时态和语态学.doc

时态和语态
(一)时　态

一、一般现在时
①Around two o'clock every night, Sue ______________________. It somewhat bothers us.(2013·湖南高考) 每晚两点左右，休就开始说梦话。这使我们有点烦心。
②I learned that________________________when I______________________.
我上小学时就知道了地球围绕太阳转。
③______________________________, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.
只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
④__________________________________________. 公共汽车来了。

1．主要用来表示人、事物的_________和_______；表示_______或__________的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time等时间状语。
2．表示________和________。
3．在时间和条件状语从句中，代替________；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day；条件：if, unless, provided, so/as long as。
4．用于here, there开头的倒装句中，一般现在时表示________________或________________。
二、一般过去时
①Could you please repeat your address? I___________________________.
你能不能再重复一下你的地址？我没听清。
②—Long time no see! ________________________________________?
—Yes. I ________________________________in Nanjing.
——好久不见！你大学毕业了吗？——毕业了，我在南京学了四年英语。
③I always got up late, and never____________________________________.
我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。
④I ______________________ when I got home, and I ____________________.(2013·重庆高考) 我到家的时候感到非常累，就直接上床睡觉了。

1．表示___________________或___________________。常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。
2．表示______________________________________。
3．表示___________________、___________________。
4．在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示___________________。
三、一般将来时
①“What do you want to be？” asked Mrs Crawford. “Oh, I __________________，” said the boy, with a smile.(2013·湖南高考)
“你想成为什么样的人？”克劳福德夫人问。“哦，我要当总统。”小男孩笑着说。
②—Do you know Mr. Smith _______________________?—No. I ____________________.
——你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？——不知道。我现在就去看他。
③Look at the dark clouds. ___________________.看这乌云，要下雨了。
④Close the door of fear behind you, and__________________________ of faith open before you.(2012·湖南高考)关上你身后的恐惧之门，你将会发现信心之门在你面前敞开。
⑤We must hurry up. The first class begins at 8 o'clock.我们必须快点。第一节课将在8点开始。

1．将来时的构成为will/shall/be going to＋动词原形。表示一个将要发生的动作或状态。
2．will, shall表示将来，有时含___________________、___________________的意思。
3．“be going to＋动词原形”多用在口语中，表示“计划、打算要做某事”，此外，be going to还可表示根据______________________________________。
4．“祈使句＋and/or＋句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语___________________。
5．某些动词的一般现在时可以表示___________________，此种用法常常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息安排等时刻表上。
四、现在进行时
①Hurry up, kids！The school bus____________________！(2013·四川高考)
孩子们，快点！校车在等我们！
②I don't really work here; I a________________________ until the new secretary arrives.
我不真正在这里上班，我只是来帮忙，直到新秘书来了(我就走)。
③“The moment ____________________，” he _______________, waiting nervously.(2012·湖南高考)“这一刻就要来到了，”他自思自忖，紧张地等待着。
④He ______________________________________________, which makes his teacher upset.
他总是犯同样的错误，这使他的老师生气。

1．现在进行时的构成为am/is/are＋doing。表示某阶段___________________或___________________，虽然此时动作不一定正在进行，常与these days, this week等时间状语连用。
2．现在进行时还可表示___________________或___________________，这类动词主要有：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do等。
3．表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有___________________、___________________、___________________等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。
五、过去进行时
①Jim___________________ a late­night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.(2013·陕西高考)
吉姆正在家里看午夜电影，就在看到一个惊险场面的时候，电视变得一片空白。
②The boy_______________________________when his father came back from work.
当那个男孩的父亲下班回来时，他正在做作业。
③I __________________________that day, but I had to phone and cancel.(2013·江西高考)
我打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是不得已打电话取消了。

1．过去进行时的构成为was/were＋doing。表示___________________或___________________正在发生的动作。
2．表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用______________________________________。这类动词主要有leave, start, arrive, go, come等。
六、将来进行时
①I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning______________________.(2012·辽宁高考)
我觉得特别兴奋！明天早晨这个时候我就要飞往上海了。
②The places of interest in Xi'an attract my family all the time, and I hope we ________________________ourselves this time next year.(2014·陕西五校模拟)
西安的名胜古迹一直吸引着我们一家人，我希望明年的这个时候我们正玩得愉快。

将来进行时的构成为will＋be＋doing。表示______________________________________。
七、现在完成时
①—Have you heard about the recent election?
—Sure, it ___________________________________for the last three days.(2013·湖南高考)
——你听说过近期的选举吗？——当然了，它是近来三天新闻中唯一的事情了。
②His first novel________________________ since it came out last month.(2011·陕西高考)
他的第一本小说自从上个月出版之后就很受欢迎。
③_____________________________________________ since I came to this school.(2011·湖南高考)这是自从我到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。
④This is the first time that ______________________________________.这是我们第一次面对这样的问题。

