作(患者自觉即将发生眩晕)
Abrupt onset while awake 醒时突然发作
Disproportionate vomiting or gait disturbance 异常的呕吐或步态障碍
Headache or neck pain 头痛或颈痛
Acute new hearing loss (except Meniere’s) 急性新发听觉丧失(除外梅尼埃病)
New neurologic symptoms 新发神经症状
History for Acute Vestibular Syndrome
急性前庭症状病史
“Describe to me how you feel without using the word dizzy”
“除了使用头晕一词,来描述一下你的感觉”
Dizzy in spells? 头晕间断性发作?(一过性/持续性)
Triggers? 触发的原因?(站立/卧位/注视)
Timing? 时间?(何时开始/何时消失)
HINTS exam better than MRI?
HINTS检查法优于MRI?
Diagnosis of ischemic posterior fossa stroke
缺血性后颅窝卒中的诊断
MRI/DWI sensitivity 100% at > 72 hrs but not prior
MRI(弥散)/DWI敏感度可达100%,但要在72小时以后出结果。
HINTS Exam HINTS检查法
Head Impulse (specific, NOT sensitive)
HI:甩头试验(有特异性,不敏感)
(受试者坐,头前倾30°,测试者面之,双手定其头,嘱其双眼前视测试者鼻。测试者以连续、骤然、尽可能快之速度甩其头部向两侧,角度约15°~30°,尽可能使之无法预测甩动方向及开始时间。甩动停止后观察其眼震情况。如能聚焦于视靶则为阴性,如前庭-眼动反射异常,则眼球“甩至头同侧”,其后再主动向回扫视重新盯住鼻尖,则为阳性。重者可呕吐。)
Nystagmus (good sensitivity)
N:眼震试验(敏感性好)
(如果说水平震颤还可接受,则垂直震颤都是恶性的)
Test of Skew (good sensitivity)
TS:倾斜试验(敏感性好)
(先嘱其以手遮一目,视鼻,移手,如前所遮目偏斜,则阳性,复测另一目)
Add hearing to decrease near misses
为减少误差可行听力测试(如无音叉等专业工具可采用两耳边搓手指辨是否不同之法)
Sensitivity 100%, specificity 96% for a central lesion if 1 of 3 to positive
若三者之一为阳性,可认为有中枢神经系统损伤,敏感性100%,特异性96%
HINTS: Look for INFARCT findings
HINTS:寻找梗死迹象(INFARCT)
Impulse Normal in the setting of vertigo = BAD
IN:存在眩晕的情况下甩头试验却正常=不好(内耳有问题/中风)
Alternating fast phase nystagmus (bidirectional) = BAD
A:交替快相眼震(双向)=不好(双向可能有中风/垂直震颤亦属不好)
Refixation on Cover Test (refixation = vertigo adjustment) = BAD
RCT:倾斜试验中遮住眼时向上偏斜=不好
HINTS = INFARCT chart
HINTS法排除卒中表
Impulse Test
Nystagmus
Skew
DIAGNOSIS
Abnormal阳性
Unidirectional单向
Absent无
Neuritis神经炎
Abnormal阳性
Unidirectional单向
Present有
Stroke中风?
Abnormal阳性
Bidirectional双向
Absent无
Stroke中风?
Abnormal阳性
Bidirectional双向
Present有
Stroke中风?
Normal阴性
Unidirectional单向
Absent无
Stroke中风?
Normal阴性
Unidirectional单向
Present有
Stroke中风?
Normal阴性
Bidirectional双向
Absent无
Stroke中风?
Normal阴性
Bidirectional双向
Present有
Stroke中风?
注意:1.只有第一种情况下情况不属紧急,其他都不安全。
2.为何三结果分别为“阴性、单向、有”仍不安全?因其在眩晕情况下行此三试验,故可怀疑其为迷路炎/前庭炎,高血压/血管病,并且排除中风。
3.此表实为一可能性向前积分系统,非确诊用,Stroke非谓其必为中风,仅指此时需留观以排除卒中。
Peripheral Vertigo Must-Haves 周围性眩晕之必要条件
Unidirectional nystagmus 眼震方向不确定
Abnormal Head Impulse Test 甩头试验阳性
Normal test of Skew 倾斜试验正常
Nystagmus 眼震
VERTICAL is ALWAYS bad 垂直眼震必定为不好的情况
Nystagmus is the fast direction, and the lesion is opposite the fast saccade
眼震为快相,损伤在快速扫视出现的对侧
Central: bidirectional or vertical 核心:注意双向的(可出现于大仑丁中毒,然仍需排除卒中)和垂直的
Romberg闭目难立征
Romberg positive = peripheral lesion Romberg征阳性=周围性损害(???)
What is Positive? 何为阳性?
