初中语法专题详细讲解-形容词、副词.doc

戴氏教育蜀汉路校区 学生:
形容词和副词
I.形容词
一．根据其构成分类
　　A 简单形容词
　　Kind 善良的                green  绿色的            interesting 有趣的
　　B 合成形容词
　　合成形容词是指由几个词共同组成并起到形容词作用的词。主要用作定语，一般不作表语。
　　①    数词+ 名词+形容词
　　A ten-metre-wide river  一条十米宽的河      a five-year-old girl 一个五岁的女孩
　　② 形容词（或数词）+名词+-ed
　　A middle-aged man 一位中年男子    a fifteen-storeyed building 一座十五层的大楼
　　③形容词+V-ing 形式
　　A good-looking man 一位相貌英俊的男子   an easy-going woman 一位随和的女子
　④ 名词+V-ed 形式
　　A man-made lake 人工湖    a snow-covered mountain一座被雪覆盖的山
　　⑤ 副词/形容词+ V-ed形式
　　A well-known writer一位著名的作家    a new-born baby一个新生儿
二。形容词的一般用法
1.作定语，一般放在所修饰词的前面。
It’s a cold and windy day.
2.作表语，放在系动词的后面。(look,feel,smell,sound….)
He looks happy today.
3.形容词修饰something，anything，nothing，everything等复合不定代词时，须放在其后。
Would you like something hot to drink？
4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。
How long is the river？ It’s about two hundred metres long.
5.只能作表语的形容词：afraid；alone；asleep；awake；alive；well健康的；ill；frightened
The man is ill.（正）
The ill man is my uncle.（误）
6.只能作定语的形容词：little小的；only唯一的；wooden木质的；woolen羊毛质的；elder年长的
My elder brother is in Beijing.（正）
My brother is elder. （误）
7.貌似副词的形容词：lonely；friendly；lively；lovely
8.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。
　 Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.
　 You can take any box away, big or small.
9. the＋形容词表示一类人或物
The rich should help the poor.
三、形容词常用句型
1.“It’s +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人（做某事）怎么样”。=Sb +be +adj+to do sth
注意：这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，如good，kind，nice，polite ，clever ，foolish ，lazy ，careful，careless，right（正确的），wrong等。
It’s very kind of you to help me.（=You are very kind to help me.）
2.“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。=To do sth is adj for sb .
注意：这一句型中常用的形容词有important，necessary，difficult，easy，hard，dangerous，safe，useful，pleasant，interesting，impossible等。
It’s not easy for them to learn a foreign language.（=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.）
3.表示感情或情绪的形容词，如glad，pleased，sad，thankful等常接不定式。
I’m very sad to hear the bad news.
4.表示能力和意志的形容词，如ready（乐意的，有准备的），able（有能力的），sure（一定），certain（一定）等常接不定式。
Lei Feng is always ready to help others.
He is sure to get to school on time.
四．辨析
1.elder 和older
　　二者均为形容词old的比较级形式
　　①    elder为"年长的"，只指人，用来比较年龄长幼，尤指兄弟姐妹的长幼关系，它只能用在名词前作定语，不能用于than引导的比较状语从句中。
　　Jordan is the fourth of five children, having two elder brothers and an elder and a younger sister.
　　乔丹在五个孩子中排行第四，有两个哥哥，一个姐姐和一个妹妹。
　　②    older为"年龄较大的，较老的，较旧的"，可指人，也可指物，作定语或表语，能用在than引导的比较状语从句中。
　　My elder brother is 7 years older than my younger sister.  我哥比我妹大七岁。
2. good 和well
　　good和well都表示"好"。通常，作定语或表语时用good，作状语时用well；表示"身体好的"用well.
　　Doing sports is good for us.  做运动对我们有益。（作表语）
　　Sandy dances well and she is a good dancer. 桑迪舞跳得好，她是个出色的舞者。(well作状语,good作定语)
　　---How are you?  你好吗？
　　---I am very well.  我很好。（作表语，表示"身体好的"）
3. huge, big, large,和great
　　它们都有"大的"意思，但用法不同
　　① huge强调尺寸、体积"庞大"（指体积时，比large, great所指的体积大），容量和数量"巨大"，不强调重量。
　　About ten years ago scientists from the United States and Mexico found that the large object caused a huge hole in Mexico.
　　大约在十年前，来自美国和墨西哥的科学家在墨西哥发现这个巨大的物体导致一个大坑。
　②big最通俗、常用，强调比正常程度、范围及规模的标准大，常用于修饰人、物或数量。反义词是little或small
　My best friend is Xiao Li, but last week in school we had a big fight.
　　我最好的朋友是小李，但上星期我们在学校大吵了一架。