1．现在完成时的构成为have/has＋done表示___________________或___________________刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与up to now, so far, already, yet, now, recently, in the past few years, just等表示时间的词连用。
2．用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作___________________。
3．在“It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用
___________________。
4．在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third ... time＋that从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用___________________。
八、过去完成时
①Tom and I became friends in 2000, although we __________________________.
汤姆和我在2000年成为朋友，尽管在几年前我们就见过面。
②I_________________________ you, but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。
③_______________________________________ when the audience kept asking him questions.
演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。
④By the time Jack returned home from England, his son_________________________.(2011·辽宁高考)杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
⑤That was the second time that ________________________ 这是她第二次看见她的祖父了。

1．过去完成时的构成为had＋done。表示过去______________________________________，即过去完成时的动作发生在“___________________”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before, after, by, up till)，这种时态从来不孤立使用。
2．动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用过去完成时，表示______________________________________。
3．在“hardly (scarcely)．.. when ..., no sooner ... than ...”句型结构中，主句用___________________，从句用___________________，意思为“一……就……”。
4．by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用___________________。
5．表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用___________________。
九、将来完成时
①By the time Mr. Smith arrives at the supermarket, we ______________________ for one hour.(2014·西安检测)等到史密斯先生到达超市时，我们将已经在那里待一个小时了。
②By this time of next year, all of you___________________________.
到明年的这个时候，你们大家就都成为大学生了。

将来完成时的构成为will＋have＋done。主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间完成，上下文情景中常含有by短语，如by six o'clock, by the weekend, by the end of next month等。
十、现在完成进行时
①______________________________________ how to improve the program since 9 am.(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)自从上午9点经理就一直告诉工人如何改善这一方案。
②___________________you can succeed for five years.五年来你一直在说你能成功。
③Too much has been happening today. ___________________。

1．现在完成进行时的构成为___________________。表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去，常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
2．表示___________________。
3．表示___________________。
十一、过去完成进行时
①When Alice came to, she did not know _______________________________.(2011·全国卷Ⅰ)
当艾丽丝苏醒过来的时候，她不知道自己已在那儿躺了多久。(表示lie这一动作先于did not know，且lie这一动作还在进行)
②She told me that she ________________________for 5 years.
她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续)
③She told me that she____________________________for an hour.
她告诉我她已经等我一个钟头了。(动作不再继续)

过去完成进行时的构成为had＋been＋doing。主要表示过去某一时间___________________。表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能_____________________________________。

考点一 一般时(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时)
1．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)If we _____ now to protect the environment, we'll live to regret it.
A．hadn't acted　　B．haven't acted C．don't act D．won't act
2．(2013·山东高考)I didn't think I'd like the movie, but actually it ________ pretty good.
A．has been B．was C．had been D．would be
3．(2013·安徽高考)I'm calling about the apartment you ________ the other day. Could you tell me more about it?
A．advertised B．had advertised C．are advertising D．will advertise
4．(2013·北京高考)—Do you think Mom and Dad ________ late?
—No, Swiss Air is usually on time.
A．were B．will be C．would be D．have been
考点二 进行时(现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时)
5．(2013·北京高考)Hurry up! Mark and Carol ________ us.
A．expect B．are expecting C．have expected D．will expect
6．(2013·湖南高考)—I don't understand why you didn't go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.
—I'm so sorry. But I ________ my homework.
A．had done B．was doing C．would to D．am doing
7．(2013·江苏高考)—Could I use your car tomorrow morning?—Sure.I _______ a report at home.
A．will be writing B．will have written C．have written D．have been writing
考点三 完成时(现在完成时、过去完成时)
8．(2013·浙江高考)During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs ________ sharply.
A．was increasing B．has increased C．had increased D．will be increasing
9．(2013·辽宁高考)He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he ________ it for a very long time.
A．has had B．had had C．has D．had
考点四 完成进行时(现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时)
10．(2013·福建高考)The girl has a great interest in sport and ________ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.
A．took B．is taking C．takes D．has been taking
[解题技法指导]
英语中的时态主要由动词的形式决定，因此在学习英语时态时，要注意分析动词形式及具体语境。解题时应特别注意以下几点：
1．把握各种时态的特点，注意易混淆时态之间的差异。
2．准确理解语境意义，捕捉隐含的时间信息。
3．克服惯性思维，排除“假性时间状语”的误导。
4．注意巧变语境，培养发散性思维。
解题时应注意以下步骤：
第一步：定时
做有关时态的试题首先要学会定“时”，即根据题干内容判断要填的动词是___________________的。是_____________、______________、还是___________________？
第二步：定体
定完时后，要学会定体。体分为：一般体、进行体、完成体、完成进行体。高考对进行体的考查主要集中在以下几点：
①动作的___________________、___________________；
②表示___________________、___________________；
③表示___________________或___________________或___________________；
④表示___________________或___________________，往往含有___________________、___________________、___________________等情绪。
[典例]　(2013·山东高考)—Oh no! We're too late. The train ________.
—That's OK. We'll catch the next train to London.
A．was leaving B．had left C．has left D．has been leaving
(二)语　态

