语法小结及语义网络学习法.doc

语法结构：
1． 动词变化及时态意义
2． 主谓一致（语法一致、意义一直，就远（近）原则）
2．1 单复数同形：aircraft, hovercraft, crossroads, headquarters , means, species, works, etc.
2．2 集体名词 folk, poultry, etc.(仅做复数), army, board, staff, jury, etc. (单、复数)。
2．3 and并列名词 the director and (the) editor
2. 4 连词式 both…and…; …or…; either… or…; neither…nor….; not only…but also…;
2..5 of 式短语 （依名词的数） a lot of, all of, some of, most of, half of, two thirds of, 90% of, part of, the rest of,
2.6 短语（就远原则） accompanied by, along with, as well as, but , except, in addition to, including, instead of, like, more than, rather than, together with, etc.
2.7 分类词（依分类词单复数）sort, kind, form, piece, portion, quantity, series, section, species, type of，etc.
2.8 there be 形
3. 反意疑问句
4． 强调句型 （结构句型强调，到装强调，词汇，语音强调）
5． 非谓语动词
5.1 动名词
it is + no use, good, fun, point, difference, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore, etc.+ doing
it is + useless, nice, good, interesting, worthwhile, pointless, expensive, etc. + doing.
Have +difficulty/trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time, etc. + (in) doing
there be no + doing
admit, acknowledge, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, consider, avoid, complete, contemplate, defer, delay, detest, dislike, dread, encourage, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, facilitate, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practise, prevent, propose, quit, recall, recollect, resent, resist, risk, suggest, understand, endure, can’t help, etc.
5.2 不定式：（疑问词+不定式结构， 不定式的完成体， 某些感官动词或使役动词的被动结构, 介词或不定式，
when to start has not been decided. I have no idea of how to do it.
we were to have sailed next morning.
He was seen to some.
Accustom to, adapt to, adjust to, amount to, confess to, object to, attend to, devote to, take to, turn to, look forward to, owe to contribute to, fall to, get down(up) to, find one’s way to, feel up to, cling/stick to, get over to, admit to, measure up to, keep/stand to, be given (over) to , give way to, give rise to, warm to, wise up to, wake to, run to, play up to, pertain to, pander to, be sentenced(reduced, opposed, dedicated, committed, annexed, addicted, acclimated, used) to, see to, averse to, convert to, succeed to, subscribe to, succumb to, testify to, be equal to, feel like, etc.
6. 独立主格结构
This done, they packed their tools and went home.
With the question settled, they are happy and relaxed.
7. 虚拟语气
7．1 到装 if 连词省略，were had, should前置到装。
7．2 结构型
as if/though, in order that, so that, in case, on condition that, for fear that (lest), if only, it is (high/about ) time that wish, would rather/sooner/ (just as soon), etc.
it is + adj (odd, incredible, advisable, preferable)
8. 到装(全/半到装)
8.1 so… that …
so strong and healthy is he that he is never found ill.
8.2 形容词/副词/分词+as/though+主语+谓语
strong as he is, he cannot life the big stone.

“群”的概念
（一）与人有关的“群”
表示人群的英语对应词很多，差异也分得很细。现将常见的英译法归纳如下：
Crowd： crowd是表示“群”的基本词语，通常指“无组织和无秩序的人群”（without organization or order）。从数量上看，crowd表示的“群”一般大于group表示的“群”，但又小于 host表示的“群”；从密度上看，crowd通常指“拥挤着的人群”。如：He pushed his way through the crowd．（他从人群中挤过去）。常见搭配有：
一群人a crowd of people
一群观众a crowd of spectators
