2018届高考英语重难点语法讲解：倒装结构.doc

高中英语语法——倒装结构
英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”，如果将谓语的一部分或全部放在主语之前，这种语序叫倒装。倒装既是一种语法手段，也是一种修辞手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。
倒装的种类
如果将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，这称之为完全倒装。
如果只将助动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，这称之为部分倒装。
A. 完全倒装
 完全倒装是将谓语的全部放在主语之前，此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时两种。
On her left sat her husband. 她左边坐着她丈夫。
  Here is the book you want. 你要的书在这儿。
  Down went the small boat. 小船沉下去了。
B. 部分倒装
  部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词，移至主语之前。
  Only by working hard can one succeed. 只有努力才能成功。
  Never have I seen her before. 我以前没见过她。
  提示：如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
  Well do I remember the day I joined the League.入团的那一天，我记忆犹新。
  Little did I think that he could be back alive 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。

 常见的倒装结构
A. 常见的完全倒装结构
1．there be 句型。
  There is a mobile phone and some books on the desk. 桌上有一个手机和一些书。
  There are thousands of people gathering on the square. 广场上聚集着成千上万的人
  注意 引导词there 还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, stand, live 等词。
  There lived an old fisherman in the village. 村里住着一位老渔夫。
  There stand two white house by the river. 河滨矗立着两座白房子。
  There existed some doubt among the students. 学生中有些怀疑。
2．用于here, there, now, thus, then + 动词 + 主语的句型中（谓语动词多为be, go, come等）。
  Here comes the bus．汽车来了。
  There goes the bell. 铃响了。
  Now comes my turn. 轮到我了。
  Then came the order to take off. 起飞的命令到了。
3．以out, in, up, down, off, away等副词开头，谓语动词是表示“移动”的go, come, leave等句子里。
  Away went the crowd one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。
  In came a stranger in black. 进来了一位穿黑衣的陌生人。
  Down fell the leaves. 树叶掉了下来。
  注意在完全倒装的结构里,如果主语是人称代词,则用正常语序。
  Out she went. 她走了。
  Here we are. 我们到了。
4．表示地点的介词词组位于句首，谓语动词是表示“存在”之意的be, lie, stand, exist等句子中。
  South of the lake lies a big supermarket. 湖泊的南边是一个大超市。
  20 miles east of our school lies a modern swimming pool. 我们学校向东20英里有一个现代化的游泳池。
  On the floor were piles of old books, magazines and newspapers. 地板上是一堆堆旧的书报杂志。
5. “表语+系动词+主语”结构。
  Lucky is she who was admitted to a famous university last year.
  她很幸运，去年被一所名牌大学录取。
  Gone are the days when he was looked down upon.
  他被人看不起的日子一去不复返了。
  Present at the meeting are some well-known scientists.
  一些知名的科学家出席了会议。
B. 常见的部分倒装结构
1. 含有否定意义的副词或连词（如not, seldom, little, hardly, never, rarely, nowhere等）放在句首时。
  He can not speak a single word of English.
  ——Not a single word of English can he speak. 他连一个英语单词都不会说。
  He cares little about his clothes.
  ——Little does he care about his clothes. 他不在乎穿着。
  I have never seen him before.
  ——Never have I seen him before.
  ——Never before have I seen him. 我以前没见过他。
  The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
  ——Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 孩子睡着了，妈妈才离开房间。(Not until引出的主从复合句中，主句倒装，从句不倒装。)
  Churchill was not only a statesman, but a poet
  ——Not only was Churchill a statesman, but a poet. 丘吉尔不仅是个政治家，而且还是个诗人。
  I shall by no means give up.
