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记住音标拼写规则,再也不用担心背单词
对于很多人来说,背单词都是个大问题
26个字母的各种排列,再加上还有各种形近词,要记住那么多简直不可能
其实,英语单词的拼写和读音是有规律可循的,记好下面这些音标和字母的对应规则,保证你从此再也不担心背单词了!
注意:音素和字母是两套系统,有着本质的区别,但是两者也是有联系的,在英语中什么字母读什么音都是有规律的,这个规律就是读音规则,比如:class[klɑ:s],字母和音素是对应的,c读作/k/;l读作/l/;a读作/ɑ:/;ss读作/s/.所以从此中角度来说,音标有两个作用:首先是单词的读音,这是音标的首要作用,还有就是:记忆单词的工具和媒介。通过音标记单词可以起到提示的作用。并且能够合二为一,即把音标和单词合起来,成为一体,靠的就是读音规则。这也是记忆单词的根本方法,一定要坚决贯彻到底。
音标和字母的关系(读音规则)简言之:在英语中什么字母读什么音是有规律的,这个规律就是读音规则
总则:元音字母读元音,辅音字母读辅音
开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name, bike ; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi
闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, , sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it
重读音节、次重读音节和非重读音节
在一个单词的读音当中,往往有的音节读得重,有的音节读得轻。读得重的音节叫重读音节(其注音左上角有重读符号“ˊ”),读得轻的音节叫非重读音节,介于重读音节和非重读音节之间的音节叫次重读音节(其注音左下角有次重读符号“'”)。例如:Chi▪ na [ˊtʃainə];Jap▪ a▪ nese[¸dʒæpəˊni: z]
元音
1、元音字母在开音节中发字母本身的音或长音:即:
a/ei/或/a:/如:cake[keik]蛋糕、 afternoon[ˌɑ:ftəˈnu:n]下午
e/i:/ evening['i:vniŋ]晚上
i/aɪ/ hi[hai]喂
o/əu/或/u:/ go[ɡəu]去who/hu:/谁
u/u:/或/ju:/usually[ˈju:ʒuəli]通常
2、元音字母在闭音节中发音:
a/æ/ bag[bæɡ]书包 记忆法:小哥俩背对背(/æ/)a级关系(a)
e/e/ pen[pen]钢笔 记忆法:字母和音标形状一样
i/I/ big /bIg/大的 记忆法:字母和音标形状一样
o/D/或/Λ/ son/sΛn/儿子 记忆法:太阳(字母o)从山(/Λ/)上 露出半边脸(/D/)
u/Λ/sun/sΛn/太阳 记忆法:有(谐音指字母u)山(/Λ/)
3、另外需注意:所谓开音节和闭音节前提必须是重读音节或次重读音节,另外,开音节或 闭音节的公式不一定在单词的末尾,本质上应该在所在音节的末尾,比如evening['i:vniŋ]晚上,usually[ˈju:ʒuəli]通常,虽然都属于开音节但是不是在单词的末尾,而是在所在重读音节的末尾。
4、元音字母在非重读音节的读音为:
/ə/、/I/或不发音
比如:
vegetable [‘vedʒitəbl] basket[’bɑ:skit] evening[‘i:vniŋ]
5、所以综上所述:接触一个单词,首先看元音字母,看元音字母时,第一步分析是否是重读音节,第二步确定重读时是否是开音节还是闭音节,非重读时,按照非重读读音即可。
字母组合发音规则:
1) [i:]作为长元音在单词的词头、词中、词尾都出现的很普遍,记下它可是非常划算的
一般来说,[i:]可拼读为: ee, ea, e, ie, ei, i, ey等,例:
ee: see, sleep, tree, sheep
ea: team, mean, please, dream, weak, defeat, great
e: he, she, me, we, evening
ie: piece, relieve, belief, field
ei: receive, conceive, receipt
ey: key
2) 短元音[i]的运用就没有长元音[i:]那么广泛了,通常出现在特殊的条件组合下
可拼读为: i, y, e, a, u, ai, ie, ay, ey等
闭音节单词里的字母i: sit, it, is, did, ill, six, fix
非重读的字母a: village, necklace, palace
非重读的字母e: decide, delicious, business, refuse
非重读的字母y: sorry, baby, very
特殊发音的字母u: busy, business
词末的ie: cookie
非重读的ai: mountain, captain
非重读的ay: Monday, Tuesday等
ey有时也读成短元音:monkey, money
3) [æ]就是传说中的梅花音了,美式英语里可能发音更夸张一点,接近[ʌ]
相应搭配就是a:bag, and, ant, happy, man, ask, cat
4) [e]的发音方式与[æ]类似,但嘴型略小
相关字母有: ea, e, a
