研究生英语期末考试.doc

English Examination for Graduates (Paper A)
(January 18th, 2010)

I. Listening Comprehension (20%)
Directions: In this part, you are going to listen to four passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be read only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
1. A. Because they don’t know the custom.
B. Because they emphasize equality of the sexes.
C. Because it’s customary for ladies to push chairs for men at a dinner table in America.
D. Because usually the host or hostess pushes the chairs for women at a dinner table .
2. A. Americans hold the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left while Europeans do the
opposite.
B. Americans use both hands while Europeans use only one hand when eating.
C. Europeans hold the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left while Americans do the
opposite.
D. Europeans keep the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left while Americans use just one hand and keep the other one on their lap.
3. A. Europeans are more apt to drink coffee after the meal while Americans between bites.
B. Americans are more apt to drink coffee after the meal while Europeans between bites.
C. Americans drink coffee before the meal while Europeans after the meal.
D. Europeans drink coffee before the meal while Americans after the meal.
4. A. Leaving a spoon in a soup bowl or a coffee cup.
B. Leaving a spoon in any dish.
C. Putting a coffee spoon on the saucer or a soup spoon on the service table.
D. Putting all the spoons on the tablecloth.
5. A. As long as you like. B. Two or three hours.
C. As long as the host and hostess ask. D. Less than one hour.

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.
6. A. Indifferent. B. Positive. C. Negative. D. Neutral.
7. A. Discipline, discovery, mutuality, locality, potentiality, enhancement.
B. Discipline, discovery, mutuality, locality, historicity, enhancement.
C. Discovery, mutuality, locality, historicity, potentiality, enhancement.
D. Sustainability, discovery, mutuality, locality, potentiality, enhancement.
8. A. It believes that the community is only a socially constructed experience.
B. It believes that the community is only an ecologically grounded place.
C. It denies conflicts among stakeholder groups.
D. It is a community tourism planning approach uniting the themes of social development and ecological sustainability.
9. A. Because it not only generates hospitality that helps make a community a desirable
destination, but also helps share scarce resources.
B. Because it helps mitigate conflicts arising over resource distribution and use.
C. Because it respects individual perspectives.
D. Because it provides capital to tourism community.
10. A. Sustainable Tourism. B. Travel Ecology.
C. Sustainable Tourism Models. D. Community Tourism Models.

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
11. A. Because they don’t know the relationship between tobacco and disease.
B. Because they have a strong inclination to smoke.
C. Because they have been forbidden to smoke by the governments.
D. Because there were no institutions which persuade them not to smoke.
12. A. Because they are unusually subject to cigarette advertising.
B. Because tobacco taxes take up a large part of their revenue.
C. Because they don’t think tobacco can do harm to people’s mind.
D. Because they are innocent of the link between tobacco and disease.
13. A. Cigarette advertising only appeals to the young men.
B. Cigarette advertising appeals to adults.
C. Cigarette advertising is attractive to people who already smoke.
D. Cigarette advertising also appeals to kids.
14. A. Because they regard smoking as a symbol of sexual ability and even success.
B. Because they are addicted to nicotine.
C. Because they want to get more tobacco taxes.
D. Because they regard smoking as a kind of sports.
15. A. Smoking and tobacco taxes. B. Smoking in developing countries.
C. Smoking and cigarette advertising. D. Tobacco industry.

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
16. A. Putting a roof on a barn. B. Harvesting water reeds
C. Using stone as a building material D. Daily farm operations
17. A. Clay tiles. B. Slate or stone.
C. Wooden shingles. D. Reeds or straw.
18. A. Later colonists did not know how to thatch.
B. Thatching was considered dangerous.
C. Other roofing materials were available.
D. Thatching was unsuitable for the climate.
19. A. It’s manufactured to be strong. B. It bends without breaking.
C. Thatchers nail it down securely. D. The winds can pass through it easily.
20. A. If people had more time to learn how to do it.
B. If its cost went down.
C. If it could make buildings more attractive.
D. If people realized its many advantages.