一群男孩子a crowd of boys
一群运动员a crowd of players
group ：group通常指有一定组织形式的“群”，在含义上无“拥挤”意味。group既能指“人群”，也能在某些搭配中指“物群”。常见搭配有：
一群制定法律的人a group of persons who make laws
一群木雕像a group of wood carvings
一群飞机a group of aeroplanes
host ：host的主要意思是“大量，许多”，如：a host of difficulties许多困难，a host of thoughts思绪万千。host作“群”字解时，特指大群（great num ber）。常见搭配有：
一（大）群孩子a host of children
一（大）群对手a host of rivals
一（大）群体操运动员a host of gym nasts
galaxy ：galaxy本为天文学术语，意为“星系”、“天河”。作“群”字解时，有明显的修辞色彩，为褒义词语，常用于比喻“出色或著名人物的群”（brilliant company of persons）。常见搭配有：
一群才子a galaxy of talents
一群美女a galaxy of beauties
troop ：troop通常指“正常行进中的人或其他动物的群”。常见搭配有：
一群羚羊a troop of antelopes
一群欢迎者a troop of welcom ers
一群游行者a troop of dem onstrants
swarm ：swarm通常指（令人反感的）“蜂拥而进的人群”。常见搭配有：
密密麻麻的一群人a swarm of people
一群保镖a swarm of bodyguards
multitude ：multitude也是一个表示“群”的常用词，它同crowd的区别在于：
multitude通常指“散开的群”，人与人或物与物之间必有一定的空处（sufficient spare）；而crowd则完全相反，表示“密集在一起的群”，人与人相碰甚至拥挤。multitude既可以指人又能指物。常见搭配有：
一大群人a great multitude of people
一群动物a multitude of anim als
一群海岛a multitude of islands
Throng：throng通常指“为数众多的挤在一处或挤向前去的群”（press together or forward）。常见搭配有：
一群人a throng of people
一群影迷a throng of film fans
band或gang ：这两个词都有明显的轻蔑色彩，多同反面词语搭配。band通常指“强盗，匪徒等的群（帮、伙）”，而gang通常指“奴隶、犯人或干坏事的人结成的帮伙”。常见搭配有：
一群匪徒a band of gangsters
一群贼a gang of thieves
一群强盗a band of robbers
一群犯人a gang of convicts
mob ：m ob是贬义词，通常指“闹事或无组织的人群”。在资本家及其御用文人的笔下，mob一词是对劳苦大众的轻蔑用语，意为“庶民、乌合之众”。
一群暴徒a mob of rioters
一群恶棍a mob of blackguards
一群愤怒的妇女a mob of angry women
body ：body通常指“（视作整体的）一群，一批，共同从事某一件事或某一种相同的情况或处境联系在一起的人群”。常见搭配有：
一群失业者a body of unemployed men（“失业”是相同的处境）
一群选举人a body of electors（“投票选举”是大家共同做的事）
（二）与动物和水生物有关的“群”
flock ：flock主要指“飞鸟家禽、牲畜的群”，尤指羊群。covey指小羊（sm all flock）。常见搭配有：
一群羊a flock of sheep
一群鹅a flock of geese
一群鸭a flock of ducks
一群麻雀a flock of sparrows
herd：herd通常指“大动物的群，如牛群和放牧的群”等。
一群牛a herd of cattle
一群水牛a herd of buffaloes
一群象a herd of elephants
一群鹿a herd of deer
drove ：指“围成一团被驱赶或向前走动的畜群”（如牛、羊、猪等）。常见的搭配有：
一群骆驼a drove of cam els
一群牛a drove of oxen
一群马a drove of horses
pack ：pack主要指“野兽、猎犬等的群”，有时也指飞禽。常见的搭配有：
一群豺狼a pack of wolves
一群猎犬a pack of hounds
一群松鸡a pack of grouse
cluster ，swarm ：这两个词常指“昆虫类的群”。swarm又特指“蜂群”或处于移动中的群，有时也指鸟群（large number of insects，birds, etc．moving about together）。常见搭配有：
一群蚂蚁 a swarm of ants
一群蝴蝶 a cluster of butterflies
一群蝗虫 a swarm of locusts
一群苍蝇 a swarm of flies
一群蜜蜂a swarm of bees（指随蜂王倾巢出动的大群）或a cluster of bees（指一般的蜂群）
（三）指物的“群”
按汉语的习惯，计算某些物体时，也用量词“群”。与此相对应的英语词是：clum p， cluster ，
group。常见搭配有：
一群建筑物 a clump of buildings
一群木雕 a group of wood carvings
一群海岛 a clump of islands
一群飞机 a group of aeroplanes
一群闪闪发光的星星 a cluster of bright stars

50词的词库
1. 路 2. 时代 3. 战斗 4. 牧师 5. 服装 6. 哭 7. 美丽,漂亮 8. 拉,拖 9. 旋转 10. 生气,气愤 11. 错误 12. 图画 13. 特别的 14. 取消,消灭 15.破碎 16. 环境,形势 17. 著名的 18. 强盗 19. 摇动,颤动 20. 说话,谈话 21. 事情,事件 22. 承认 23. 走路 24. 跳 25. 特点,特征 26. 增加 27. 笑 28. 疯 29.味道 30. 滑 31. 怕 32. 闪光 33. 大 34. 感情 35. 工作,职业 36. 停止 37. 旅行 38. 抓,握 39. 看,凝视 40. 静 41. 消灭 42. 结果 43. 表明,代表 44. 帮助 45. 获得,得到 46. 礼品,礼物 47. 愚蠢 48. 地区 49. 会议,集会 50. 成就,功绩
路: way, road, path, route, street, avenue
2.时代(期):
(时期)period: It indicates any passage of time, great or small. /an extent of time of any length.
