专业四级语法及词汇.doc

英语专业四级语法、词汇知识讲座1.教学大纲对英语专业语法的总体描述是：能识别词类；区分名词的可数性和不可数性，可数名词的单、复数形式；基本掌握各种代词的形式与用法、基数词和序数词、常用介词和连词、形容词和副词的句法功能、比较级和最高级的构成及基本句型、冠词的一般用法；了解动词的主要种类、时态、语态及不定式和分词的基本用法、句子种类、基本句型和基本构词法。掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型、直接引语和间接引语的用法、动词不定式和分词的用法、各种时态、主动语态、被动语态和构词法。其中对四级的要求是：除掌握上述内容外，还应该熟练掌握主语从句、同位语从句、倒装句和各种条件句。 2.教学大纲对英语专业词汇的总体描述是：认知词汇不少于2，000个；掌握1，200个左右的常用词和一定数量的习惯用语及固定搭配，并能在口语中运用；认识740个左右的单词和一定数量的习惯用语及固定搭配，能根据上下文的提示理解其含义。通过基础英语课、阅读课和其他途径认知词汇达4，0005，000个（其中含中学已学的2，000个），正确而熟练地使用其中的2，0002，500个及其最基本的搭配。其中对四级的要求是：通过基础英语课、阅读课和其他途径认知词汇5，500 6，500个（含第二级要求的4，0005，000个），正确而熟练地运用其中的3，0004，000个及其最基本的搭配。近年来专业四级考试中Grammar and Vocabulary部分中，50%为词汇、词组和短语的用法，约50%为语法结构。该题在总分中虽占分不多,但作为测试考生英语水平之基础,它对于TEM4中所有题项影响之大是众所周知的，因为任何一门外语的学习均始于词汇和语法，且对于词汇数量及其深度的掌握程度在一定意义上反应一个人的英语水平。因此，掌握词汇和语法对于在TEM4中取得好成绩显得尤为重要。综观这近几年考题，可发现：1.语法考题的涉及面宽，近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类；三种动词的非谓语形式；各种从句及关系词的用法；动词时态、虚拟语气、情态动词的用法；独立主格，主谓一致，倒装，强调、并列结构等基本语法知识。2.语法考试的重点突出，语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现，如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。3.具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法，不常用的情况1）虚拟语气的考点为：would rather+that从句+一般过去时：It is vital/ necessary/ important/ urgent/ imperative/ desirable/ advisable/ natural/ essential+that+动词原形；It is time/about time/high time+that+一般过去时：proposal/suggestion+that+动词原形；lest+that+should+动词原形；if only+that+would+动词原形。2）状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if；由even if/so，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句；just/hardly.when引导的时间状语从句；more than，as.as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。3）独立主格结构多以逻辑主语+分词的形式出现。4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。5）定语从句重点考查介词+关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。专业四级考试的词汇部分要求考生能灵活正确运用教学大纲语法结构表一至四级的全部内容，熟练掌握教学大纲词汇表中一至四级规定的50006000个认知词汇及其最基本的搭配。其考查重点为：1.动词、名词与介词的搭配如：popular/patient+with；yield/solution/adapt/transfer/access+to；accuse/require+of；charge+for；under+discussion等等。2.习惯用法如：confess to/set about/be used to+doing；be supposed to/have/make sb.+do等。3.由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。4.单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。5.介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，none/nothing+but等词在考题中的出现。语法和词汇的复习思路：1.全面掌握基本语法点，重点记住各个项目中的“偏，特，难”点。2.掌握常用习惯用法和词组。3.注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语篇层次上培养的语感往往可以直接帮助答题。4.研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习记住典型题例。2009年英语专业四级语法与词汇评析2009年4月18日的英语专业四级考试已经落下帷幕，这次考试的完形填空部分难度有所提高。在20道题目中，纯词义题有15道，考查学生对常用词的意思的全面掌握，例如第47题的contract，这个词在本文中是一个及物动词，意思是“得（病）”，如I contracted a cold. 我得了感冒。再如第49题的linger，这个词在本文中是一个不及物动词，意思是“奄奄一息地活着，苟延残喘”。