过去分词---高中语法.doc

过去分词
规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成(具体规则见后)，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。 过去分词则属于类动词：
1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子的主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,不但表示被动,还表示已完成了. The cup is broken. 茶杯破了.
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子的主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. He is retired. 他已退休.
3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构.
变化规则
　　1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
　　(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式）
　　work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
　　(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
　　live---lived---lived ,
　　(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
　　study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried ,
　　(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
　　stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
　　2 、不规则动词，见不规则表
过去分词作为表语
　　The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山.
　　【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作.
　　(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作)
　　(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)
　　【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物.
　　(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.
过去分词作为定语
　　作定语的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.
　　1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.
　　We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.
　　2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中.
　　The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.
　　3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.
　　The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人.
　　4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.
　　The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视.
过去分词作为状语
　　1. 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.
　　(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.
　　【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦).
　　(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.
　　2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致.
　　(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
　　再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.)
　　(2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
　　从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市.)
　　【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.
　　(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语.
　　(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)
　　3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.
　　(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)
　　(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.
　　【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语.
　　When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
　　4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开.
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.
    过去分词短语作状语修饰整个句子，其作用相当于状语从句。表示时间、原因、条件、让步和伴随等情况。
    ①表原因
    Frightened by what he saw, he couldn’t say a word.
    = Because he was frightened by what he saw, he couldn’t say a word.
    = He was frightened by what he saw, so he couldn’t say a word.
    由于他所看到的情况使他很恐惧,一句话也说不出来。
    Seen by the teacher, he had to stop. =Because he was seen by the teacher, he had to stop.
    被老师看见了，他只好停下来。
    Badly hurt, Mary was given a lot of money.
    = Because she was badly hurt, Mary was given a lot of money.
    由于严重致伤,玛丽被支付了一大笔钱。
    Noticed by the teacher, Kate rose from her chair.
    = As she was noticed by the teacher, Kate rose from her chair.
    由于被老师发现，凯特从椅子上站了起来。
    当我们使用分词作状语时,要特别注意句子的逻辑主语与分词的关系.若动作是主语承受的，分词与主语的逻辑关系为动宾关系时，应使用过去分词表被动。(相反，若动作是由主语发出的，分词与主语的关系为主谓关系，则使用现在分词表主动。)
    ②表时间
    Heated, water can be changed vapor.
    = When it is heated, water can be changed into vapor.
    水加热就可以变成蒸汽。
    Brushed twice, his teeth became white and clean.
    =When they were brushed twice, his teeth became white and clean.
    刷了两遍之后,他的牙齿变的又白又干净。
    ③表条件
    Given more time and more money, we could have finished the work.
    = If we had been given more time and more money, we could have finished the work.
    如果当时给我们提供更多的时间和财力,我们就能够完成这项工作。
    Seen from the church tower, the park looks more beautiful.
    = If it is seen from the church tower, the park looks more beautiful.
    站在教堂塔顶上，这座公园看上去更漂亮了。
    这里seen的逻辑宾语是the park，也就是说，the park是动词seen的接受者。
    Judged from its fur, it was clearly a polar bear.
    = If it is judged from its fur, it was clearly a polar bear.
    (如果)从它的毛皮判断，这显然是头北极熊。
    ④表伴随
    The professor came into the classroom, followed by his students.
    = The professor came into the classroom, and he was followed by his students.
    教授走进了教室,学生跟在身后。
    The so–called singing stars came out of the hall, laughed by the audience.
    这些所谓的歌手们走出大厅，受到了观众们的嘲笑。

过去分词作为宾语补足语
　　(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类:
　　1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.
　　(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;)
　　(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found)
　　2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.
　　(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发.
　　(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.
　　(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.
　　3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider， know， think等后。如：
　　(1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。
　　(2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了。
　　4. 表示爱憎､意愿的动词如want， wish， like， hate等后。如：
　　(1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。
　　(2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。
　　【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系.
　　(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.
　　1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成.
　　He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了)
　　2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)
with +宾语+过去分词"的结构
　　此结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.
　　(1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)
　　(2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)
　　(3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因)
　　(4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他.
　　(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.