　　③ large强调远远超过标准的"大"，可指数量、容量、体积和面积，比big正式，反义词是small.
　　So it is proved that the large object had a close relation with the death of dinosaurs and other animals.
　　所以证明，这个巨大的物体与恐龙和其他动物的灭绝有关系。
　　③    great通常指抽象的事物。可表数量、距离和程度，修饰人时，意为"伟大的"。
　　This is a great chance that many people do not have.  这是一个很多人没有的好机会。
4. interest, interested和interesting
①Interest用作名词，意为"兴趣"，其主语为人或物。
　　There are also weekend visits organized to San Francisco and other places of interest in California.
　还有周末组织的到圣弗兰西斯科和加利福尼亚的其他名胜的旅游参观。
This subject has no interest for me.  对我来说，这科没趣。
　　②    interested用作形容词，意为"感兴趣的"，常构成系表结构"be interested",其主语只能是人，其后可接动词不定式，"in+ doing"或"in+名词"表示"某人对……感兴趣"
　　But now I'm more interested in sports.  但是现在，我对运动更感兴趣了。
　　③    interesting用作形容词，意为"令人感兴趣的"。在句中可以作定语，也可以作表语。常构成系表结构，主语可以是人，也可以是物。
　　----I'm going to Tibet for a week. 我打算到西藏一个星期。
　　----That sounds interesting.  听起来很有趣。
　　This is an interesting film.  这是部有趣的电影。

Ⅱ副词
一、副词的分类
(1) 副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：
1)时间副词
时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。例如：
He often comes to school late.
What are we going to do tomorrow?
He has never been to Beijing.
2)地点副词
地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如：
I met an old friend of mine on my way home.
He went upstairs.
Put down your name here.
3)方式副词
方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。例如：
The old man walked home slowly.
Please listen to the teacher carefully.
The birds are flying high.
He runs very fast.
4)程度副词
程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如：
Her pronunciation is very good.
She sings quite well.
I can hardly agree with you.
5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如：
How are you getting along with your studies?
Where were you yesterday?
Why did you do that?
(2)副词在句中的位置
1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如：
Mr Smith works very hard.
She speaks English well.
2)频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：
He usually gets up early.
I’ve never heard him singing.
She is seldom ill.
3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。例：
It is a rather difficult job.
He runs very fast.
He didn’t work hard enough.
4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
On my way home, I met my uncle.
The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.
二、副词的基本用法：
1).副词是用来修饰形容词、其他副词,一般放在被修饰词之前.
He plays the piano very well .
2). 副词是用来修饰动词,常放在动词之后.
He got up quickly
3).enough 修饰adj /adv 时,放在其后.
He is old enough to go to school .
三、常见副词用法辨析
1.already与yet的区别
already用于肯定句句中，表示“已经”；yet用于否定句句末，表示“还”，用于疑问句句末，表示“已经”
He had_____left when I called.
　Have you found your ruler______？
2 very，much和very much.的区别
very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；修饰动词要用very much.
John is ____ honest.
This garden is_____ bigger than that one.
Thank you _____.
much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：
I don’t like the idea much.
They did not talk much.
3.so与such的区别
⑴so修饰形容词或副词；such 修饰名词，My brotherruns so fast that I can’t follow him.
He is such a boy.
⑵so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数
such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数
such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词
He is ___ clever a boy.=He is ____ a clever boy.
It is____cold weather.
They are _____good students.　　
⑶名词前有many ,much, few ,little (少量的) 用so 不用such .(多多少少仍用so)
但little 表示 “小的” 用such.
There are ___ little sheep on the hill .
4.also，too，as well与either 的区别
also，as well，too，用于肯定句，also常用于be动词，情态动词，助动词之后，行为动词之前；as well，too用于句末；either用于否定句中，置于句末。
例如，My father is a teacher. My mother is ____a teacher.
=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher ______.
=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher，_____.
I can’t speak French…… Jenny can’t speak French，_____.
5.sometime，sometimes，some time与some times的区别
sometime：表示将来的或过去的某一个不确定的时间。
sometimes：有时，不时的= at times
some time：一段时间
some times：几次，几倍
We’ll have a test ______next month.
_____ we are busy and sometimes we are not.
He stayed in Beijing for _____ last year.
I have been to Beijing ______.
6.ago与before的区别
ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。
before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用。
I saw him ten minutes _______.
He told me that he had seen the film______.
7.now，just与just now的区别
now：与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用，意为“现在”
just：与现在完成时连用，表示“刚……”
just now：和过去时连用，表示“刚才”
Where does he live______？
We have _______ seen the film.
He was here______.
8.lonely / alone 的区别
1).alone 独自一人/没有同伴, 既可作adj 也可作adv.
2).lonely 表示孤独,寂寞, 也可修饰地点,表示荒凉,偏僻的，常与feel 连用。
3).alone 只作表语 (以a开头的形容词一般只作表语,不作定语)而lonely 既可作表语,也可作定语)
He lives _____ on a _____ island .
He is _____ ,but he doesn’t feel ______.
9.fast /quickly /soon 的区别.
fast 表示速度之快 quickly表示动作之快 soon表示时间之快
I’m leaving home this afternoon . Really ? Why so ______?
A.fast B.soon C.quickly D.early
Ⅲ、形容词，副词的比较级、最高级
一、规则变化
词的特征
变   化
例   词
原  级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词
直接加-er, -est
strong
high
tall
long
stronger
higher
taller
longer
strongest
highest
tallest
Longest
以e结尾的词
加-r, -st
wide
nice
wider
nicer
widest
nicest
以单个辅音字母（非r）结尾的单音节词
双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-er, -est
fat
thin
big
wet
hot
sad