请看柯林斯词典的对这个意思的解释When someone who is dying lingers, they stay alive for longer than people expect, even though they are very week. 习惯搭配题有3道：at this point (这时)， start with (以 - 开始)， care for (照顾)。习惯搭配题对考生的语感要求很高，如果学生平时注意多朗读，多积累，这几道题应该不会太难。 语篇题有2道。语篇题最难，因为它考察的是学生对上下文之间的逻辑关系的理解，考生只有真正读懂文章才能做得对题目。比如第32题，上下文之间是顺接关系，故选and；再如第42题，上下文之间存在着因果关系，故选so。 做完形填空题，最重要的固然是实力，但若辅以适当的解题技巧，则解题的准确率会大大提高。在英语专业四级考试的考前辅导中，新东方针对完形填空的特点，提出了搞定完型填空的三个步骤和四条原则，相信这些技巧可以使同学们在考场上如虎添翼。 细数本次考试的语法与词汇单项选择题，我们欣慰地会发现：语法部分的难度较往年有所下降，没有超出新东方考前串讲的范围；词汇部分难度与往年基本持平。 先说前面15道语法题，在今年的考卷中，往年的一些高难度句型和语法均未出现，只考了一些常规的句型和固定搭配。 51题考查介词about用法，即动词在介词后面的作宾语要变成动名词，本题的难点在于：在这个动名词前面有其逻辑主语the three of us。 52题考察虚拟语气的最简单的一种用法：对现在的情况进行相反的假设，条件从句用一般过去时，主句用would + 动词原形。 53题考察情态动词must的一个用法：must + 现在完成时，表示对过去的事实有把握的推测。 54题考察疑问词+ever引导的让步状语从句。这是一个往年考过的语法项目，我们在考前辅导中也强调过。 55题考察的是英语中倍数的表达法。 56题考察定语从句的一个常见用法：在不定代词all后面，只能用that引导定语从句，但不能用which。 57题考察it作形式宾语的用法。 58题考察So it is.（的确）。 59题考察倒装的一个常见用法：表示否定的副词或短语位于句首，则句子的主谓部分倒装。 60题考察英语中一个常见的固定搭配no sooner - than -。 61题考察情态动词should的用法，即should + 现在完成时，含有责备的意味：某事该做而没有做。 62题考察句型It seems that-的用法。 63题考察程度副词的用法。 64题考察带有插入语的特殊疑问句的用法。这个语法项目2003年第44题曾考过。 65题考察现在分词短语作定语的用法，也比较简单。 再说说后面的15道词汇题。与往年相比，这次考查的短语的数量有所下降，在15道词汇题中，只考了4道短语题，其余则是专四大纲内的重点名词、动词、形容词和副词。所考查的部分单词和短语有一定难度，如suspense (悬念)， entertain (心中怀有)， pass off (冒充)，out of blue(意外地)等。 顺便指出的是，词汇部分的第79题答案不唯一，选no other than或者none other than都可是对的，请看张道真的现代英语用法词典第1512页的解释：no / none other than不是别人，而是。这两个短语都有强调的意味，意思是“正是 - ”，只不过none other than用得更广泛一些罢了。 （编辑：赵露）专业英语四级考前恶补语法词汇Test One集体名词作主语主谓一致1)通常作复数的集体名词集体名词，如：police, people,cattle,militia,poultry等，通常作复数，用复数动词。如：Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词有些集体名词，如foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。例如：All the machinery in the factory is made in China.3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词集体名词，如audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等，既可作单数，也可作复数用。The city council is meeting to set its agenda.4)a committee,etc. of +复数名词如果主语是由“a committee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。例如：A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.近义词辨析tired, exhausted, fatigued, weary, worn out这组词均含有“疲惫的”的意思。tired可指因体力或脑力消耗太多而需要休息，还可指因长期做某事而失去兴趣。Henry was so tired that he went to bed immediately after he got home.亨利很疲惫，一到家就上床睡觉去了。exhausted表达的疲惫程度最强，指因劳累过度而精疲力竭。The exhausted engineer fell asleep on the bus.精疲力竭的工程师在公共汽车上睡着了。fatigued所表达的疲劳程度比tired和weary强，表示由于过度劳累而引起疲乏，不能再继续下去。He felt fatigued and didnt want to say a single word.他疲惫不堪，不想说一句话。weary语气比tired强，指由于长时间努力工作或由于做单一的事而引起疲倦。After a long and weary wait, the plane finally came to take them back.经过漫长而又令人疲乏的等待后，飞机终于来接他们回去了。Worn out这个词不太正式，多用于口语。The troops were wornout after winning the battle.战后,部队疲惫不堪。