  ——By no means shall I give up.  我决不放弃。
  必背：表示“刚……就……的倒装结构
  Hardly had he started to leave when it began to rain. 他刚要离开，天就下起了雨。
  Scarcely had he sat down when his mobile phone rang.  他刚坐下，手机就响了。
  No sooner had he handed in his paper than he realized his mistakes. 他刚交卷就意识到出错了。
2. 副词only +状语放在句首时。
  Only then did I see life was not easy. 只有那时我才知道生活是不易的。
  Only in this way can you use the computer well. 只有用这种方法你才能把电脑学好。
  Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 只有他病重时，他才待在床上。（only+状语从句，从句不倒装，主句倒装）
3. so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序，表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于另一人(或物)。其句型是：So + be（have，助动词或情态动词）+主语。
  She has been to Tokyo. So have I. 她去过东京，我也去过。
  He can send emails to his former classmates. So can she. 他能电子邮件给以前的同学，她也能。
  He went to the film last night. So did I. 昨天晚上他去看电影了，我也去了。
  注意：如果对前面所说的内容，加以肯定，或不作“也”讲而只起连词作用，表示一种结果的意思，那不倒装。
  --- Jack won the first prize in the contest. 杰克在比赛中获一等奖。
  --- So he did. 确实是的。
  --- It is cold today. 今天很冷。
  --- So it is and so was it yesterday. 确实是很冷，昨天也很冷。
  His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影，他就去了。
4．neither/nor引导的句子用倒装语序，用于对前面所说的否定内容表示同样的看法。
  I cannot swim. Neither can he . 我不会游泳，他也不会。
  注意：如果前面所说的内容既有肯定又有否定，或前后的谓语动词形式不一致时，用“It is the same with +主语”结构或用“So it is with +主语”结构。
  He worked hard, but didn't pass the exam. So it was with his sister. 他很努力，但没有通过考试。他妹妹也是这样。（既有肯定又有否定）
  She is a teacher and she enjoys teaching. So it is with Mr Li. 她是老师，热爱教书。李先生也是这样。（谓语一个是系动词，一个是行为动词）
5. “so...that...和“such...that...”结构中的so或such位于句首时。
  He was so excited that he could not say a word.
  ——So excited was he that he could not say a word. 他如此激动以至于一句话都说不出来。
   His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
  ——Such was his anger that he lost control of himself.  他是如此地生气，以至于他不能控制自己了。
6．用于省略if的虚拟语气条件状语从句。
Had you received your lessons, you might have passed the exam.
Were I to do the work, I should do it some other way.
Should I be free tomorrow, I could go with you.

7．as/though 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装
  ①表语提前，构成倒装。
  Though she is very pretty, she is not clever.
  → Pretty though she is, she is not clever．虽然她很漂亮，但是她不聪明。
  Although it may appear strange, it is true.
  → Disabled as he was, he tried his best to serve the people. 虽然他残疾了，但他仍尽力为人民服务。
  Although he is a child, he speaks fluent English.
  → Child as he is, he speaks fluent English. 虽然他是个孩子，但能讲流利的英语。 （名词单数前不用不定冠词a）
  Though he is the shortest, he is the richest of the three.
  → Shortest as he is, he is the richest of the three. 虽然他是三个人中最矮的，却是最富有的。（形容词最高级前去定冠词the）
  ②动词提前，构成倒装。
  Though they searched, they could not find anything in the house.
  → Search as they did , they could not find anything in the house. 虽然他们搜遍了， 却没在房子里找到任何东西。
  Though I failed, I would try again.
  → Fail as I did, I would try again. 尽管我失败了，但我还要再试。
  Though she may try again, she won't pass it.
  Try as she may, she won't pass it. 尽管愿意再试，她还是不会通过的。
  ③副词提前，构成倒装。
  Though he tried hard, he couldn't pass the exam.
  → Hard as he tried, he couldn't pass the exam. 尽管他努力了，他还没有通过考试。
  Though I listened attentively, I still couldn't understand what he said at the meeting.
  → Attentively as I listened, I still couldn't understand what he said at the meeting. 尽管我专心听了，我还是不懂他在会议上说的话。
  Though he ran the fastest, he still didn't catch the train.
  → Fastest as he ran, he still didn't catch the train. 尽管他跑得最快，仍没有赶上火车。（副词最高级前不用定冠词the）
练习：
1. Look,________.
A. here the bus comes B. here is the bus coning
C. here comes the bus D. here the bus is coming
2. —Where is Kate? —Look，_______, she is at the school gate.
A. there she is B. there is she C. here you are D. here it is
3. Which of the following sentences is correct?
A. In the teacher came B. In did come the teacher
C. In did the teacher come D. In came the teacher
4. Out _____, with a stick in his hand.
A. did he rush B. rushed he C. he rushed D. he did rush
5. _______, he is honest.
A. As he is poor B. Poor is he C. Poor as he is D. Poor as is he
6. ________, he knows a lot of things.
A. A child as he is B. Child as he is C. A child as is he D. Child as is he
7. _____, you can’t lift yourself up.
