完整虚拟语气.doc

虚拟语气讲解
一、什么是虚拟语气
虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。
If I were you, I'd take them away. 如果我是你的话，我就会带走他们。（不可能是你，所以这是不存在的事实，所以用虚拟语气）
If I had met Tom, I could have told him. 如果我碰见了Tom，我就告诉他了。
If I had time, I could come to help you. 如果我有时间，我会来帮助你的。
He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups. 他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组。
He speaks to us as if he had been there. 他给我们讲的好像他去过那儿。
二、虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气在一般用于简单句，宾语从句，主语从句，表语从句，壮语从句以及同位于从句。
1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令，它的谓语动词就是原形。
May you be happy. 祝你幸福。
May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！
You go out！ 你出去！
2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。
在suggest, advise, propose, insist, demand, desire, request, require, decide, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，要用虚拟语气，表示建议、要求、决定或命令等，其谓语动词形式为should+动词原形，其中should可以省略，主句中的时态不限。
We proposed that the medicine (should) be cleaned again. 我们提出把那台机器再清洗一次。
The captain ordered that we (should) leave the village before daybreak. 上尉下令叫我们在天亮前离开村庄。
The students requested that the teachers sing a song at the English evening. 学生们要求老师们在英语晚会上唱一支歌。
The workers demanded that their pay (should) be raised. 工人们要求增加工资。
He insisted that John (should) do the job. 他坚决要求约翰干这项工作。
She suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week. 她建议会议应该推迟至下一周。
[注意]
insist作“力言”、“强调”解时宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 迈克力言他从未偷过东西。
只有当作“坚决要求”、“坚持要”解时宾语从句才用虚拟语气。
I insist she go there with her mother. 我坚持要她同她母亲到那儿去。
Suggest作“暗示”、“表明”解时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
Her pale face suggested that she was seriously ill. 苍白的脸上可以看出，她病得很厉害。
只有当suggest作“建议”解时，才用虚拟语气。
We suggested that the sports meet (should) be put off until next Saturday. 我们建议把运动会推迟到下星期六。
在动词wish后面的宾语从句中，表示不可能实现的愿望。汉语一般可译为“但愿…”，“可惜…”，“悔不该…”，“…就好了”等。
在宾语从句中，表示现在不可能实现的愿望时，谓语动词用过去式（动词be的过去式用were）；
I wish it were spring all the year round. 要是一年到头都是春天该多好啊！
I wish I could help you. 但愿我能帮助你。
如表示过去未能实现的愿望时，谓语动词就用过去完成式（had+过去分词）；
She wishes she had been here last week. 她想要是她上星期在这里就好了。
表示与将来事实可能相反的愿望时，谓语动词一般用would+动词原形。
I wish you would be more careful in future. 希望你今后会更小心一些才好。
在would rather/sooner（宁愿），would prefer（希望）后面的宾语从句中，表示与现在事实或将来可能相反愿望时，谓语动词用过去式；表示过去未能实现的愿望时，谓语动词就用过去完成式，同。
I would rather he came next Saturday. 我宁愿他下星期六来。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long. 我倒希望他在那儿不要呆得太久。
3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
在句型 "It is important (necessary, strange, impossible, natural) that .... " 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形。
It's necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。
It's important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
　 在句型"It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, better) that .... "中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形。
It was a great pity that you (should) have made so many mistakes in your math exercise. 太遗憾了，你居然在数学练习中犯了那么多错误
It will be better that she stay with her grandmother. 她和她的祖母在一起就好了。
在句型"It is suggested (requested, proposed, ordered) that .... "中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形。
It was suggested that the sports meet be put off until next Saturday. 大家建议把运动会推迟到下星期六。
It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 希望我们到今晚将一切准备就绪。
It was ordered that the medicine be sent there by plane. 命令马上用飞机把药送往那里。
4) 虚拟语气用于表语从句中。
由suggestion, order, advice, desire, idea, request, proposal等名词做主语的句子里，其表语录从句用虚拟语气表示建议、命令或要求等。从句中的谓语动词形式为should+动词原形，其中should可以省略。
My advice is that more trees (should) be planted around the village. 我的建议是在村庄周围多种些树。
Their proposal is that we should set up a spare time school for them. 他们的提议是要我们为他们成立一所业余学校。
His idea is that we (should) discuss the report. 他的意见是我们应讨论一下这个报告。
5）虚拟语气用于同位语从句中。
作名词suggestion, order, proposal, idea, plan等的同位语从句中用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为should+动词原形，其中should可以省略。例如：
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我们都同意他的意见，去北京观光。
What do you think of the idea that we should begin the second experiment at once? 你认为我们立即开始第二次实验的意见怎么样？
(总结上面的几点，只要涉及建议，要求，渴望等一些词，如suggest, advise, propose, insist, demand, desire, request, require, decide, order, command，就要用虚拟语气。但是还是要注意，有些词只要在表示建议，要求时才使用虚拟语气，刚才已经见过了，如suggest, insist。)
4) 虚拟语气用在（条件）状语从句中。
条件从句
结果主句
与现在事实相反
动词过去式（动词be的过去式一般用were）
would
could +动词原形
might
与过去事实相反
过去完成时（Had+过去分词）
would
Could + have + 过去分词
might
should
与将来事实相反
动词过去式
或should+动词原形
或were to+动词原形
would
could +动词原形
might
should
If I were you, I should buy it. 如果我是你，我就买了它。 （现在）
If I had time, I would study French. 如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。 （现在）
If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. 如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。（现在）
If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。（过去）
If it were fine tomorrow, I would go shopping. 如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。（将来）
注意的几个问题：
1）并不是if引导的条件从句都是虚拟语气。如果if从句所指的事很有可能发生，那么这是真实条件句；反之，则是虚拟条件句
If you study hard, you will surely pass the examination. (真实条件句)
If I were a bird, I could fly freely in the sky. (虚拟条件句)
2）有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if，而把从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面,偶尔did和would, should也可以提前。
Were she younger, she would do it . 如果她年青点， 她就会干的。
Had he known her address, he would had gone to visit her. 如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。
Did time permit, we might go there. 如果时间允许，我们可以去那。
3）有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。
I could help you. 我本来可以帮助你。
If I had time. 我要有时间该多好啊！
She should have come to the party. 她应该来参加聚会。
4）虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致。
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。
If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。
5）由as if或as though引导的状语从句或表语从句中，也用虚拟语气 （过去时或过去完成时）。
She loves the child as if he were her own.
“How wild his white hair looked—as if it had been electrified. ”
She feels as if/as though she were in danger.
如果表达的内容接近事实的可能性大，一般也可用陈述语气。
It looks (seems) as if/as though it is going to rain.
6）在It is (high/about) time that从句中，谓语动词用一般过去式得虚拟语气。
It is time we went to bed.
Its about time you began your work.