全真模拟试题1. Although_Spanish, he attended the course.A. he was knowing B. he is knowingC. having a knowledge of D. knows2. You _that letter to James. However, you didnt.A. ought to write B. ought to have writtenC. should write D. should be writing3. Joseph was very lucky _ with his life; he almost did not get out of the room.A. to escape B. to have escapedC. to escaping D. to be escaping4. Bread and butter _liked by Westerners.A. is B. are C. were D. be5. The back garden of our house contains a lawn, _very pleasant to sit on in summer.A. which is B. which it is C. it is D.where it is6. He set up in business _ his own and was very successful.A. inB.of C.on D. by7. Johns score on the test is the highest in the class; he _last night.A. must study B. should have studiedC. must have studied D. is sure to study8. Frank almost never received any education, _?A. would heB. did heC. didnt he D. wouldnt he9.Even if his letter _ tomorrow, it _too late to do anything.A.will arrive.is B.should arrive.wereC.arrives.will be D.arrives.would be10. We can hear_from the back of the room.A. just as good B.just as easyC.just as well D.easily as well11. To obtain a satisfactory result, one must apply two _of paint on a clean surface.A.coats B. levels C.times D. courses12. The small mountain village was _ by the snow for more than one month.A. cut back B.cut outC.cut off D. cut away13.Miss Green was _ $100 for driving after drinking.A. fined B.chargedC.punishedD.posed14.Modern _ perhaps causes more problems than it solves.A. technique B.technologyC. tactics D.tendency15. Mary tiptoed over and took the clock away because she hated to hear it _ when she was trying to go tosleep.A. sounding B. ringingC. tickingD. humming16. Under this _ pressure some of the rocks even became liquid.A. intensiveB.weightyC.intenseD.bulky17. Of course, most immigrants did not get rich overnight, but the _ of them were eventually able to improve upon their former standard of living.A. maximum B.minorityC. majorityD.minimum18. Nancy was surprised that they have _. They seemed to be a happy couple.A. split up B.broken downC. fallen through D. knocked out19.The beach is in an ideal _ to draw tourists.A. condition B. situation C. state D. publicity20. Our _ sensitivity decreases with age. By age 60, most people have lost 40 percent of their ability tosmell and 50 percent of their taste buds.A. sensibleB. senseless C. sensitiveD. sensory21. The eldest child is thoroughly _ because they always give him whatever he wants.A. wasted B. spoiled C.destroyed D.uneducated22.If a substance is dissolved in water or heated, it may _ a gas.A. give intoB. give overC. give offD. give away23. His manner was so pleasant that Bolla felt at _ with him at once.A. peaceB. largeC. easeD. best24.Can you takethe day off tomorrow?Well, Ill have to get _ from my boss.A. permissionB. permitC. allowanceD. possession25. The _ in Janets character has hindered her from advancement in her career.A. weakness B. meritC. defectD. shortcoming您的得分率为：/ 25试题答案与解析1. C) 【句意】虽然只懂一点西班牙语，但他还是参加了这个课程的学习。