表格式英语语法大全.doc

基本语法表格人称代词和物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数 (现在时, 动词+s/es)复数人称代词主格Iweyouyousheheittheythese宾格meusyouyouherhimitthemthose物主代词(的)物主性myouryouryourherhisitstheirthese名词性mineoursyoursyourshershisitstheirsthose反身代词自己myselfourselvesyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfitselfthemselvesthemselves动词有5种形式原形 第三人称单数（+ s/es）过去时（+ ed）现在分词（+ ing）过去分词（+ ed）playplaysplayedbe + playinghave/has/had + playedwatchwatcheswatched watching watcheddodoesdiddoing donebuybuysbought buying boughtthinkthinksthought thinking thoughtteachteachestought teaching tought动词有4个种类实义动词like; read; watch; sit; buy肯定句直接用；变成否定句和疑问句，就必须用助动词do/does/did 来帮忙“三类动词”助动词do/does/did 主要用来帮助实义动词变成否定句或疑问句Be动词be原形 am/is/are现在时 was/were过去时 being进行时 been完成时情态动词cancould能够； willwould打算、将要；shallshould打算、将要、应该；maymight可以、也许；must必须；need需要； have to 不得不； ought to应该注意：助动词和情态动词后面的动词只能用原形。句子从功能上有4种分类种类名称用法1陈述句（1）肯定句 I like English.（2）否定句在“三类动词”后 + not I cant speak English没“三类动词”，用do/does/did帮忙 I dont like English2疑问句（1）一般疑问句把“三类动词”放在句子的开头，末尾加问号“？” Can you speak English?没“三类动词”，用do/does/did帮忙 Do you like English?（2）特殊疑问句疑问词 + “三类动词”放在句子的开头，末尾加问号“？” What do you like?疑问词：what; who; whose; where; when=what time; why; which; how; how old; how long; how soon; how far; how much; how many; how often（3）反义疑问句提问时：前后相反（前面肯定，后面否定；前面否定，后面肯定） I like English, dont you?回答时：前后一致（用什么问，就用什么答） Yes, I do. No, I dont.3祈使句用动词原形放在句首，表示“建议、命令、要求”某人做某事 Do it by yourself.4感叹句（1）How引导How + 形容词 How beautiful! = How beautiful she is! How +形容词+ a/an + 可数名词 How beautiful a girl! 多美的女孩！（2）What引导What + a/an +形容词+ 可数名词 What a beautiful girl! 多美的女孩！What +形容词+不可数名词 What fine weather!=How fine the weather is!注意事项分清实义动词和“三类动词”变化句子时, “三类动词”直接用, 如果是实义动词, 只能用助动词帮忙, 注意人称和时态的一致性.助动词和情态动词后面的动词永远只能用原形. (看下面的例子, had在did后面变为原形have)have/has/had单独使用是实义动词, 变句子时, 需要助动词do/does/did帮忙；在完成时态中, 是助动词, 则直接使用。（need和dare的用法也类似，不过两个词只在否定句和疑问句中做情态动词，其他情况做实义动词）I had breakfast at 7:00 this morning. (had实义动词) I had played computer before you came back home. (had助动词) I didnt have breakfast at 7:00 this morning. I had not played computer before you came back home. Did you have breakfast at 7:00 this morning? Had you played computer before I came back home? What did you do at 7:00 this morning? What had you done before I came back home? When did you have breakfast? When did you play computer? Who had breakfast at 7:00 this morning? Who had played computer before you came back home?可数名词的复数构成举例1在名词后面加sfathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas2以s, x, sh, ch, th结尾的，加esboxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes, foxes3以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加esbaby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies,4以元音字母加y结尾的直接加sday-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, way-ways5以o结尾加s（外来词）；但如是辅音加o的加esradios, photostomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯6以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加esknife-knives,half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves7一般只有复数，没有单数的有clothes; wages; people, crew, staff, police; pants, shorts, shoes, spectacles=glasses, gloves, socks, trouses; scissors; （由两部分组成的东西）8特殊形式的有child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice, sheep-sheep; man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen9合成词的复数一般只把后面一个词变为复数action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals;10如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数，则前后两个词都要变为复数man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 