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专题01 词汇联想思维之领悟多面意义
核心笔记
▲词的多面义概说
很多词语的意义往往不止一种，词的意义是多方面的。多面义是整个词义的组成部分，但不能统一在一个上义词的下面。例如：
[bank （银行）]
= premises（场所） The bank was blown up. （整个银行被炸了。）
= personnel（人员）It’s a friendly bank. （这个银行很友好。）
= institution（机构）The bank was founded in 1597.（该银行成立于1597年。）
在这个例子中，“bank”这个词虽然用作名词，但是其在不同的场合下，所表达的意义不一样。它可以指某个地点，也可以指这个地方的工作人员，还可以表示银行这个机构。可见，词的多面义是词汇复习过程中，无法回避的一个词义现象。
▲词的多面义例析
我们首先来看看英语中的“book”这个常见的词。
[book （书）]
= tome （书体），例：a red book （一本红色的书）
= text （内容），例： an interesting book（一本有趣的书）
例如：（1）Some of the books were hardcovers, most were paperbacks.
（其中有些书是硬壳封面，另外的是纸封面，指的是书体）
（2）Some of the books were novels and the others were biographies.
（其中有些书是小说，另外的是传记。指内容）
（3）*Some of the books were hardbacks, the rest were novels.
（其中有些书是硬壳封面，其他的是小说。）
由于“书”这样的名词可以有两种不同的多面义，因此，以下说法是成立的：
（4）I am not interested in the contents, etc., I am interested in the book itself.
（我对内容等不感兴趣，我感兴趣的是书本身。）
（5）I am not interested in the binding, etc., I am interested in the book itself.
（我对装订等不感兴趣，我感兴趣的是书本身。）
我们再来看几个英语中的例子：
[letter]a crumpled letter （一封皱巴巴的信，指的是信纸）
a moving letter （一封感人的信，指信的内容）
[speech]a deafening speech （震耳欲聋的演讲，指声音）
an incomprehensible speech （不知所云的演讲，指内容）
[Britain]Britain today lies under one meter of snow.
（不列颠今天覆盖了一层达一米厚的雪，指土地）
Britain is today mourning the death of Princess Diana.
（不列颠今天举国哀悼戴安娜王妃，指人民）
Britain declares war on North Korea.
（不列颠向朝鲜宣战，指政府）
一般来说，处于基本层次的词一般包括两个视角，例如，如果我们说，“to publish a book”，那一定是两方面都包括。但是如果说，“我正在写一本书”，有可能指的仅是内容。
微型强化练习
一、根据所给的词或句子中的汉语提示，填入适当的形式，以使行文表达连贯。
1.concern
Besides doing his research work, Professor Li (关心) social work. For example,
he (关心)world peace and human progress. He also makes it clear that his research work should (与……有关)the farmers’ income.
2.survive
The little girl was the only （幸存者）who （从......逃生）the strong earthquake. She told the reporter that she had to （靠......为生） little food during the days when she was buried. I think her （活下来）was a real wonder.
3.worth
What has just happened is well focusing on. It is also of being thought about by everyone present. Is it to spend so much money on a very expensive wedding? We don’t think it is it at all.
4.search
Some policemen were one robber for more evidence; others were for another robber and the local people were of the things they had lost.
5.amaze
[翻译]令他惊奇的是，我们对他惊人的成就并不感到惊奇。
6.apply
[翻译]这位申请人专心于申请一份教应用化学的工作, 并且说他会把他所学到的应用到他的教学中去。
7.load[根据汉语提示，完成英语句子]
对于一个单身女人, 养活一个三口之家是一个沉重的负担。因此她不得不做很多事, 装卸卡车等。幸运的是, 她的两个女儿已找到了工作, 这使她如释重负。
It is a heavy for the single woman to support a family of three. So she has to do of things, and trucks and so on. Luckily, her two daughters have found jobs, which has taken off her mind.
二、根据句子的含义，指出提示词在句子中的含义。
1.go through
①Study and write at your own pace—you do not have to rush—as you have a year to go through the project. ( )
②They went through the same procedure with the other material.( )
③As you go through this book, you will find that each of the millions of people who lived through World WarⅡ had a different experience. ( )
2.view
①I enjoyed sitting close to the windows and looking at the view. ( )
②From the teacher’s point of view, children should be left to decide what to read and how to read. ( )
③A study of British accents during the 1970s found that a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice. ( )
3.figure
①But what I still can’t figure out is why I never got tired, never felt better in my life. ( )
②Your house may have an effect on your figure. ( )
③Being a public figure today, however, is a lot more difficult than it used to be. ( )
4.refer to
①Do not refer to me in your letter or in your speech.（ ）
②If you don’t know what this means, refer to the dictionary.（ ）
③He referred to his students as good friends.（ ）
5.crowd in/into
①The fans crowded in to see the pop star.（ ）
②Students managed to crowd into the bus.（ ）
③The memories of the childhood crowded into my mind / crowded in on me.（ ）
答案：
一、
1.concerns himself about；is concerned about； be concerned with
2.survivor；survived；survive on；survival
3.worth; worthy; worthwhile; worth
4.searching; searching; in search
5.To his amazement, we were not amazed at his amazing achievements.
6.The applicant applied himself to applying for a post for teaching applied chemistry, saying that he would apply what he had learnt to his teaching.
7.load; loads; loading; unloading; a load
二、
1.完成；经历；浏览 2.风景；观点；被视为
3.理解；体形；人物 4.提到，谈到；查找，参阅；把......视为
5.涌入；挤进；涌入脑海
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