【难点】know是静态动词，不能用于进行时；选knows从句中又缺少主语。knowledge作“知识”讲时是不可数名词，但作“了解”讲时，前面可加“a”，常用于词组have a knowledge of中，所以选C)。2. B) 【句意】你本应该给詹姆斯写信，然而，你没写。【难点】ought to have written是虚拟语气，与本句句意相符。3. B) 【句意】约瑟夫幸运地逃了性命；他险些没从房间里逃出来。【难点】to have escaped 是不定式的完成式，表示过去的某一动作业已完成。4. A) 【句意】黄油面包受西方人青睐。【难点】bread and butter 是西方人吃的一种食品，虽然有三个字，表达的却是一个东西，并且是不可数名词，作单数。5. A) 【句意】我家的后花园有一片草坪，夏天坐在上面会令你心旷神怡。【难点】which引出非限制性定语从句，在句中作主语，且和sit on 构成动宾关系。类似的句子有：This room is comfortable to live in 这句中live in 和this room构成动宾关系。6. C) 【句意】他独自一人开始经商，并且做得很成功。【难点】on ones own 是个常用的介词词组，意为“独自”；of ones own表示“某人自己的(东西)”，如：I have a flat of my own.我自己有套房子。7. C) 【句意】约翰的考试分数全班最高；他昨天晚上一定学习了。【难点】表示对过去某一动作行为的猜测须要用must have done这一句型结构。8. B) 【句意】弗兰克几乎从未受过任何教育，是不是?【难点】这是一句含有否定副词never的一般过去时的句子，由于主句为否定形式，所以反意问句用肯定形式。9. C) 【句意】即使他的信明天到也无济于事了。【难点】在条件句中表示现在将来的时间，需要用一般现在时，主句中使用将来时。10. C) 【句意】我们在房间的后面也能听得很清楚。【难点】as well意为“(程度)同样地好”，是副词短语修饰动词hear；just表示程度，意为“刚好”。11. A) 【句意】为获得一个满意的结果，你必须在一个干净的表面上涂两层油漆。【难点】coat意为“覆盖物，层”;level意为“(建筑物)楼层”;times意为“次，回”;courses意为“(一层)砖面；一排”。12. C) 【句意】这个小山村被大雪封住达一个多月。【难点】cut back意为“削减；缩减”;cut out意为“停止；切下”;cut off意为“切断；使隔断”;cut away意为“切除；砍掉”。13. A) 【句意】格林小姐因酒后驾车被罚100美元。【难点】fine意为“处以罚金”;charge意为“要(价)，收(费)，要(人)支付(钱)”;punish意为“罚，惩罚”;pose意为“造成，引起(困难)”。14. B) 【句意】现代技术所引发的问题也许比它所能解决的要多。【难点】technique意为“技法；具体的技术”;technology意为“工业技术”;tactics意为“战术，兵法，策略”；tendency意为“倾向”。15. C) 【句意】玛丽蹑手蹑脚走过来把钟拿走了，因为她讨厌在自己想睡觉的时候听它滴哒地响。【难点】sound意为“作声，发声，响”;ring意为“鸣，发出清脆响亮的声音”;tick意为“发出滴哒声”;hum意为“发连续低沉的声音(如蜜蜂、马达的嗡嗡声)”。16. C) 【句意】在这种强大的压力下，一些岩石甚至变成了液体。【难点】intensive意为“加强的；集中的”;weighty意为“沉重的；笨重的”;intense意为“强烈的，剧烈的”;bulky意为“庞大的；粗壮的”。17. C) 【句意】当然，大多数移民不是一夜之间就发财的，但是他们大多最终改善了自己的生活水平。【难点】maximum意为“最大限量；最高点”;minority意为“少数，半数以下”;majority意为“大多数”;minimum意为“最低限度，最低点”。18. A) 【句意】南希对他们的离婚表示十分惊讶，因为他们似乎是一对快乐的夫妇。【难点】split up意为“分裂，离婚”;break down意为“(精神方面)垮掉；(健康)变得衰弱；崩溃”;fall through意为“失败；成为泡影”;knock out意为“使筋疲力尽”。19. B) 【句意】这片海滩所处位置理想，吸引了很多游客。【难点】condition意为“状况；形势”;situation意为“位置，地点，环境”;state意为“状态，情形”;publicity意为“公众的注意，名声”。20. D) 【句意】我们的感官能力随着年龄的增长而下降。比如说，到60岁的时候，多数人失去了他们40%的嗅觉能力和50%的味觉能力。【难点】sensible意为“明智的，合情理的”;senseless意为“失去知觉的，不省人事的”;sensitive意为“敏感的”;sensory意为“感觉的，传递感觉的”。21. B) 【句意】他们的大孩子被彻底宠坏了，因为他要什么，他们就给什么。【难点】waste意为“使衰弱；使消瘦”;spoil意为“宠坏，溺爱”;destroy意为“破坏；毁灭”;uneducated意为“未受(良好)教育的”。22. C) 【句意】如果一种物质溶解在水里或被加热，它可能释放出一种气体。【难点】give into为非固定搭配；give over意为“托付，交托”；giveoff意为“散发”；give away意为“送掉，分发(奖品)等”。23. C) 【句意】他那平易近人的风度使得博拉立刻放松了情绪。