11既可以是单数也可以是复数的一些集合名词police警察局，警察；class班，同学；family家，家庭成员；organization机构；army军队；data数据；jury陪审团；audience观众；enemy敌人；media媒体；bacteria细菌；navy海军；committee委员会；flock羊群12单复数相同fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese13单复数意思不同fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类,paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文work工作 works作品，工厂glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜orange桔子水 oranges橙子light光线 lights灯cloth布 clothes衣服people人 peoples民族time时间 times时代, 次数chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡water水 waters水域；公海wood 木板； woods树林14常用的不可数名词water, milk, fruit, meat, food, paper, air, weather, rice, ice, furniture家具sheep羊肉, fish鱼肉 （动物表示肉类）注：一般而言，抽象名词都是不可数名词，只有单数形式，没复数形式；但抽象名词具体化后，则由不可数名词变成可数名词。Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk) with me? have a look，have a try. It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings. Physics is a science.动词的第三人称单数的变化（即主语是现在时第三人称单数时，谓语动词+s/es）与以上规则相同。归纳; 以辅音字母y结尾的，变y为i： 动词+ed 形容词+er/est 名词+es以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母：动词+ed 形容词+er/est 动词+ing名词所有格（某人/物“的”东西）构成举例1单数：在后面加sbrothers, Mikes, teachers2复数：以s结尾的直接在s后加，不以s结尾的，加sTeachers Day教师节 classmates books同学们的书籍 Childrens Day六一节 Womens Day三八节 3由and并列的几个名词，如是共同拥有同一人或物，只在最后一个名词后加s，如是各自拥有，则分别加s。Mike and Bens room迈克和本的房间（共住一间） Mikes and Bens rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）Mike and Bens mother迈克和本的妈妈（两兄弟） Mikes and Bens mothers迈克和本的房间（两家人）4动物和没生命的东西用of 所有格，不用s所有格a map of China; the name of her cat; the door of the bedroom说明 s所有格 = of 所有格，但前后顺序相反 Toms book = the book of Tom Huaihuas weather = the weather of Huaihua 一般而言，人用s所有格，动物和没生命的东西用of 所有格抽象名词具体化一般而言，抽象名词是不可数名词，只有单数形式，没复数形式，不能和冠词连用；但抽象名词具体化后，则由不可数名词变成可数名词，因而有单复数变化，也可以和冠词连用。下面是高中阶段常用的一些抽象名词具体化：1attraction(U)吸引, 吸引力; (C)有吸引力的人或事物.Theideaoftravelingtothemoonhaslittleattractionforme. 到月球上旅行的想法对我没有什么吸引力.Thecitysbrightlights,theatres,andmoviesaregreatattractions.城里明亮的灯,戏院,电影等有巨大的吸引力.Oneofthemainattractionsofthejobisthehighsalary.这份工作最吸引人的是薪水高.2atmosphere(U)大气；(C)气氛 Theatmosphereencompasstheearth.大气包围着地球。 Ithasanostalgicatmosphere.这儿有一种怀旧的气氛。 Iliketheatmospherehere.我喜欢这儿的气氛。3beauty(U)美, 美丽; (C)美丽的人或事物 Shewasafamousbeautyinheryouth.她年轻时是个有名的美人.Thatnewcarisanabsolutebeauty.那辆新车漂亮极了.4comfort(U)安慰 ,慰藉, 宽恕; (C)令人感到安慰的人或事物 Thenewsbroughtcomforttoallofus.这消息给我们大家带来了安慰. Hishusbandwasagreatcomforttoherwhenshewasill. 她生病时,她丈夫对她是个极大的安慰.5danger(U)危险, 风险; (C)危险的人, 危险因素Childrenslivesareindangereverytimetheycrossthisroad.孩子们每次过这条马路都面临着生命危险. outofdanger脱离危险 Policesaidthemanwasadangertothepublic.警方说这个男子对公众是个危险。 Howdoesnatureformadangertopeopleintheworld?