Grammar-定语从句.doc

Attributive Clause
Grammar—Attributive Clause
一、限制性和非限制性定语从句
1.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
This is the house which we bought last month.（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.（非限制性）
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。　　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
二、关系代词
1.who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
注意:先行词是those、anyone用who
2.whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.
I saw a tree whose leaves/ the leaves of which/ of which the leaves were yellow.
3.which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
4.关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
　①引导非限定性定语从句时。
　②介词后不能用。
　We depend on the land from which we get our food.
　We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
　①在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
　②在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
③先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。　
　④先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
　⑤先行词既有人，又有物时。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
⑥当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时只用that
Who is the man that won the gold medal?
Which is the bike that you lost?
⑦有两个定语从句时，一个用which另一个用that
The secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.
⑧当先行词在主句中做表语，而关系代词在从句中也做表语时用that
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
5.关系代词which的用法
prep. which This is the house in which Lu Xun lived.
注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词放在which之前 This is the pen that/which I’m looking for.
介词+关系代词（which）=where/when
6. as
1) such as & such that
看从句是否缺少成分:缺----as，不缺----that
This book is written in such simple English as beginners can read.
This book is written in such simple English that beginners can read it.
a man such as him.
2) I hate such a man as he (is).
a man like him.
3) as: sb. expect/can see
is expected/said(above)/announced/natural/often the case/one’s habit
we have seen
has been pointed out…
4) As is know to everybody, ~~
It is known to everybody that ~~
~~, as/which is known to everybody.
What is known to everybody is that ~~
7. but
There is no mother but loves her child.= There is no mother who doesn’t love her child.
There are no people but hope for peace.
There is no grammatical rule but has exceptions.
8. 先行词和关系词二合一
　1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）
　2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）
9. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
　　　What you want has been sent here.
　　　Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2） who= the person that　 whoever= anyone who
3） that 和 what　 当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
I think（that）you will like the stamps. What we need is more practice.
9.that与which
1)部分与整体
There are 50 students; 30 of them are boys.
There are 50 students, 30 of whom are boys.
He told me a lot of stories about the Long March of which this is an example.
2) This is the book I’m looking for. 中for不能提前
3) prep.+which+to do 不可以用where替换
He built a warehouse to store his grain.
He built a warehouse in which to store his grain.
三、关系副词
1. 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。
There are occasions when （on which）one must yield.　
Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.
Is this the reason why （for which）he refused our offer?
2.先行词是时间
1) from the day I won the first prize
2) the moment/minute/instant/second/year+clause 时间状语从句
3) It is/will be first/second time (that) sb. have done sth.
It was first/second time (that) sb. had done sth.
It is (about/high) time that sb. did sth. (虚拟)
It’s time you went to bed.
4) the first/last/each/every/any/next time+clause
5) He came back in May, since when he has stayed indoors.
He came back in May. Since then he has stayed indoors.
3.先行词是地点
1) 抽象地点:case/example/point(地步)/condition/situation/job
We are always faced with the cases where we have to make a choice.
2) He stood behind the curtain, from where he could watch what was happening.
China is the birth place of kites, from where kite flying spread to other countries.
4.way
方式(方法状语): that/in which/--
主语: that/which 宾语: that/which/--
the way by which you can solve the problem.
1. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.
A. of whom　 B. whom　 C. of whose　 D. whose　
2. She heard a terrible noise, _______ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it　　 B. which　 C. this D. that　　
3. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.
A. that　　 B. who　 C. from whom　D. to whom　
4. The weather turned out to be very good , ____ was more than we could expect.
A. what　 B. which　　 C. that　 D. it　
5.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.　
A. which　 B. where C. that　 D. when　　
6．Carol said the work would be done by October, ＿＿＿＿＿personally I doubt very much.　
A. it　 B. that　 C. when D. which　
7．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.
A．who 　 B．which　 C．this　 D．what 　
8. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _____ was very reasonable.
A. which price　 B. the price of which　 C. its price　D. the price of whose
9._____ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.
A. As　　　 B. It　　　 C. That　 D. Which
10. He lived in London for 3 months , during ____ time he learned some English.
A. this　　 B. which　 C. that　　 D. same
11. Oh the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.
A. whose　 B. of which　 C. which　 D. its
12.Whenever I met him , ____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.　
A. what　 B. which　 C. that D. when
13. The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.
A. that　 B. where　　 C. which　 D. there
14.The boss ____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.　
A. in which　 B. in that　 C. in whose D. whose
15. I don’t like _____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that　 C. the way which　　 D. the way of which
16.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ._______ I got wet through .
A. It’s the reason　 B. That’s why　 C. There’s why　 D. It’s how
17. He made another wonderful discovery , ____ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it　 D.I think which is
18.He was very rude to the customs officer, ____ of course made things even worse.
A. who　 B. whom　 C. what　　 D. which
19. a) He is an interesting speaker, and, _______ is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly.
b) He went to the meeting, and, _______ was worse, insisted on speaking.
A. what　 B. which　 C. that D. when
20. The farmer uses wood to build a house ________ to store grain.
A. in which B. where C. which D. with which
21. I will invite _______ my daughter loves.
A. whoever B. whomever C. whichever D. whatever
22.You can buy as many copies of this book ________ you wants.
A. that B. which C. as D. for which
23. Tom ate more food _______ was good for his health.
A. that B. as C. than D. which
24. He was hiding behind the door _________ he could see what was happening.
A. which B. from where C from which D. where
25. She wore, _______ was very uncommon in the country, a red garment.
A. what B. that C. which D. it
=She wore a red garment , _______ was very uncommon in the country.
26. The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
27. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
28. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
29. I work in a business almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A. how B. which C. where D. that
30. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands.
A. where B. which C. when D. that
31. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others , , of course , made the others envy him .
A. who B. that C. what D. which
32. ________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
33. Anyway, that evening, ____ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
34. A story goes ______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more that being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A. when B. where C. what D. that
35. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% ________are sold abroad .
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that
36.There was ______ time ____________ I hated to go to school .
A．a; that B．a; when C．the; that D．the ; when
37. There are two buildings , ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high .
A．the larger B．the larger of them C．the larger one that D．the larger of which
38. What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it .
A．the way B．in the way that C．in the way D．the way which
39. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _____ they can talk frequently.
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
40. George Orwell, _______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.
A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name
41.—Why are you so popular with your students?
—I seldom give my students so difficult a problem _____ they cannot work out.
A.as B. that C. if D. which
42.In a sports team each player has a clear role, and there are few occasions _____members are confused.
A. when B. whose C. why D.which
43.He worked seven days a week, and six of ___until one o’clock at night.
A. that B. which C. the time D. them
44.The settlement is home to nearly 1000 people, many of ______left their village homes for a better life in the city.
A.whom B. ehich C. them D.those
45.—Life is boring.—I suppose you’ve come to the point_____a change is needed.
A.where B.when C.which D.as
46.Now there is just one point______ I wish you to make quite clear.
A. where B.which C.whether D.when
47.He made another wonderful discovery, ____ of importance to sience.
A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think is
48._____is often the case with kids ,Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
A. That B. Which C. As D.It
49.Children, in my opinion, ___creative ability is unthinkably rich,___is seldom taken notice of by us ,should be trained in that area.
A.which;that B.whose;which C.which;which D.whose;that
50.Jackie hoped to be as famous as the player ____he was named.
A.after whom B.which C.as who D.that
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