资源描述
经过一年多的摸索,目前对新托福考试的很多理解和看法基本定形。本文通过综合多个权威信息渠道的信息(Official Guide,Teacher’s Guide,Propell Workshop Manual,以及ETS高级专员Susan Hines的讲解和对本人私下提问的回答等),试图为大家揭开新托福写作众多关键问题的答案。
本文分为三个部分:其中Independent Writing Task 9个问题,Integrated Writing Task 6个问题,以及牵涉全局写作的3个问题。
Independent Task
Q: Independent Writing Task有没有题库?
A: 没有,但是可以借鉴TWE的题库。
"You will see topics very similar to these [TWE Topics] on the TOEFL iBT." [OG, P267]
Q: 准备Independent Writing Task需不需要专业知识?
A: "None of the topics requires specialized knowledge. Most topics are general and are based on the common experience of people in general and students in particular." [OG, P267]
Q: 写作的时候,观点重不重要?
A: "It does not matter whether you agree or disagree with the topic; the raters are trained to accept all varieties of opinions." [OG, P267]
"I think test takers had better simply pick one side rather than straddle the fence." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
"Creativity is not necessary." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 是否可以通过增加深刻的逻辑和复杂的例子来掩盖或者弥补语言能力的不足?
A: 不可以。
"If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited, you may score no higher than 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be." [OG, P260]
而且从例子的选择上讲,并不要求使用庞大、复杂的例子,尽管这些例子可能论证力更强。个人经历就是一种很好写的例子。阅卷人并不依据论据的复杂性来看文章。
"Personal experiences are common." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 可不可以使用前人的模板(templates)来写作?
A: 那要看你怎么定义"模板"这个词。如果"模板"指的是段落结构和文章结构,那没有任何问题,比如"五段式结构"可能会一直是TOEFL文章最好的写法。但如果"模板"是指背下来的,可以不加思考就可以套到任何题目上的段落内容,那就千万不要这样做。
Do not "memorize" long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words to your essay. Raters will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs such as the following:
"The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application."
"In conclusion, although I have accept that it is imperative that something be done about creating a new holiday for people and find the underlying thrust of the implied proposal utterly convincing, I cannot help but feel wary of taking such irrevocable steps and personally feel that a more measured approach would be more rewarding."
Likewise, raters will not look favorably on paragraphs like the following, which uses a lot of words but fail to develop any real ideas:
"At the heart of any discussion regarding an issue pertaining to creating a new holiday, it has to borne in mind that a delicate line has to be trod when dealing with such matters. The human resources involved in such matters cannot be guaranteed regardless of all the good intentions that may be lavished. While it is true that creating a new holiday might be a viable and laudable remedy, it is transparently clear that applied wrongly such a course of action could be calamitous and compound the problem rather than provide a solution." [OG, P259]
"I think you could use it as long as it is on topic." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 阅卷人最主要看重文章的哪些方面?
A: Your ability
to respond directly to the question;
to take a clear position; and
to write an essay characterized by (1) good organization, (2) proper use of supporting examples, (3) sentence variety, and (4) correct sentence structures.
[Workshop Manual, P26]
Q: 5分和4分最大的区别在哪里?
A: "Those that receive a score of 4 also have clear, well-written essays, but there are more flaws and the ideas are less developed." [Teacher's Manual]
Q: 词汇和句式是不是越复杂越好?
A: 词汇和句式需要一定的复杂性。
"Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures and on the quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and very basic vocabulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas." [OG, P260]
但是,不是越复杂越好。
就词汇而言,关键是表达的准确性。请参看OG第287页的满分范文1,评语中有这样一句话:The writer does not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.同时请参看Workbook第57页的范文,同样没有big words,也是满分。
就句式而言,关键是表意准确、流畅且能够变化。但为了达到变化或者准确表达复杂意思的目标,出现一些复杂的句式是很正常的。但一味追求复杂是没有意义的。
Q: 文字是不是越正式(formal)越好?
A: 不是。Independent Writing Task并不偏好formal expressions。只要能把意思表达清楚,并把问题回答好了,就行了。参见OG第288页满分范文2,评语中这样写道:the writer consistently demonstrates command of language and English idioms, especially by using various informal expressions ("Let's assume," "we would all agree," "can make or beak," "come in very handy").
