语法学案-非限制定从.doc

非限制性定语从句
part 1: 回顾限定性定语从句中的关系词
1.
关系词
指代什么
在定语从句中的成分
that

which

who

whom

whose

when

where

why

2.关系副词 when/where/why = ____________________ (其中，固定的短语搭配不能移到前面)
关系代词 whose = __________________/ ____________________

part2: 非限定性定语从句和限定性定语从句的区别
1.在句中作用不同
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果省去，主句的意义仍然完整。
2.外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例1. This is the place where he used to live.
例 2. Mr. Zhang，who came to see me yesterday，is an old friend of mine.
3.先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。
例：1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband，which frightened me very much.
4.关系词的使用情况有所不同
(1)that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
例如：他没通过这次考试，令我很失望。
误：He didn't pass the exam，that disappointed me.
正：He didn't pass the exam，which disappointed me.
★ 值得注意的是，不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句，这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时，如果先行词指人，则用 who ， whom或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用 when，where 引导非限制性定语从句。
例1. We'll graduate in July，when we will be free.
例2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing，where a conference was to be held.
(2)关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ，但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。
例: 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.
先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可用 who 代替 whom .
例: 2. A young man had a new girl friend，whom he wanted to impress.
先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用 who 代替 whom .
在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用 that 代替 who/whom .
例：她有一个姐姐，她是教师。
误： She has a sister，that is a teacher.
正：She has a sister，who is teacher.
(3)关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。
例 1. This is the book（which/that）he lost yesterday.
先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。
例 2. The book， which he lost yesterday， has been found.
先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 不可省。
(4)as引导定语从句时的用法
① as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。
e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend’s.
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.
我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
② as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。但which只能放在主句之后。
e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.
(5) 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。这种定语从句叫做分隔性定语从句
(6)介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可以省略。
part3: 特殊先行词
1) one of +复数名词+关系代词+v.
The Great Wall is one of he world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.
2) the only one of + 复数名词+ 关系代词+v.三单
The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.
3) way 比较下面两个句子：
The way ________ _________ _______ he explained to us was quite simple.
The way ________ _________ _______ he explained the sentence to us was not difficult.
4) time 做“次数”讲，应用关系代词that 引导定语从句；
做“一段时间，时代”讲，用when 或“prep.+which”引导
I don’t like the way ______ you laugh at her.
This is the second time ______ I have been here.
Can you still remember the time ______ we spent together in our childhood?
专题练习：
1. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.
A. that B. which C. what D. as
2. Do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily?
A. when B. where C. which D. who
3. Where is the man ____ I met this morning?
A. when B. where C. which D. who
4. Who is the woman ____ is sweeping the floor over there?
A. who B. / C. that D. when
5. The man ____ you talked just now is a worker.
A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who
6. The foreign guests, ____ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.
A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those
7. This is the very letter ____came last night.
A. who B. which C. that D. as
8. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask ____ knows better than I.
A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one
9. Jack is pleased with ____ you have given him and all ____ you have told him.
A. that, what B. what, that C. which, what D. that, which
10. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help.
A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom
11. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ____ came as a surprise.
A. it B. which C. that D. he
12. They stayed with me three weeks, ____ they drank all the wine I had.
A. which B. which time C. during which D. during which time
13. I’ve finished writing the novel, ____ is to be published next month.
A. that B. what C. which D. when
14. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, ____ was unexpected.
A. which B. as C. that D. it
15. ____ is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.
A. What B. As C. That D. Which
16. The old man had three sons, all of ____ died during World War Ⅱ.
A. whose B. that C. whom D. who
17. I have bought two pens, ____ write well.
A. none of which B. neither of which C. both of which D. all of which
18. Do you know the reason ____ she has changed her mind?
A. why B. which C. for that D. of which
19. He failed in the exam, ____ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.
A. which B. what C. it D. that
20. ____ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.
A. It B. Which C. As D. That
21. He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, ____ his father expected.
A. that was what B. what was that C. and which was D. which was what
22. He is absent, ____ is often the case.
A. what B. which C. who D. as
23. It is the first time ____ I have come to your city.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
24. I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers, ____ has a great effect on my life.
A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who
25. This is the only book ____ I can find.
A. that B. which C. it D. with which
26. I don’t like ____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
27. That is one of those books that ____ worth reading.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
28. This is the only one of the students whose handwriting ____ the best.
A. is B. are C. has D. have