fatter
thinner
bigger
wetter
hotter
sadder
fattest
thinnest
biggest
wettest
hottest
saddest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词
变y为i，再加-er,-est
heavy
happy
early
heavier
happier
earlier
heaviest
happiest
Earliest
少数以-er, -ow结尾的双音节词
直接加-er; -est
clever
narrow
cleverer
narrower
cleverest
Narrowest
多数双音节词
多音节词和
源于分词的形容词
在原级前加more, most
slowly
difficult
tired
beautiful
more slowly
more difficult
more tired
more beautiful
most slowly
most difficult
most tired
most beautiful
2、常见的不规则变化：
原   级
比较级
最高级
good    well
better
best
bad     badly    ill
worse
worst
many    much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther
further
farthest
furthest
old
older
elder
oldest
eldest
下列单、双音节词只能加more和most
原级
比较级
最高级
Like(想似的)
more like
most like
real(真的)
more real
most real
tired
more tired
most tired
pleased
more pleased
most pleased
often
more often
most often
注: 形容词,副词同形有: back , high , well ,fast, early, late ,straight

Ⅳ形容词，副词等级的用法
一、原级的用法
1.只能修饰原级的词，very，quite，so，too
He is too tired to walk on.
My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him.　　
2.原级常用的句型结构
（1）A= B-----A+ as +adj / adv的原级+ as +B
表示 “A和B一样”
Tom is as old as Kate.
Tom runs as fast as Mike.
（2）A＜B---A +not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B 表示 “A不如B…”
This room is not as/so big as that one.
He doesn’t walk as slowly as you.
二、比较级的用法
1.可以修饰比较级的词.
much，a lot，far，…的多a little，a bit，…一点儿even甚至，still仍然, any, four times
Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.
Tom looks even younger than before.　
The room is a little brighter than that one. 这间房子比那间稍微亮一点。　
2.比较级常用的句型结构
“甲+形容词/副词的比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”
Tom is taller than Kate.
I got up earlier than my mother this morning.
3、比较级+and+比较级    意思是“越来越…...”
 　It rains harder and harder.雨下得越来越大。
4、The+比较级，the+比较级   意思是“越…...就越…...”
  The harder you study, the faster you make progress.　你学习越努力，进步就越快。
5、比较级+than any other+单数名词.  意思是“比其它的任何一个……都更……”（这种情况其实是用比较级的形式表达最高级的意思。）
　He is more stupid than any other student in his class.　在他班里他比其它任何学生都更愚蠢。
　She is taller than any other girls in the team. 　她比队里的其余任何一个女孩
三.最高级的用法
1).结构: the +最高级+ of +人或物( in +地点)
He is the tallest of all the boys
He works hardest in his class .
注:副词的最高级前the 可省掉
She came (the) earliest of all the students.所有学生中她来得最早。
2).the +序数词+形容词的最高级+单数名词,表示“第几个最……的”
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China . .黄河是中国的第二大河流。
 The park is the third largest one in Beijing. 这个公园是北京第三大公园。
3).one of +the +形容词的最高级+复数名词, 表示“是最……之一”
   America is one of the richest countries in the world.美国是世界上最富有的国家之一。
   One of the most beautiful places in Beijing is the Summer Palace.
  北京最美丽的地方之一是颐和园。
4). “特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or丙？”用于三者以上的比较。
Which season do you like （the） best，spring，summer or autumn？
四.级别的转换
1).原级与比较级的转换
a). 倍数+ as …as → (倍数-1)+比较级+than
This room is five times as big as that one =This room is___ ___bigger than that one .