1 虚拟语气详讲解
第一部分：语气的定义和种类
1 语气(mood)
语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2 语气的种类
⑴、陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：
①There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。
②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？
③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！
⑵、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：
①Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。
②Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。
⑶、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：
①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
③May you succeed!祝您成功！
虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。

第二部分：简单句中的虚拟语气
一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：
⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？
⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！
⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐！
⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！
⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
⑹、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用动词原形。例如：
(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！
(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”
(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！
三、表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）
(1).God save me．
(2).Heaven help us．
四、表命令
1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！
3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do，加上not。
(1). Work !
(2). Work harder !
(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)
(4). You go out !
(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)
(6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not)
五、在一些习惯表达中。如：
(1).You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。
(2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。
第三部分：名词性从句中的虚拟语气

第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。
一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：
从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)
现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)
二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例：
1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept 　　B. slept　　C. might have slept 　　D. have slept
动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案
三）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：
从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)
四）、注意：
1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如：
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。
2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：
表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order
表示“主张”的：maintain, urge
表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist
例如：
1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)
4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)
5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如：
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do
6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
但注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.
8.she insists that she is right.
9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.
或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.　
判断改错:
(错)11.　You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(对)12.　Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(错)13.　I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(对)14.　I insisted that you were wrong.
例题分析：15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played 　　B. not be played
C. not to play 　　　　D. did not play
全句意思是：“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机”。句中的谓语动词request（请求）所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气，即动词原形或“should＋动词原形”。本句的主语从句中，主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体，谓语应当用被动语态。所以，答案是C) not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气，所以A)不正确。选项B) not to play是动词带to的不定式，不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not play也是动词play的过去时形式，同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且，它是主动语态形式，而本题要用被动语态。
练习：
16). The chairman requested that .
〔A〕the members studied more carefully the problem
〔B〕the problem was more carefulnessly studied
〔C〕with more carefulness the problem could be studied
〔D〕the members study the problem more carefully
17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .
〔A〕would be discussed
〔B〕will be discussed
〔C〕be discussed
〔D〕may be discussed
18). The doctor insisted that his patient .
〔A〕that he not work too hard for three months
〔B〕take it easy for three months
〔C〕taking it easy inside of three months
〔D〕to take some vacations for three months
三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。
练习：
1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?
〔A〕It is believed
〔B〕Should they believe
〔C〕They would believe
〔D〕If they would believe
2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
〔A〕will leave
〔B〕may leave
〔C〕leave
〔D〕leaves
四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或"对过去做的事的懊悔"。
(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3).Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.
(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.
(5).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office．经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。
(7).To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case．坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。
(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry．I would rather you went on business first．你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。
(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being．我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。
(10).Frankly speaking ，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being．坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。
(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？
(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday．我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
注：①若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形
I would rather stay at home today．
②would rather．．．than．．．中用动词原形
I would rather stay at home than go out today．
五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。
I had hoped that she would go