ea: head, swear, sweater, pleasure
e: elephant, yes, leg, bell, unless
a: many any
5) 元音[ɜ:]对应的字母有: ir, ur, ear, er, or
ir: girl, shirt, skirt, third, bird
ur:turn,murder,Thursday,surf
ear基本都发这个音:learn, earn, earth,
重读的er:term, her, prefer, serve
or在w后:work, word, world, worse, worth
6) [ə]的相应拼写包括: er, or, o, a, e, ur, ure, ou, u
词末的er基本都发这个音:teacher, under, father, after, supper
词末的or和非重读的or就发这个音:doctor,actor,forget
非重读的o:together,tomorrow,pollution,collection
非重读的a:about, away, banana(前后两个a), China
非重读的e: student, different, even, happen
ur, ure, ou, u: Saturday, picture, famous, suppose
7) [ɑ:]的拼写规律基本都跟字母a有关: ar, a, al, au, are, ear
ar:car, farm, card, arm, mark
a: fast, glass, past, banana(中间的a)
al的特殊发音:half
au也属特殊发音:laugh
are: are
ear: heart
8) [ʌ]的发音字母包括: u, o, ou, oo
闭音节单词的u:up, cup, bus, but, duck
o在字母m, n, th前:come, mother, brother, none, wonder
ou: trouble, double, cousin
oo的特殊发音: blood,flood
9) [ɔ: ]的发音字母有: al, ar, or, our, ough, oor, ore, au, aw
al: all, small, wall, talk, tall, walk
ar: warm, quarter, towards
au: daughter, autumn, pause, caught
or: short, for, store, boring
oor: door floor
our: four, your, course
ough: bought, thought, cough
ore: before, more, score
aw: draw, law
10) [ɒ]的发音字母有: o, a, au
o在闭音节单词中:John, lost, fox, office, rock
a在w前或wh后:want, what, wash, watch
au的特殊发音:because
11) [u:]的发音字母有: oo,o,u,ou
oo: too, zoo, food, tooth, cool, shoot
o: who, do, two, whose, lose, move
u在字母l前后: blue, full, flu
u的特殊发音:June, true, pollute
ou:group, soup, through
12) [ʊ]的拼写规则与长元音[u:]类似: oo, ou, u, o
oo: look, good, wood, foot, classroom, bedroom; ou: should, could, would
u: put, push, sugar, pull; o: woman, wolf
13) 双元音[eɪ]的对应拼写有: a, ay, ai, ey, ei, ea
a: name, cake, late, April, page, date
重读的ay: play, say, away, day, table
ai一般都发这个音: rain, paint, eight, mainland, rail, maid
ey: they, grey ea: great, break
14) [əʊ]的发音字母包括: o, ow, oa
o在开音节中、字母ld或st前:go, no, ago, piano, cold, old, hold, host, ghost
ow: know, yellow, below, show, bowl; oa: boat, coat, goat, float
15) [aɪ]的拼写规则是: i, y, igh, ie, ei
i在开音节中、在nd前:hi, side, nice, find, kind, mind, blind
重读的y: my, try, fly, by, why, sky
字母组合igh几乎都发这个音:light, night, high, right, knight, bright
16) [aʊ]的发音字母有: ou,ow
ou: house, about, count, blouse, mouth, mount
ow: flower, now, cow, how, down
17) [ɒɪ]发音字母: oy, oi
oy: boy, toy, enjoy, loyal
