1、2023,43(7)http:/J Clin Pathol Res 临床与病理杂志ABCA3基因复合杂合突变导致儿童间质性肺疾病2例王珍1,钟礼立1,王俊普2,彭力1,易迎晴1(1.湖南师范大学附属第一医院/湖南省人民医院儿童医学中心,长沙 410005;2.中南大学湘雅医院病理科,长沙 410008)摘要 ABCA3基因突变是一种与遗传相关的疾病,为肺表面活性物质代谢缺陷疾病的一种。后者是引起间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)的重要原因之一。ILD是一类在临床表现、影像学表现和病理学检查上都有相同特征,但病因各异的疾病。2020年湖南省某医院儿科收治确
2、诊的2例因ABCA3基因复合杂合突变导致儿童ILD的病例,其临床特点为咳嗽、呼吸快、活动不耐受、低氧血症、生长及发育迟缓等,肺部影像学提示间质性病变,病理活检提示脱屑性ILD,电镜下可见异常嗜锇性板层小体,基因诊断提示为ABCA3基因复合杂合突变。因此当患儿的临床表现及影像学结果高度符合ILD时,需要考虑ABCA3基因相关性肺疾病,可以通过完善基因检测明确病因,与此同时肺活检的病理结果(电镜和光镜)也是临床上对该病进行诊断和治疗的重要方式。该病常规治疗效果欠佳,在加用羟氯喹治疗后患儿临床症状有不同程度好转,随访时患儿的临床表现和复查的胸部影像学表现均好转。说明羟氯喹对ABCA3复合杂合突变疾病
3、有一定疗效,为临床医生在该病的治疗方面提供了更多的可能。关键词 儿童间质性肺疾病;ABCA3基因突变;嗜锇性板层小体;羟氯喹ABCA3 gene complex heterozygous mutation leads to interstitial lung disease in children:Two-case reportWANG Zhen1,ZHONG Lili1,WANG Junpu2,PENG Li1,YI Yingqing1(1.Children s Medical Center,First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal Universi
4、ty/Hunan Provincial Peoples Hospital,Changsha 410005;2.Department of Pathology,Xiangya Hospital,Central South University,Changsha 410008,China)ABSTRACT ABCA3 gene mutation is a genetically related disease,which is one of the metabolic defects of lung surface active substances.The latter is one of th
5、e important causes of interstitial lung disease(ILD).ILD is a kind of disease with the same characteristics in clinical manifestations,imaging findings and pathological examination,but different etiology.Two cases of pediatric ILD due to complex heterozygous mutation of ABCA3 gene confirmed by DOI:1
6、0.11817/j.issn.2095-6959.2023.220024收稿日期(Date of reception):2023-02-02第一作者(First author):王珍,Email:,ORCID:0009-0008-5407-4386通信作者(Corresponding author):钟礼立,Email:,ORCID:0000-0002-1513-7769基金项目(Foundation item):儿童呼吸病学湖南省重点实验室课题(2019TP1043);湖南省出生缺陷协同防治科技重大专项(2019SK1014)。This work was supported by Hunan
7、 Key Laboratory of Childrens Respiratory Disease(2019TP1043)and the Major Project of Collaborative Prevention and Control of Birth Defects in Hunan Province(2019SK1014),China.1469临床与病理杂志,2023,43(7)http:/the Childrens Respiratory Department of Hospital in 2020.Their clinical characteristics were coug
8、h,rapid breathing,activity intolerance,hypoxemia,and growth retardation.Lung imaging suggested interstitial lesions;pathological biopsy suggested desquamation ILD;electron microscope showed abnormal osmiophilic multilamellar bodies;genetic examination suggested complex heterozygous mutation of ABCA3