Fall to one side when they close their eyes 闭目倒向一侧
Gait 步态
Walk every patient. PERIOD 先要让每位患者行走。
If they are unsteady they can’t go home. 如果为蹒跚行走,则不能让其回家。
Imaging? 影像?
CT for vertigo = Low 0 – 2.2% yield 检查眩晕使用CT:置信域低至0~2.2%
Skip the CT and go for MRI/MRA if the patient can’t stand and you are concerned for central lesion like vertebrobasilar insufficiency
若患者难以站立,且疑为椎-基底动脉供血不足等中枢性损伤,跳过CT,直接做MRI/MRA。
(椎-基底动脉供血不足的概念多已不用)
Not a stroke, then what? 不是卒中,是什么?
Neck Pain + dizzy + recent trauma/manipulation—Vertebral artery dissection
颈痛+头晕+近期有外伤(如车祸)——椎动脉夹层
Have a CN deficit or ataxia associated
可能有中枢神经系统灌注不足(后循环缺血)或共济失调相关
Dx: CTA or MRA 此时进行影像检查:CTA/MRA
Episodic and Positional 发作性或位置性
(比如一个22岁的青年人,中风几率很小)
BPPV
良性阵发性位置性眩晕(HINTS:甩头不正常,无眼震,倾斜试验阴性;Romberg征阴性;只出现“不愿意动”——内耳有病毒感染或BPPV,Dix Hallpike试验区别之)
PE: normal neuro, no hearing deficit, nystagmus should be mixed, upbeat/torsional
PE:神经正常,无听力损伤,眼震为混合性、上升或旋转
Dx: Dix Hallpike 此时做Dix Hallpike试验
Dix Hallpike
Head 45° to right 头右转45°(左转亦可)
Lay Patient back flat from sitting 让患者由坐位躺下为仰卧姿势
Have the patient open their eyes and eyes beat TOWARD the downward ear for BPPV
让患者睁眼,如见眼震向下,则为BPPV
Epley Maneuver Epley复位法
Dix Hallpike 先做Dix Hallpike步骤
Turn head the other way 将头转向另一侧
Roll patient onto the side with the head downward 让患者侧躺向头刚刚转过去的方向
Sit them up 坐起(相当于让耳石绕了一圈,如效果不好可多试几次)
Treatment Benign Causes 良性病变的治疗
BPPV:
Epley maneuver (如果患者感到恶心不要做Epley复位法)
If don’t tolerate: antihistamines (promethazine 6.25 mg IV, meclizine), anticholingergics, antidopaminergics, and GABAergic drugs (lorazepam)
如不能忍受:抗组胺药——普鲁米近(非那根)6.25mg iv/美其敏,抗胆碱药,抗多巴胺药和GABA能药物(劳拉西泮)。
Ondansetron ineffective可用昂丹司琼控制恶心,但对此病不太有效
Recent viral illness + 如近期有病毒感染
Labrynthitis : hearing loss + vertigo INFARCT negative
迷路炎:听力损失+眩晕INFARCT测试阴性
Vestibular neuritis: no hearing change + vertigo INFARCT negative (steroids have no utility)
前庭神经炎:无听力变化+眩晕INFARCT测试阴性(类固醇无效)
(告诉患者:“可能会加重,但时间会治疗一切。”)
Episodic Spontaneous 类似的发作性疾病
Vestibular Migraine, Meniere’s, TIA or arrhythmia, Hypoglycemia
Add hearing loss/tinnitus: Meniere’s or AICA TIA (continuous more than episodic)
No hearing loss/tinnitus: Vestibular migraine or PICA TIA (episodic)
前庭性偏头痛(发作大约3分钟,稍坐即缓解),梅尼埃病,短暂性脑缺血发作或心律不齐,低血糖
有听力损失/耳鸣:梅尼埃病或小脑前下动脉短暂性脑缺血发作(持续性多于发作性)无听力损失/耳鸣:前庭性偏头痛或小脑后下动脉短暂性脑缺血发作(发作性)
Can vertigo be migraine? 眩晕可以是偏头痛吗?
YES! If …
No deadly Ds
No sudden or severe sustained pain
History of migraines
No hearing loss/tinnitus
Vestibular migraine
可以!如果……
没有deadly Ds症状
没有突发或严重持续性疼痛
偏头痛病史
没有听力损失/耳鸣
Which of these must be presented to say the patient has peripheral vertigo?
如果说患者有前庭性眩晕,下列哪项必须出现?
A Hearing Loss
B Vertical Nystagmus
C Head Impulse Abnormal
D Test of Skew Abnormal
E Ataxic gait
A听力损失
B垂直眼震
C甩头试验不正常
D倾斜试验异常
E共济失调步态
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