oi: toilet, oil, noise, voice, coin
18) [ɪə]的对应字母组合包括: eer, ear, ere, ea
eer: beer, deer, pioneer
ear: near, dear, hear, fear
ere: here
ea: idea, really, realize
19) [eə]的发音字母有: ear, air, ere, eir, are
ear: pear, bear, tear
air: chair, air, stairs, pair
ere: there, where
eir: their, theirs, heir
are: care, dare, hare
20) [ʊə]用的比较少,拼写规则也相对简单,包括ure和ua
ure: sure
ua: usually, February, January
二、辅音
辅音相对元音就简单多了,基本上音标啥样就对应一模一样的字母
1. [p]对应字母p
pea, pig, map, please, pleasure, peace
2. [t]对应字母t
two, too, to, tell, pleasant, moment, event
3. [k]对应k、c、ck
c: come, cap, cat ; k: bike, cake, kite, Kate ; ck: black, duck, luck
4. [f]对应f和ph
f: fish, foot, face, life, knife; ph: pamphlet, phone, physical
5. [θ]和[ð]都对应th,凡是遇见这两个发音,先写下th总是没错的
th: three, mouth, math, with, then, the
6. [s]对应s和c
s: snake, sing, speech, swear
c在i, e, y前: city, cell, cyber, cycle, nice
7. [ʃ]对应sh,ch和ci
sh: ship, sheep, shop, she, shoe; ch的特殊发音: machine;
ci: special, financial,
8. [h]对应wh和h
h: hence, house, horse, hair
wh在字母o前:whose, who, whom, wholesale
9. [ts]对应ts
skirts, students, shirts, let’s
10. [t∫]对应ch
Chinses, China, peach, kitchen, teacher
11. [tr]对应tr
tree, train, trousers, trip
12. [b]对应b
bee, big, bed, book, believe, boot
13. [d]对应d
bed, dad, do, need, dare, devil
14. [g]对应g
bag, pig, girl, great, regret, grey
15. [v]对应v
vest, very, live, vet
16. [z]对应s和z
z: zoo, zero, size
s: rose, as, is, busy
17. [ʒ]对应s
measure, pleasure, usually, treasure, vision, television
18. [dʒ]对应g和j
g在字母e前: orange, page, large, wage
j: juice, judge, jump, just
19. [dz]对应ds
words, hands, heads, friends
20. [dr]对应dr
drink, dress, drive, drip, drop, drill
21. [r]对应r
red, rice, brown
22. [m]对应m
milk, some, come, home, from
23. [n]对应n和kn
n: son, sun, pen, name, nasty
kn: knight, knife, knee, knowledge
24. [ŋ]对应ng和n
ng: king, sing, English, fling
n在字母k前: ink, think, sink
25. [j]对应y
yes, yellow, youth
26. [w]对应wh和w
wh: what, where, which, why
w: water, white, witch, well
27. [l]对应l和ll
l: lion, blue, leg
ll: wall, small, ball, yell
我们从总体上了解了读音规则,即什么字母读什么音,从而为我们下一步记忆单词扫清了障碍,记忆单词分三步走:
第一步:对号,即:分别分析一下是什么字母读什么音,此时就用到读音规则了,重点分析元音字母及其字母组合的读音,因为比较复杂,其他就很容易搞定了。
第二步:看着音标写单词;即:能够在上一步的基础上利用读音规则来记单词。
第三步:读着音标记单词,即:完全脱离课本,读着单词的读音,而手上写的是单词,此为最高境界,也是记忆单词的基本方法。到现在为止就把你们领上道了。
记住这些拼写规则之后,记单词就能少花很多功夫
在遇到不认识的词,也可以根据拼写猜出大概读音
实在是很实用的技能哦!
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