9、 gene.Therefore,when the clinical manifestations and imaging findings of a child are highly consistent with ILD,ABCA3 gene related lung disease should be considered.Genetic testing can be improved to identify the cause of the disease for subsequent treatment.At the same time,the pathological results
10、 of lung biopsy(electron microscope and light microscope)are also important methods for clinical diagnosis and the treatment of the disease.The conventional treatment of this disease was not effective,and the clinical symptoms of the children improved to varying degrees after the addition of hydroxy
11、chloroquine treatment.The clinical manifestations of the children and the results of chest imaging examination after review were significantly improved during follow-up.It is indicated that hydroxychloroquine is effective in the treatment of ABCA3 compound heterozygous mutation in children with the
12、disease,which provides more possibilities for clinicians in the treatment of children with the disease.KEY WORDS children with interstitial lung disease;ABCA3 gene mutation;osmiophilic multilamellar body;hydroxychloroquineABCA3基因突变是一种与遗传相关的疾病,遗传方式通常为常染色体隐性遗传。该基因突变会导致肺表面活性物质缺乏从而引发严重的肺部疾病1。例如新生儿呼吸窘迫综合
13、征、间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)等2-3。ILD是以弥漫性肺实质、肺泡炎症和间质纤维化为病理基本病变,以活动性呼吸困难、胸片弥漫性浸润阴影、限制性通气障碍和低氧血症为临床表现的不同种类疾病群构成的临床-病理实体的总称。该病的诊断方式往往为病理活检,通过病理光镜及电镜的结果进行诊断。目前对该类疾病的治疗大致为对症支持治疗及药物治疗(通常为糖皮质激素),疗效因人而异。现报告2020年湖南省某医院儿科收治确诊的2例因ABCA3基因复合杂合突变导致儿童ILD病例。1 病例资料 本文对2例患儿的病历资料进行描述已获得患儿及患儿家属的知情同意。1.1 病例1患
14、儿,女,1岁4个月,咳嗽3个月余,加重伴气促半个月。入院前3个月前患儿出现咳嗽,经外院诊治,效果不佳。半个月前咳嗽加重,出现气促。入院前近3个月体重不增。既往体质一般,对牛奶 3 级过敏。个人史:出生方式为足月剖宫产,出生体重3 kg,混合喂养,身高和体重增长较同龄儿缓慢,1岁3个月会走、会喊爸妈,活动耐受较同龄儿童明显下降。体格检查:呼吸频率56 次/min,心率156 次/min,体重7.4 kg低于同性别、同年龄人群的第3个百分位(PTc.2890GAc.2068GAc.1009GA氨基酸改变p.Pro249Leup.Gly964Serp.Glu690Lysp.Val337Met遗传方式
15、常染色体隐性常染色体隐性常染色体隐性常染色体隐性突变方式错义突变错义突变错义突变错义突变ACMG评级可能致病可能致病可能致病来源父亲母亲母亲父亲ACMG:美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会。1471临床与病理杂志,2023,43(7)http:/1.2 病例2患儿,女,8 岁 2 个月,因反复咳嗽 8 年余入院,患儿于生后2个月出现反复咳嗽,为阵发性连声咳嗽,有痰不易咳出,家属带其反复于各地就诊,咳嗽一直未缓解,且伴有进行性活动耐力下降,偶有发绀,3 岁时外院完善基因诊断,考虑ILD,予以每日甲强龙2 mg/kg治疗后无明显好转。患儿自起病以来,精神反应一般,食欲不振,体重、身高增长落后,现步行不能