A. Even you’re strong B. Strong as you are
C. How strong you are D. In spite you’re strong
8. So carelessly ________that he almost killed himself.
A. he drives B. he drove C. does he drive D. did he drive
9. Early in the day ____the news _____the enemy were gone.
A. come; that B. came; that C. comes; that D. came; what
10. Only when you realize the importance of foreign languages_____ them well.
A. you can learn B. can you learn C. you learned D. did you learn
11. Only after liberation _____ to be treated as human beings.
A. did they begin B. they had begun C. they did begin D. had they begun
12. Not only ____ to stay at home, but he was also forbidden to see his friends.
A. he was forcing B. he was forced C. was he forcing D. was he forced
13. Not until his father was out of prison____ to school.
A. can John go B. John can go C. could John go D. John could go
14. Never before _____ seen such a stupid man.
A. am I B. was I C. have I D. shall I
15. Rarely ____such a silly thing.
A. have I heard of B. I have heard of C. am I heard of D. had I heard of
16. Little _____ about his own health though he was very ill.
A. he cared B. did he care C. does he care D. he cares
17. Only when _____ in the afternoon _____ able to leave.
A. the match was over; they were B. was the match over; were they
C. was the match over; they were D. the match was over; were they
18. Hardly ____ down ____ he stepped in.
A. had I sat; than B. I had sat; when C. had I sat; then D. had I sat; when
19. No sooner _____asleep than she heard a knock at the door.
A. she had fallen B. had she fallen C. she had fell D. had she fell
20. She did not see Smith. ________.
A. Neither did I B. Nor didn’t I C. Neither I did D. So didn’t I
21. In front of the farmhouse ______.
A. lay a peasant boy B. laid a peasant boy C. a peasant layD.did a peasant boy lie
22. —You ought to have given them some advice.
—_____, but who cared what I said ?
A. So ought you B. So I ought C. So did you D. So I did
23. —It was hot yesterday. —_____.
A. It was so. B. So was it. C. So it was. D. So it did
24. No longer _____ to be monitor of the class.
A. is he fit B. he is fit C. he fit D. fit be
25. —You like football very much. —________.
A. So do I B. So I do C. I do too D. It is the same with me
26. Only by practicing a few hours every day___ be able to master the language.
A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you
27. Hardly _____ the bus stop ___ the bus arrived.
A. we had got to; when B. we had got to; then
C. had we got to; than D. had we got to; when
28. —Where is your brother? —There ______.
A. he is coming B. he comes C. comes he D. does he come
29. _____ earlier you would have met him.
A. If you came B. If you did come C. Did you come D. Had you come
30. Not only ____ polluted but ____crowded.
A. was the city; were the street B. the city was; were the street
C. was the city; the streets were D. the city was; the streets were
31. She is a teacher and works at the college. _______.
A. So is Li Ming B. So does Li Ming
B. C. So is it with Li Ming D. So it is with Li Ming
32. Now ___ Tom’s turn to recite the text.
A. there is B. is going C. has come D. comes
33. Hearing the cat coming, off_____.
A. fled all the mice B. away fled the mice
C. all the mice fled away D. fleeing all the mice
34. _______ reading and speaking English every day, he would speak it well enough now.
A. Had he practiced B. Did he practice
C. Should he practice D.Were he to practice
35. Nearby _____ in which they had spent their summer vacation.
A. was two houses B. two houses were C. were two housesD. are two houses
36. Not only a writer but also ______ here.
A. an actor was wanted B. was an actor wanted
C. an actor were wanted D. were an actor wanted
37. So tired ____ after a whole day’s heavy work that I ____ stand on my feet.
A. was I; could hardly B. was I felt; could hardly
C. was I; couldn’t hardly D. I was; hardly couldn’t
38. Only in this way_____expect to get over so many difficulties.
A. we are sure to B. can we C. that we can D. that can we
39. After that we never saw her again, nor ________ from her.
A. did we hear B. we heard C. has we heard D. we have heard
40. Not until I began to work _____ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn’t I realize B. did I realize C. I didn’t realize D. I realize
41. —Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? —I don’t know, _____.
A. nor don’t I care B. nor do I careC. I don’t care neither D. I don’t care also
42. You can’t imagine ______ when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
43. Not until all the fish died in the river _____ how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realized D. didn’t the villagers realize
44. Little _____ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.
A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared
45. —David has made great progress recently. —_______, and _______.
A. So he has; so you have B. So he has; so have you
C. So has he; so have D. So has he; so you have
46. —It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night.
—My God! ______.
A. So did I B. So I did C. So were you D. So did you
47. Not a single song ________ at yesterday’s party.
A. she sang B. sang she C. did she sing D. she did sing
48. _____ the people have become masters of their own country that science can really serve the people.
A. Only then B. It is only then C. Only when D. It is only when
49. Not only _______ difficult to understand, but it was too long.
A. it was B. it made C. did it make D. was it
50. Only when the rain stopped _____ again.
A. the match started B. does the match start
C. did the match start D. the match had started
51. ______ had I finished my translation when the class was over.
A. Never B. No sooner C. Hardly D. How
52. In _______ and the lesson began.
A. he came B. came he C. he comes D. comes he
53. On the wall ______ two large pictures.
A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. are hanging
54. Such ______ the results of the experiments.
A. is B. was C. are D. as be
55. —They have done a good job. —________.
A. So they have done B. So they have C. So have they D. So is it