一、被动语态的构成
①—The window is dirty.—I know. It__________________________________.
——窗户脏了。——我知道。好几周没擦了。
②All the employees except the manager ____________________________________.
除了经理以外所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。
③The number of deaths from heart disease ______________________ if people are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables.
如果人们被说服了吃更多的水果和蔬菜，那么死于心脏病的人数将大大减少。

时
体　　
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般
is/am/are done
was/were done
will/shall be done
would/should be done
进行
is/am/are being done
was/were being done
—
—
完成
have/has been done
had been done
will/shall have been done
would/should have been done
[点津]　“get＋过去分词”表示___________________。
二、主动表示被动的用法
①___________________________________.她被证明既有耐心又很热心。
②No matter how hard he tried, ________________________________.
不管他怎么努力开门，门就是打不开。
③—What about the books?—________________________________
——这些书怎么样？——这种书很畅销。
④______________________________ needs repairing/to be repaired.
他祖母住的房子需要维修。

1．“系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep＋形容词/名词”构成___________________。
2．表示主语的某种属性特征的不及物动词，如read, write, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut等，可用主动形式表示___________________。
3．动词want, need, require作“需要”讲时，后接不定式的___________________或动名词的___________________意义相同。

考点一 被动语态
1．(2013·辽宁高考)We are confident that the environment ________ by our further efforts to reduce pollution.
A．had been improved　　B．will be improved C．is improved D．was improved
2．(2013·北京高考)—So what is the procedure?
—All the applicants ________ before a final decision is made by the authority.
A．interview B．are interviewing C．are interviewed D．are being interviewed
3．(2013·湖南高考)If nothing ________， the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
A．does B．had been done C．will do D．is done
4．(2013·北京高考)Shakespeare's play Hamlet ________ into at least ten different films over the past years.
A．had been made B．was made C．has been made D．would be made
考点二 主动表被动
5．(2013·重庆高考)A Midsummer Night's Dream ________ at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland.
A．opens B．is opened C．will open D．will be opened

Ⅰ.单项填空
1．(2014·安庆二中检测)—Hi, Mr Smith. Which department do you work in?
—I am in the Marketing Department now, but I _____ in the Sales Department before long.
A．worked B．will work C．have worked D．will have worked
2．(2014·苏州模拟)As he approached the door, Mike looked into the room again to see if he ________ anything behind.
A．left B．had left C．has left D．would leave
3．—Why do you look so depressed?—I'm in pretty bad shape and I ________ things.
A．have forgotten B．am forgetting C．had been forgetting D．was forgetting
4．(2014·南京第十三中学模拟)In the past decades, sea ice ________ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.
A．had melted B．has been melting C．melted D．is melting
5．(2014·蚌埠二中模拟)I________ in a foreign trade company for three years. Still, I don't regret giving up the job and living with my family.
A．worked B．have worked C．had worked D．have been working
6．It is the sixth time that our government ________ loan interest rates on purpose to cool housing prices.
A．has raised B．had raised C．is raising D．raised
7．—David, are you listening to me?
—Sorry, Dad. I ________to make sense of what the reporter said.
A．was trying B．have tried C．am trying D．tried
8．(2014·南师大附中模拟)—Mr Harry, we want to hear what you think about the reform being carried out in our school.
—OK, I ________ to that.
A．am coming B．have come C．came D．come
9．(2014·江西九校二次联考)Over the past month, Chinese cinema ________ the great success of the low­budget film Lost in Thailand.
A．witnessed B．has witnessed C．would witness D．had witnessed
10．(2014·杭州一检)I ________ up to $5,000 by the time the new term begins in September.
A．have saved B．will have saved C．will be saving D．had saved
11．(2014·淮北模拟)—When are you leaving for Chicago?—As soon as we ___ the project.
A．are completing B．completed C．will complete D．complete
12．(2014·徐州一中月考)She is a well­known doctor now, but she ________ as a cleaner at the hospital for five years.
A．has worked B．worked C．had worked D．works
13．(2014·郑州第三次质量预测)—Linda, the phone in your office can't be connected all the time. Why?
—Oh, sorry, Miss Miles. The service ________ since last Wednesday.
A．has been stopped B．has stopped C．was stopped D．had stopped
14．(2014·东北师大附中摸底)Some modern teaching equipment as well as hundreds of computers ________ to ten Hope Schools in South China.
A．were sent B．was sent C．have sent D．had been sent
15．(2014·南通质检)I want to buy that kind of cloth because I _____ the cloth _______ well.
A．have told; washes B．was told; washed C．have been told; washes D．have been told; is washed
Ⅱ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．(2014·太原模拟)—Mr White didn't come last night, did he?
—No, we______________ (wait) for him. A whole night was wasted.
2．(2014·宝鸡检测)By the time the girl comes back to life, scientists probably ______________ (discover) a cure for this incurable disease.
3．(2014·郑州检测)It is believed that many more popular terms ____________ (create) on the Internet this year.
4．(2014·天津第一中学月考)This kind of glasses made in Shanghai _________ (wear) comfortably.
5．(2014·杭州二中检测)