16、超过 100 m。出生体重 2.2 kg(小于胎龄儿)。体格检查:呼吸频率 36 次/min,心率 114 次/min,身高 115 cm(P3),体重 15.9 kg(P3),经皮血氧饱和度为 80%。发育不良,营养差,慢性病容,全身皮肤散在深色皮疹,颈部可触及数颗米粒样淋巴结。唇无青紫,三凹征阳性,双肺呼吸音粗,可听到少许干性及湿性啰音;心脏、腹部体格检查阴性;可见杵状指趾。辅助检查:血气分析提示低氧血症,氧分压为 62.1 mmHg,血氧饱和度为 89.9%。血常规大致正常,红细胞沉降率、降钙素原、血生物化学检查指标、体内免疫球蛋白均正常,变应原、体内抗核抗体谱、真菌实验、结核菌素实验、
17、痰及肺泡灌洗液细菌培养均阴性。肺功能检查提示阻塞性及限制性通气功能存在严重障碍。胸部CT示双肺间质性病变(图 6)。入院后予以鼻导管吸氧,布地奈德+复方异丙托溴铵雾化,每日口服泼尼松2 mg/kg后效果欠佳;完善患儿基因诊断(表1,图7)及肺组织病理活检,提示非特异性ILD;电镜可见板层小体异常(图8、9)。患儿在结果回报后每日口服加用羟氯喹 6 mg/kg 并逐渐增量至 10 mg/kg,咳嗽、气促等症状明显好转,予以出院。出院后每图4 病例1的先证者及父母的基因序列Figure 4 Genetic sequence of the proband and the parents of Cas
18、e 1图5 病例1出院后复查的胸部CTFigure 5 Chest CT of Case 1 after dischargeA:Three months after discharge;B:Nine months after discharge;C:Thirteen months after discharge.CT:Computed tomography.1472ABCA3基因复合杂合突变导致儿童间质性肺疾病2例 王珍,等日口服羟氯喹 10 mg/kg 和泼尼松 1 mg/kg,在家间断鼻导管吸氧。2 个月后复诊,患儿脸色转红润,不需吸氧,血气分析基本正常,体重增加 2 kg,能自行上下2层
19、楼,但活动耐量较同龄儿差,肺功能检查好转,继续予以每日口服羟氯喹10 mg/kg,泼尼松逐渐减量至停用。出院后4个月体重增加2 kg,但活动度较前无进一步好转,出院后 1 年复查胸部CT 好转(图 10),眼部检查未见异常,继续每日予以羟氯喹7 mg/kg至2022年11月。图8 病例2的肺组织病理结果Figure 8 Pathological results of lung tissue in Case 2A:HE staining showes the exudation of inflammatory cells(indicated by arrow)in the alveolar sp
20、ace(100).B:Desquamated cells are seen by HE staining(400).ILD:Interstitial lung disease;HE:Hematoxylin-eosin.图6 病例2入院后胸部CT提示双肺间质性病变Figure 6 Chest CT of Case 2 after admission indicates interstitial lesions of both lungsCT:Computed tomography.图7 病例2的先证者及父母的基因序列Figure 7 Genetic sequence of the proband
21、 and the parents of Case 21473临床与病理杂志,2023,43(7)http:/2 讨 论 2例患儿均为女性,年幼起病,均有慢性咳嗽、气促、活动不耐受等症状;体格检查时呼吸浅快,三凹征阳性,可见杵状指(趾)、生长发育落后,运动能力差,有顽固性低氧血症;影像学提示弥漫性肺间质改变;根据患儿病史特点需高度考虑儿童ILD综合征1,结合 2 例患者起病早考虑为婴儿期特有的ILD可能性大。根据相关指南4建议,进一步完善基因诊断及肺组织病理检查后确诊。患儿基因诊断结果为ABCA3基因复合杂合突变,病理检查提示脱屑性ILD和非特异性间质性肺炎,电镜下均可见异常板层小体(偏心板层小
22、体结构),2 位患儿均诊断为ABCA3基因突变的ILD。诊断ILD的重要手段之一为病理活检,研究5报道ABCA3基因突变ILD患儿的病理组织学类型通常有肺泡蛋白沉着症、脱屑性间质性肺炎(desquamative interstitial pneumonia,DIP)和非特异性间质性肺炎(nonspecific interstitial pneumonia,NSIP)。本文2例患儿病理表现均为DIP改变,第2例患儿因病程时间长同时有NSIP改变。从超微结构分子水平来看,表面活性剂是一种脂蛋白质,储存在肺泡型细胞的层状体中。因此在正常型肺泡细胞中,含表面活性剂的成熟层状体占据根尖细胞质,呈规整同心
23、层状的洋葱皮状排列。ABCA3基因参与跨生物膜的细胞内脂质运输,在肺的肺泡型细胞中表达,其定位于板层小体的极限膜,因此ABCA3转运蛋白被认为参与了成熟层状体形成所必需的特定脂质的运输6。ABCA3基因突变中成熟层状体的缺失是由于这种内源性脂质转运体的功能障碍导致的。ABCA3基因突变患儿先天性表面活性物质缺乏的细胞质内含物具有紧密排列的同心膜和独特的“煎蛋”样电子致密聚集物,表现为致密的板层小体异常(通常为偏心板层小体),此为ABCA3基因突变的肺部病理特征性改变7。本文报道2例患者的病理(电镜)均符合ABCA3基因突变患儿的肺病理特点。由于婴儿期特有的ILD患儿起病年龄小,且常常伴有呼吸困