II. Vocabulary (25%)
Directions: There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.

21. We have a certain stereotypical ______ of a person from a culture and we interpret his/her behaviour according to this preconception, whether or not the reason for the behaviour is what we think it. B. preconception n. 先入之见；偏见；预想
22. Gap in educational investment across regions will ______ the national economic development as a whole. D. retard vt. 妨碍；延迟；使减速；阻止vi. 减慢；受到阻滞n. 延迟；阻止
23. Opening the labor market might risk some increase in inequality in wages at least in the short run, as the wages of skilled workers are ________. C. bid up v. 抬价 D. bid to
24. The market will goods that yield social benefits in excess of private benefits and will consequently produce too few of these goods.
A. undervalue vt. 低估...之价值；看轻
25. You have taken a ______ hatred to Peter; and you are unreasonably angry with me because I won’t hate him.
B. perverse 堕落的，不正当的；倔强的；违反常情的
26. One of the conditions of ______ is that you must keep the land under cultivation.
tenure占有；任期vt. 授予…终身职位
27. Even the increase proposed will put pressure on Congress to hold down other spending or dip into funds for Social Security. . earmarked 在耳朵上做记号；标记n. 特征；耳上记号
28. Unfortunately, what the farmers had gained in the autumn harvest was ______by the heavy losses caused by a snowstorm in the winter.
A. offset 抵消
29. The Arabs, on the other hand, coming from a culture where much closer distance is the norm, may be feeling that the Americans are being _______.
C. standoffish . 冷淡的，不友好的
30. Most little children want a dog or a cat, and they continually ______ their mothers and fathers until they get one. It is only when the sweet little thing has been brought home that the parents realize how much time and money must be spent on “Tom” or “Bill”.
B. pester 纠缠，烦扰；使烦恼
31. As television, and to an extent the internet have _____further through our society, the effects are perhaps more significant than even we realize.
D. permeated充满
32. “John has no______. So when his parents passed away, he inherited everything from the family---properties, bank savings, stocks and a big house. He’s really living on easy street.” A. siblings 兄弟姐妹；同科
33. Great efforts have been made to coordinate unemployment ______ and economic development throughout the country.
D. alleviation (苦痛的)减轻，缓和，缓解；减少；解痛药；缓和剂；缓解措施
34. Upon this, Jones began to beg earnestly to be let into this secret, and faithfully promised not to ______ it.
A. divulge 泄露；暴露
35. In Sudan, deforestation in the last decade led to a quadrupling of the time women spent gathering fuel wood. This stimulated efforts to promote _______ .
B. afforestation n. 造林
36. In Egypt, I saw the pyramids and the damaged face of the Sphinx, smiling a (an)_______ smile. An amazing journey!
D. inscrutable不可理解的；不能预测的；不可思议的；神秘的
37. There was so much pain there, _______ caused by both sides over the years. I didn’t want to hurt them, nor they me, but the harm had done and it was irreversible.
C. inadvertently 非故意地；不注意地
38. Nobody will support such a government that ______ on the rights of individuals.
A. encroaches 侵占；蚕食；侵蚀
39. The development of national ______ will be sped up if its officials at all levels become more conscious of its significance in economic growth.
C. infrastructure 基础设施；公共建设；下部构造
40. With the rapid development of modern society, the ______ of the ancient civilization in the town is being erased step by step.
B. vestige 遗迹；残余；退化的器官
41. The ______ of “white” in Chinese includes something unhappy. At funerals, Chinese pay respect to the dead and express their sorrow by wearing white. In the West, however, white is the traditional color for the bride at weddings, and to wear white at funerals would be offensive.
C. connotation 内涵；含蓄；暗示，隐含意义；储蓄的东西
42. When people can’t explain a new phenomenon using their knowledge, they will firstly try to understand the new phenomenon using the logic reference of______.
D. analogy类似；类推；类比
43. He has more endurance; he can swim longer and ______ a canoe better than any of his people.
C. steer 驾驶；控制，引导
There’s this new girl coming to my school, and I like her a lot. I want to _____ our friendship before I start a serious relationship.
A. cement 巩固，加强；用水泥涂；接合
44. _______implies an active choice to cling to something, not passively being carried along out of inability to imagine anything else.
B. Tenacity 固执；韧性；不屈不挠；黏性
III. Reading Comprehension (20%)
Directions: Read the following passages and choose the best answer to each question.

Passage 1
Science fiction (SF) can provide students interested in the future with a basic introduction to the concept of thinking about the possible futures in a serious way, a sense of emotional forces in their own culture that are affecting the shape the future may take, and a multitude of extrapolations (prediction) regarding the results of present trends . There is one particular type of story that can be especially valuable as a stimulus to discussion of these issues both in courses on the future and in social science courses in general----the story which presents well-worked-out, detailed societies that differ significantly from the society of the reader. In fact, whatever the reliability of its predictions, SF is actually a more important vehicle for speculative visions about macroscopic social change. At this level, it is hard to deal with any precision as to when general value changes or evolving social institutions might appear, but it is most important to think about the kinds of societies that could result from the rise of new forms of interaction, even if one cannot predict exactly when they might occur.
In performing this “what if …” function, SF can act as a social laboratory as authors ruminate upon (think about) the forms social relationships could take if key variables in their own societies were different, and upon what new belief systems or mythologies could arise in the future to provide the basic rationalizations for human activities. If it is true that more people find it difficult to conceive of the ways in which their society, or human nature itself, could undergo fundamental changes, then SF of this type may provoke one’s imagination to consider the diversity of paths potentially open to society.
Moreover, if SF is the laboratory of the imagination, its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out. That is, SF has always had a certain cybernetic effect on society, as its visions emotionally engage the future-consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities. The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced by its image of the future; in this way particularly powerful SF images may become self-fulfilling or self-avoiding prophecies for society. For that matter, some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own life-styles after appealing models provided by SF stories. The reincarnation (reappearance) and diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up an augmented SF’s social feedback effects. Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent, sending an echo form the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it. This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed in this section.
It must be noted that this perspective of SF has been questioned by some critics. It is often pointed out that, however ingenious they may be about future technologies, many SF writers exhibit an impact conservative bias in their stories, insofar as social projections (new ideas ) are either ignored or based on variations of the present status quo or of historical social systems reshuffled whole-cloth into the future. Robert Bloch has conveniently summarized the kind of future society presented by the average SF writer as consisting of a totalitarian state in which psychochemical techniques (the use of mind- altering drugs) keep the populace quiet; an underground which the larger-than-life hero can join; and scientists who gladly turn over their discoveries to those in power. Such tales covertly assume that human nature as we know it will remain stable and that twentieth-century Anglo-American culture and moral values, especially traditional economic incentives, will continue to dominate the world. Most SF authors have found it as hard as most other mortals to extrapolate (guess)social mores different from those operating within their own milieu (environment), so that, it has been charged, far from preparing the reader for future shock, SF is a literature that comfortably and smugly reassures him that the future will not be radically different from the present.
There is much truth to this analysis of SF. It is not easy to explain why so many stories seem to take as their future social settings nothing more ambiguous than the current status quo or its totally evil variant. Part of the answer may be that many authors of commercial SF writing received their professional training in science and engineering prior to World War II and were therefore not equipped or inclined to devise sophisticated social backgrounds in their plots. Be that as it may, the situation has changed dramatically in recent decades. There are an increasing number of stories which explicitly assume that future social patter