b).not as…as 与比较级的转换
A +not as …as + B → A+比较级(反义词的比较级) +than +B →B+比较级+than+A
Mary is not as old as Tom .= Mary is _____ _____ Tom.
= Tom is ____ _____ Mary .
This book is not as expensive as that one = This book is _____ _____ than that one = That book is _____ ______than this one .
2).比较级与最高级的转换
a). the +最高级+ of / in ……
b). 比较级+than+any other +单数名词
+the other +复数名词
+anyone else
+any of the other+复名
c). Nobody else + 比较级 + than ……
Tom is the tallest boy in our class .
Tom is taller than ____ ____ boy in our class.
Tom is taller than _____ ____ in our class.
_____ _____ is taller than Tom in our class.
五.特别注意
1.当adj 的最高级前有物主代词,名词所有格,指示代词时,不用the .
This is my best book of all.
2.相比较的前后两部分必须是同类比较.
My pencil is longer than ______(you).
3.比较时不能与自身相比
注: 当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较, 要用any other +单数名词. 若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用other ,直接用any + 单数名词.
He is taller than _____ boy in his class.
He is taller than _____boy in our class .
A.any B.any other
4.有些含有比较级的句子里，常用that(单数、不可数名词)、those (复数名词)代替前面提到的词，以避免重复。
The weather in Beijing is colder than ____ in Guangzhou in winter .
The boys in our class are more than _____ in your class .

形、副比较等级还应注意
1.比较级前用a little ; much / a lot ; even / still来加强语气，表示“……一点儿；……得多 ； 更……”
eg. 1) a little bigger 大一点儿
2)much more 多得多
3)even heavier更重
但注意：不能在比较级前加so; too; very; quite等。
2.比较级必须是同类事物相比（即as; than后的词应与主语是同类事物），注意常用漏的代词有：that; those; one; ones
eg. 1)The apples (A) in this basket (B) are redder (C) than in that basket(D). _________
2)This knife (A) isn’t (B) so (C) new as that (D). _______________
3)Our classroom (A) is (B) bigger (C) than Lily(D). _______________
3.个体与整体相比，不能包括个体，常用“any other + 单数名词”来进行比较。
eg.1）Betty(是个体) is cleverer than any student in her class(是整体). ( × )
正：Betty is cleverer than any other student in her class.
=Betty is cleverer than anybody else in her class.
=Betty is the cleverest in her class.
(特别注意以上三种句型的转换)
2)China is bigger than any country in Africa.
中国比非洲的任何一个国家都大。
3) China is bigger than any other country in Asia. 中国比亚洲的任何一个其他国家大。
*4.使用最高级时应把主语包括在范围内。
eg. Mary is the tallest of all her sisters.( × )
(all her sisters已排除了Mary)
改：Mary is the tallest of all the sisters.
5.表示“第二、第三……”时，可在最高级前加“second , third, …”（但“第一”不能用first）
eg. The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China. 改错：________________

一. 单项填空
1．There are many young trees on        sides of the road.
　 A. every            　B. each             　C. both             　D. all
2．--- It’s so cold today.
　 --- Yes, it’s        than it was yesterday.
　 A. more cold        　B. more colder          　C. much colder      　D. cold
3．Little Tom has        friends, so he often plays alone.
　　A. more　         B. a little　             C. many             　D. few
4．She isn’t so        at maths as you are.
　 A. well　         B. good　             C. better　               D. best
5．Peter writes        of the three.
　 A. better　      B. best　                 C.