【难点】at peace意为“和平地”;at large意为“自由地；大体地”;at ease意为“不拘束”;at best意为“至多”。24. A) 【句意】你明天能休一天吗? 呵，我要征得老板的允许。【难点】permission意为“允许”；permit意为“许可证”；allowance意为“津贴”；possession意为“拥有”。25. C) 【句意】詹妮特的性格缺陷阻碍了她事业进步。【难点】weakness意为“弱点；嗜好”;merit意为“优点，长处”;defect意为“缺点，缺陷”;shortcoming意为“缺点，短处”。TestTwo关于used to的意义和用法used to (只有过去时形式，没有现在时形式)表示过去习惯动作或状态，这种情况现已不复存在。例如：He used to smoke a lot, but he has long given up smoking.在否定陈述句或否定疑问句中，用didnt use to或usednt to均可：He didnt use to smoke cigarettes.He usednt to smoke cigarettes.Didnt Maria use to be interested in the theatre?Usednt Maria to be interested in the theatre?在肯定疑问句中也可有两种形式：Used you to go to the same school as Edward?Did you use to go to the same school as Edward?近义词辨析use, apply, avail, employ, utilize这组词均含有“使用”或“利用”之意。use强调利用人或物作为工具。He used up all his resources in experimenting with the new paint.他为实验新的涂料，花光了一切钱财。Apply 指把某物或某种方法、原理等加以应用。We should not only know the theory but also know how to apply it to practice.我们不仅要知道理论，还要知道怎样把理论应用于实践。avail指使用就近的或他人给予的东西，或使别人为自己提供服务。I dont think complaints will avail you much.我觉得抱怨对你没多大用处。We avail ourselves of every opportunity to speak English.我们利用一切机会讲英语。employ指使用未被利用的东西；用于人时表示雇用。He doesnt know how to employ his energy and time.他不知道该怎么利用他的精力和时间。utilize指充分发挥某物的作用，使无用的东西变有用，或使人或物有新用途。She hopes to utilize her artistic talents in the job.她希望在工作中发挥她的艺术才能。全真模拟试题1. My pain _ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”A. must beB. must have beenC. had beenD. had to be2. It is only when you nearly lose someone _ fully conscious of how much you value him.A. do you becomeB.then you becomeC. that you becomeD.have you become3. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _ the atmosphere.A. as it is B. so is C. the same as D. and so is4. While driving along the treacherous road, _.A. my right rear tyre blew outB. my right rear tyre had a blowoutC.I had a blownout on my right rear tyreD. I had my right rear tyre blowou5. Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of AfroAmerican poetry is his insistence that it _ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.A. is to be analysed B. has been analysedC. be analysed D. should have been analysed6._ there is little we can do to modify the weather, we can at least know what kind of weather to expect.A. Since B.When C.While D. Unless7. This organization brought Western artists together in the hope ofmaking more of an impact on the artcommunity _ any of them could individually and to promote Western art by women.A. rather than B.rather C. than D. other than8. But the Swiss discovered long years ago that constant warfare brought them _ suffering and poverty.A. anything butB. nothing butC. none other than D. no more than9. After _seemed an endless wait,it was her turn to ste