自然现象是如何对全球人类造成威胁的?6death(U)死, 死亡; (C)死亡的人Airpollutionalonecausesaboutthreemilliondeathseveryyear.仅空气污染就造成了每年近三百万人死亡.Ifthehurricanehadhappenedduringthedaytime,therewouldhavebeenmanymoredeaths.若飓风发生在白天,那么死亡的人会多的多.7delight(U)高兴,愉快,快乐; (C)令人高兴的事,乐事,乐趣Toourgreatdelight,thedayturnedoutfine.我们感到高兴的是天气转晴了.Theguitarisadelighttoplay.弹吉他是件很惬意的事. Hersingingisadelight.她的歌声使人快乐.8difficulty(U)困难,艰难,难度,困难性; (C)难做,难懂,难应付的事,难事,难点,难题Shegotthedooropenwithdifficulty.她艰难地把门打开了. Ihadthegreatdifficultyinpersuadingher.我为了说服她,费了好大的劲儿.Hewantstomarryher,buthisparentsaremakingdifficulties.他想娶她,但他父母从中阻挠.Shemetwithmanydifficultieswhentraveling. 她在旅行时遇到了许多伤脑筋的事.9experience(U)经验; (C)经历,体验 by experience靠经验 valuableexperience宝贵的经验Doyouhaveanypreviousexperienceofthiskindofwork?你以前做过这种工作吗?an experience一次经历 HehadmanyinterestingexperienceswhiletravelinginAfrica. 他在非洲旅行时遇到很多有趣的经历。10failure(U)失败; (C)失败的人或事物 Thesuccessorfailureoftheplandependsonyou.这项计划的成败取决于你. Failureis the mother of success失败乃成功之母Failureinoneexaminationshouldnotstopyoutryingagain.一次考试不及格不应该防碍你再试一次. I am a failure我是个失败者Thewholethingwasacompletefailure. 整个事情彻底失败了.Shewasafailureasateacher.她当教师并不成功.11fortune(U)运气；机会；(C) 财产，财富 FortuneFoolshavefortune.谚傻人有傻福。 Rollupahugefortune积聚起大笔财产 Hecleanedupasmallfortune.他发了一笔小财. Hedreamedofmakingafortune.他梦想发大财。 Hemadeafortuneinoil.他做石油生意赚了一大笔钱。12help(U)帮助; (C)有帮助的人或事物Atape-recorderoramp3isagreathelpforyoutolearnEnglish. 录音机或mp3对你学英语帮助很大.Iamagoodhelptomymotherathome.我在家里是妈妈的好帮手.13honour(U)荣幸,荣誉; (C)给某人/某事增光的人或事物 win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Wefoughtforthehonourofourcountry. 我们为祖国的荣誉而战. Itisagreathonourformetobepresentattheconference. 14joy(U)高兴,愉快,喜悦; (C)令人高兴的人或事,乐事,乐趣jumpwithjoy高兴得跳起来Thegamewasajoytowatch.看这场比赛真是开心.Heisagreatjoytolistento.他这个人,听他讲话就是极大的乐趣.15kindness(U)亲切,和蔼,仁慈,好意; (C)友好或仁慈,体贴的举动,好心的表现或行为Shealwaysshowskindnesstochildrenandanimals.她对孩子和动物总是很温柔. Hediditentirelyoutofkindness,notformoney.他做那件事纯粹出于好意,并非为钱.Itwouldbeagreatkindnesstoseehimwhileheissoill.他病得很厉害,去探望他就是对他的极大关怀. Thank you，Tim.You have done me a kindness.16knowledge(U)知识；(C)（一门）学问 Knowledgebeginwithpractice.认识从实践开始。 Knowledgeisnoburden.艺不压身。 Knowledgeispower.知识就是力量。 A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. IwantanassistantwithaknowledgeofEnglishandexperienceofofficeroutine.我需要一名懂英语和具有例行公事经验的助手。 Hehasonlyatheoreticalknowledgeofthelanguage.他只有这种语言的理论知识。17pity(U)怜悯,同情; (C)可惜的事,遗憾的事feelpityfor对.同情 outofpity出于同情 have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情 Itsapitytheweatherisnotgoodforouroutingtoday. 我们今天出去游玩天气不好,真遗憾.Itsapitythatyoucantgotothetheatrewithustonight.你今晚不能和我们一起去看戏,真可惜. 18pleasure(U)高兴,快乐,愉快; (C)乐事,趣事take(a)pleasurein以.为乐 withpleasure愉快地,高兴地, 乐意 a pleasure乐事Itismypleasure.我乐意做的事情. Itisapleasuretoworkwithyou.跟你一起工作是一件令人高兴的事情.Ithasbeenapleasuremeetingyou.认识你是十分高兴的事.Shehasfewpleasuresleftinlife.她的生活中已没有什么乐趣了.19room(U)空间；(C)房间 Theresnoroomforthispiano.房间里没地方放这架钢琴了。 Staywithusforseveraldays.Wehave20roomsinthevillage.过来和我们住一段时间吧。我们在村里有20间房子。20satisfaction(U)满足,满意; (C)令人满足或带来乐趣的事情withsatisfaction满意地 Playingthepianowasoneofhisgreatestsatisfactions.