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虚拟语气
一、概念
[subjunctive mood]
中文译作"虚拟语气"。它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。
二、语法结构
1.if结构（非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况）
与..事实相反 if从句 主句
过去 had done would* have done
现在 were/did would* do
将来 should do/were/were to do would* do
例句：if there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [过去]
if he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [现在]
if the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [将来]
备注：
（1）上表中’would*’可转换为should、could、might。
（2) 如果为时间错综句的话，左右两栏可互相搭配，排列组合。
例句：
he would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug.
[与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反]
(3) if可转换为其他形式
例句：without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [过去]
（=>可转换为：if there hadn’t been your advice, we …）
your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [将来]
(=> 可转换为：if the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.)
i should have gone to see dr. smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去]
(=> 可转换为：if he have gone to see dr. smith, he ..)
2、wish结构
与..事实相反
过去 had done
现在 were/did
将来 would
备注：可转换为其他形式。
例句：he talks as if (好像) he had done all the work himself. [过去]
i wish i were a bird.
i wish he handn' done that.
i wish i would be rich in the future.
3、should结构
从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等。
例句：the teacher suggest he (should) read english aloud.
注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明，显示”时，不用虚拟语气。
例句：the look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what i had done for him.
he insisted that he was honest.
4、would rather ＋从句
在这种结构中，从句的谓语动词用过去形式表示虚拟。
例句：i would rather you did this instead of me.
5、主语从句中的虚拟语气
1）it be + 形容词 + that ．．．（should）．．．
用于该句型的形容词是：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny,
strange, surprising ．
一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中。如：a pity， no wonder．．．．
2）it be + 过去分词 + that ．．．（should）．．．．
用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如：desired， suggested， requested，
ordered， proposed等。
3）it is time（about time， high time）that ．．．（过去式动词形式或should＋动词原形）．．．．
it is high time i went home now. = it is high time i should go home now.
6、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同
位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用：should＋原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省
略。
例：my suggestion is that we should go there at once.
what do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the english evening?
三、使用范围及判断
1、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。
2、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断
判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。
判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。
3、“后退一步法”
后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是：
1）与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。
2）与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。
3）与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。
主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。
例：if i had come her yesterday, i would have seen him.
if i were a teacher, i would be strict with my students.
if it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.
四、注意事项
1.if条件从句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。
2、在现代英语中if条件状语从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。
3、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。注意：与哪个事实相反，不能以主句的时态为判断依据，而是根据从句的意义判断。
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