(时代)time(s): It refers to a period in history. in ancient times/ in Victoria time
(新时代)epoch: It indicates a long period of time marked by events or development of a particular kind.
The first flight into space marked a new epoch in the history of mankind.
(纪元)era: It refers to a very long period of time marked by a particular feature in a great new era of world revolution
(时期)age: It shows a particular /a fairly definite period in history. the Bronze
Age, Iron Age
3.战斗 (打仗)
fight: It is a bodily struggle (奋斗 斗争)
struggle: An effort of any kind to overcome difficulty.
(战斗) battle: A fight between armed forces.
(战役) campaign: A series of related military operations in a war.
(战争) war: A period of fight between countries or states when
weapons are used and many people are killed.
(对抗) combat: A fight, conflict, controversy.
4.牧师 (教士 牧师)
priest: A person, esp. a man specially trained for various religious duties and
ceremonies, in the Christian church, esp. in the Roman Catholic church
(牧师) minister: A member of clergy, esp. Protestant churches.
(牧师) clergy(pl): The officially appointed leader of the religious activities of
a particular church or temple.
clergyman: clergymen(pl) a member of clergy.
(牧师) pastor: A Christian religious leader in charge of a church and its
members, esp. in a Protestant church.
(教区牧师) vicar: A priest in charge of an area(parish) in the church of England.
father: A little of respect for a priest, esp. in the Roman Catholic.
5.服装
clothing(collect): (fml) General term of clothes.
clothes(no single): Coverings of the body such as coats,
dresses, suits, shoes, hats.
garment(fl): A suit of clothes used by actors./a single article of clothing.
costume: 1) The fashion of dress peculiar to a people, nation, class, period,
etc.
2) A dress worn by actors in a play. uniform: worn by all members of the
community.
dress: 1) A kind of outer garment worn by women (连衣裙).
2) worn on special occasions (礼服) evening dress/ morning dress
suit: A set of outer clothes to be worn together. evening suit/swimming suit
coat: A garment with sleeves worn on top of other clothes from rain, heat, etc.
overcoat: A warn coat worn in the street.
6.哭
cry: The most general one.
(哭泣) weep: To let flow tears.
(抽泣 抽嗒) sob: To weep or sigh with short quick breaths.
(哭天抹泪 涕泪交流) snivel: To sniffle and cry in a irritating manner.
(哭嚎 又哭又闹) blubber: To cry loudly noisily.
(发出低声报怨声) whine: To make a low complaining cry.
(嚎哭) bawl: To utter loud cries (always in bad sense).
(痛哭) wail: To cry aloud from pain or sorrow.
(呻吟) moan: To make a low, miserable sound in pain or sorrow.
(呻吟) grown: To make a low sound of pain, unhappiness or disapproval
(哀悼) mourn: To feel or show sadness or sorrow for someone who has died.
(哀悼) lament: To express great sorrow or regret.
7.美丽 漂亮
good-looking: Having an attractive appearance in a strong, healthy way used for
men and women not things.
beautiful: ( a woman or a thing) Suggesting symmetry of features or perfection
of proportion, elegance and mobility. beautiful flowers, a beautiful
girl/voice/city/face beautiful weather.
handsome: Of attractive appearance applies to men. a handsome
fellow/actor/horse/buildings/young man.
pretty: (a girl, or a small thing) Suggesting liveliness and sweetness,
pleasing or nice to look at. a pretty little woman/garden, a pretty girl/
picture/piece of music,
lovely: (something) So beautiful that it makes you feel good to look at it or
even to think about it. The garden looks lovely.
fair: Beautiful( of woman in poet) light in color esp., skin hair.
gorgeous: (persons or things) (inf) Extremely beautiful or handsome.