弹钢琴是他的最大乐趣之一.Itisagreatsatisfactiontoknowthathehasarrivedhomesafely. 知道他已经平安到家,我感到十分高兴.21shame(U)羞耻,羞愧,惭愧; (C)遗憾的事,可耻的人或事物Hefeltnoshameforwhathehaddone.他对自己所做的事情不感到羞愧.Itisashametodeceivetheoldman.欺骗这位老人真是太可耻了.Whatashamethatitrainedsomuchduringthevocation.假期里下那么多雨,真是太遗憾了.22sight(U)视力，视觉；(C)情景，景象Outofsight,outofmind. 眼不见，心不烦。 Icannotendurethesight.我不能容忍这种情景。Itwasatouchingsight.这是一幅动人景象。 Itwasamagnificentsight.一路景色真美。23success(U)成功, 成名; (C)成功的人或事物 win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)Hesproudofhisdaughterssuccesses.他为女儿的种种成就感到自豪.Ofhisexperiments,threeweresuccessesandonewasafailure. 在他的实验中,有三个成功,一个失败.24surprise(U)惊奇, (C)令人惊奇的事或消息, 意想不到或突然的事in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 Herlettercameasacompletesurprise.万万没想到会收到她的信.25trouble(U)困难,苦恼,痛苦; (C)麻烦事,困难事,负担Sheshadsomanytroublesthatshelooksfifty,althoughshesonlythirty.使她苦恼的事情太多,虽然她只有三十岁,看上去却像五十岁了.Shehasalwaysbeenagreattroubletoherfatherandmother.她一直是她父母的一块心病.26youth青春a youth一个青年人27wonder(U)惊奇,惊讶,惊异,惊叹,惊愕; (C)令人感到惊奇的事情,奇迹,奇观in/withwonder惊奇地 nowonder毫不奇怪TheGreatWallisoneoftheeight wondersoftheworld.长城是世界八大奇迹之一.28worry(U)担心,担忧,忧愁; (C)烦恼事,令人担忧的人Herfaceshowedsignsofworry.她脸上显出担忧的神情. Myfatherhasalotofworries.我父亲有许多烦心事.高考题1. Jumping out of _airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _exciting experience. A.不填；the B.不填；an C. an；an D. the；the 2. Many people agree that _knowledge of English is _must in international trade today. A. a；a B. the；an C. the；the D.不填；the 3. One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _good knowledge of basic word information. A./ B. the C. a D. one 4. -I hear that as many as 150 people were killed in the earthquake. -Yes，_news came as _shock to us. A. the；the B. the；a C.不填；不填 D.不填；a 5. He has _great interest in history，especially in _history of Tang Dynasty. A. a；the B. a；/ C./；the D./；a 6. .For many Beijingers, dreams of living in_ green area are becoming _ reality. A. a；a B. the；the C.不填；不填 D. the；不填7. The police have _power to arrest bad people by _law. A. the；the B. a；a C. the；不填 D.不填；the 8. He is_ help to me. A. the B. / C. a D. an动词+ed的构成方式 构成举例1直接在词尾加ed work-worked; play-played; want-wanted; act-acted2以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，直接加dlive-lived; move-moved; taste-tasted; hope-hoped, help-helped3以辅音字母+ y结尾的，把y变为i 再加edstudy-studied; copy-copied; cry-cried; carry-carried4以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加edstop-stopped动词+ed的发音规则 构成举例1动词词尾为t，d时，发/ id /音want wanted; need needed2动词词尾为t，d以外之浊辅音或元音时，发/ d /音call called; staystayed; crycried3动词词尾为清辅音时，发/ t / 音helphelped; laughlaughed; looklooked; kisskissed; washwashed; watchwatched动词+ing的构成方式构成举例1直接在词尾加-ing注意：与名词复数+es、动词过去式+ed、形容词比较级+er/est不同，词尾为 “辅音字母+ y”，不要变y为i，而是直接加ing。 gogoing; dodoing; askasking; read-reading, work-working, study-studying,look-looking, eat-eating, play-playing, wash-washing, plant-planting,borrow-borrowing, pick-picking, paint-painting, cry-crying, studystudying;carrycarrying; flyflying; worry worrying2以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，要去掉e再加ing