24、图9 病例2的肺组织电镜Figure 9 Electron microscopic image of lung tissue of Case 2Lamellar bodies and eccentric lamellar bodies in part of alveolar epithelial cells(arrows).图10 病例2出院后复查的胸部CTFigure 10 Chest CT of Case 2 after dischargeA:Two months after discharge;B:Four months after discharge;C:Eleven months a
25、fter discharge.CT:Computed tomography.1474ABCA3基因复合杂合突变导致儿童间质性肺疾病2例 王珍,等难,肺活检完成难度较大,目前推荐诊断流程也是建议先完成基因诊断,但有时基因诊断存在漏诊问题,且基因诊断需要时间,等待检测结果将延误患儿疾病诊断。对于怀疑ABCA3基因突变和疾病进展快速的患者,特征性的病理诊断可以作为早期诊断和治疗的依据,因此当患儿考虑诊断为ILD时,可通过完善肺活检来明确病因。2例患儿的基因诊断证实均有ABCA3基因杂合突变。ABCA3基因在肺泡II型细胞中高度表达,它的功能是把脂质转运到板层小体维持表面活性物质中磷脂的稳定。ABCA
26、3目前的突变可分为两类,I型突变可导致蛋白质折叠或者转运发生异常,导致蛋白质不能到达对应的细胞结构(p.Leu101Pro)。II型突变则是功能的异常,蛋白质可以到达相应的细胞结构,但是功能发生异常,导致不能正确转运表面活性物质(p.Glu292Val)8。因此ABCA3基因变异可致肺部疾病,目前已有 200 多种 ABCA3 基因变异被报道9,ABCA3 基因突变为常染色体隐性遗传10-11。不同ABCA3基因突变患者其临床表现不同,这是由于其基因变异类型不同;此 2 例患儿基因序列均显示ABCA3基因杂合突变,均为错义突变;2个突变位点分别来自其临床表现正常的父亲和母亲;尽管目前2例患儿的
27、基因突变位点致病性尚未完全明确,但患儿的临床表现、影像学表现、病理检查结果与ABCA3基因突变所导致的ILD的特点是高度一致的,其基因与疾病的关系还需进一步研究。目前对于基因缺陷所致肺泡表面活性物质缺乏的疾病无规范指南,已报道的治疗方案包括治疗低氧血症、改善营养状态以促进生长和发育、接受适当的免疫支持等对症处理;药物治疗包括使用糖皮质激素、大环内酯类抗生素(阿奇霉素)及免疫抑制剂(羟氯喹);还包括其他治疗如支气管肺泡灌洗治疗12。但疗效尚无定论13-14。肺移植是唯一有效的治疗方式15,但肺移植存在伦理上的挑战,且其长期预后不佳、病死率高;因此临床上使用较多的仍为药物联合治疗,药物治疗(如使用
28、地塞米松、泼尼松、羟氯喹)可能会使某些患ABCA3相关肺部疾病的患者受益16-17。有病例18报道外源性肺表面活性物质、全身类固醇、羟氯喹和全肺灌洗治疗有明显效果,另有病例19报道联合甲基强的松龙冲击、阿奇霉素和羟氯喹治疗3例呼吸窘迫的ABCA3复合杂合子新生儿,均有良好的临床结果,还有病例20报道使用羟氯喹可使部分患儿症状得到有效缓解,且出院后只需氢氯喹单药维持治疗。本文中2例患儿在常规抗炎、抗感染治疗后病情未见好转,在加用羟氯喹治疗后,气促、低氧血症等症状得到有效缓解,病情好转出院,出院后经随访得知,2例患儿规律口服羟氯喹,临床表现及影像学表现均在好转,其中1例患儿在自行停药后病情有反复,
29、但在重新服用羟氯喹后病情又有明显改善,说明羟氯喹在ABCA3复合杂合突变患儿疾病治疗上有确切疗效。羟氯喹作为一种免疫抑制剂可能是通过改变抗原的处理和递呈而发挥免疫抑制剂的作用,从而减少肺泡细胞内表面活性蛋白质的积累来改善患儿临床症状。羟氯喹作为一种常用的治疗儿童ILD的药物,长期使用的全身性不良反应(包括肝肾功能异常和视网膜毒性或药物沉积在角膜)很小21,本文中2例患儿在规律服用羟氯喹药物后于门诊随诊时进行眼底检查,暂未发现有眼底病变,也说明了羟氯喹在ABCA3复合杂合突变患儿疾病治疗上有一定疗效且不良反应小,为该病的治疗提供了新的选择。综上所述,当患儿的临床表现及影像学结果高度怀疑婴儿期特有
30、的ILD时,需要考虑ABCA3基因相关性肺疾病。可以通过完善基因检测明确病因,与此同时肺活检的病理结果(电镜和光镜)也是临床上对该病进行诊断和治疗的重要方式。本文的2例患儿基因及病理结果均证实为 ABCA3 基因突变导致的ILD,经过长时间的随访得知在使用羟氯喹治疗后2例患儿的病情均好转,说明羟氯喹在ABCA3复合杂合突变患儿疾病治疗上有一定疗效,为临床医生治疗该病提供了更多的可能。利益冲突声明:作者声称无任何利益冲突。参考文献1Nathan N,Berdah L,Delestrain C,et al.Interstitial lung diseases in childrenJ.Presse
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