8.拉 拖
pull: The most general one.
draw: It implies a smoother, steadier motion and generally a lighter force than
pull.
drag: It usually refers to horizontal motion or motion up an incline (slope)
and it suggests laborious efforts over rough ground or against friction,
resistance or gravity.
The escaped prisoner was dragged out of his hiding place.
haul: It implies continuous pulling or dragging of heavy or bulky objects.
The fisherman is hauling a net.
tug: It applies to hard often sudden violent effort to pull.
He tugged at my sleeve to ask directions.
jerk: To pull suddenly.
He jerked out the knife that was stuck in the wound.
tow: To pull by a rope or chain. We towed the car to the nearest garage.
wrench: To pull hard with a twisting or turning movement.
9.旋转 turn: The most general one.
(自转) spin: To turn quickly around a central point.
It emphasizes the continuity of the action, and usually the narrow extent of
the circular motion.
The wheel is spinning on its axis.
(急转) whirl: To round very fast.
It implies the lock of conscious control.
The leaves whirl in the wind in the yard.
(转动) rotate: To turn round a fixed point with a circular movement.
The earth rotates once every 24 hours.
(绕转) revolve: To turn or move in a circle around a central point.
It indicates circular or elliptical (椭圆) movement.
The planets revolve around the sun.
10.生气 气愤
anger: The most general one.
(易怒) be cross: Feeling easy to get angry.
(愤慨) indignation: (fml) Anger.
It stresses righteous anger at what one considers unfair, mean or shameful.
We expressed our indignation at the ruthless exploitation.
(愤怒) wrath: Very treat anger. (literary)
It suggests a desire on intent to revenge or punish.
(狂怒) rage: Wild, violent anger.
It suggests loss of self- control from violence of emotion. in a rage /to fall
into a rage.
(暴怒) fury: Violent, extreme and destructive anger.
She flew into a fury.
11.错误
(误会) mistake: A wrong thought, act. It implies carelessness Anyone can make a
mistake.
(过错 弱点) fault: A bad point, but not of a serious moral kind. It refers to
behavior and character. His only fault is that he lacks ambition.
find fault with sb / at fault shortcoming: Weakness, failing
It refers to failures or deficiencies in things as well as people.
In spite of all her shortcomings I still think she's one of the best teachers
in the school.
(疏忽) error: A mistake (formal sometimes literary)
It implies deviation from a standard or model
The accident was caused by human error.
(缺点 毛病) defect: sth lacking or imperfect.
It refers to quality.
The radio was returned because of a defect.
(失误 过失) blunder: A very stupid or unnecessary mistake.
It implies ignorance.
This is the fatal blunder of his life.
12.图画
picture: The most general one.
(彩图) painting: pictures with color.
(绘画 图画) drawing: A picture made with a pen, pencil and crayon. Sketch, diagrams
and graphs are all drawings.
(草图) sketch: A rough not detailed drawing.
(图解 图表) diagram: A drawing, figure that shows the arrangement of something.
(曲线图) graph: A diagram in which a straight line, curved, or zigzag line shows
how two sets of numbers or measurements are related.
(插图) illustration: A picture to go with words of a book.
(图样 草图) draft: The first rough written form of anything.
(平面图) plan: A line drawing of a building as it might been seen from above.
(主视图) elevation: A flat upright side of a building.
(海图) chart: A map esp. a detailed map of a sea area.
13.特别
(专门的,与众不同的) special: Different in some way from what is common, ordinary, or
usual.
It stresses having a quality, character, identity, or use of its own.
The tube contains special gases.
(特别的) especial: (fml) To an usually great degree, exceptional
It emphasizes the importance of the things or the persons mentioned
This is a matter of especial importance.
(各别的) particular: Relating or belonging to only one thing or person.
It stresses the distinctness of something as an individual which is worth
notice. In that particular case, the rule doesn't hold.(适用)
(特种的) specific: Detailed and exact, clear in meaning and explanation, fixed,
determined.(used in scientific articles)
It implies a quality or character distinguishing a kind or a species.
He gave me a very specific instruction. There is a specific tool for each job.
(独特的) peculiar: Strange or perhaps unpleasant.
It implies strangeness. He has a peculiar way of speaking.
14.取消 消灭
(取消 解除) cancel: To give up, to declare something is to be effective.
He has cancelled his leave of absence.(消假)
(废除 废止) abolish: To do away with. It refers to practices, social institutions.
Bad customs should be abolished.
(消灭 排除) elimin