Integrated Task
Q: 阅读文章和听力文章中共有几种可能的关系?
A: There are three kinds of connections between the reading passage and the listening passage.
a. The listening passage that challenges the points made in the reading.
b. The listening passage that presents the reasons/ways the problem described in the reading passage is solvable or really not a problem at all.
c. The listening passage that supports the points made in the reading.
[OG, P252] [Workshop Manual, P41]
目前考的都是Contrast题目(只有一次考到了Solution,但也和Contrast差不多),预计在不久的将来也不会有太大变化。根据ETS高级专员(Assessment Specialist II)Susan Hines [Dec, 2006]的说法,目前题库中还没有出过关于support的题目("Comparison is not available now."),所以建议大家主要针对contrast题目进行训练,偶尔也可以用朗文的光盘训练一下solution的写法。最有效的12个训练题目我会在课程中给大家列出来。
Q: 阅读文章和听力文章之间一般会有几点相关联?
A: "Typically the main idea will be developed with three points." [OG, P252]
Q: 文章中可不可以出现自己对所谈问题的看法?
A: "Remember that you are NOT being asked for your opinion. You ARE being asked to explain how the points in the listening relate to points in the reading." [OG, P253]
Q: 写作的时候可不可以照搬阅读和听力中的原话?
A: 总的来讲,照搬原文是不可以的。关键词可以不变,但是整体内容必须被paraphrase出来,特别是阅读材料里面的内容。
"In English-speaking countries, you must follow the rules for citing when you use the same words of the original speaker or author. If you do not do this, it is considered a form of intellectual stealing, called plagiarism. While this may be accepted in some cultures, it is not acceptable in most English-speaking academic settings. Therefore, paraphrasing skills are important to learn." [TOEFL iBT Tips, P29]
"Restatement and paraphrasing is, of course, needed." [Susan Hines, Dec., 2006]
Q: 5分和4分的区别在哪里?
A: "A response that scores at level 4 has many of the characteristics of a 5, but it does not reflect the content of the listening passage as accurately." [Workshop Manual, P45]
Q: 高分(5分、4分)和3分的区别在哪里?
A: "The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture." [Workbook, P7]
"Response generally cannot receive a score higher than 3 if they do not address all three points and usually need to address two of the points of contrast." [Workbook, P11]
"Responses that earn a score of 3 respond to the prompt, but they are vaguer than either 4 or 5 responses. Some details might be incorrect or altogether missing and inaccuracies increase. This combination may cause the reader to be slightly confused." [Workshop Manual, P46]
All Writing Tasks
Q: 高分(5分和4分)和低分(1~3分)在评分程序上有什么区别?
A: 总的来讲,高分(4和5分)的文章要符合评分标准上的所有要求才能评为高分,但是低分文章(1到3分)只要符合评分标准的某一条就可以评为低分。
"In general, responses should be scored at the highest levels (4 or 5) if all the score descriptors fit the response. In contrast, a response should be scored at one of the lower levels (3, 2, or 1) if some or any of the score descriptors noticeably fit the response." [OG, P267]
Q: 拼写错误和语言问题要不要紧?
A: 关于这一点,我们要一分为二来看。一方面,我们没必要吹毛求疵;阅卷人知道这是first draft并且是under timed condition,只要看得懂,不构成理解障碍,就没太大问题(minor flaw)。另一方面,语法和拼写还是重要的,一旦这些小错误导致阅卷人觉得难以理解,就会构成重大问题(major flaw)。
就拿我们上课讲的例子来看,把"dependence"写成"dependency"没太大问题;偶尔把"becomes independent"写成了"becomes independency"是个可以看到的错误,但还是问题不大;偶尔写出"They prefer to be depended on their parents."这样的奇怪句子也会得到阅卷人的宽恕。
"Occasional language errors will not count against you as long as they do not cause you to misrepresent the meaning of points from the reading and the lecture." [OG, P253]
"If your essay includes a few minor lexical and grammar errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of grammar errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a lower score." [OG, P260]
Q: 字数是不是很重要?
A: 首先,字数没有上限。
其次,目前字数会比以前更有意义,因为考试有计数器专门动态显示字数,为的是让考生对自己的字数做到心里有数。而且两篇文章都有了推荐字数。所以,我的建议是超过这个建议字数,虽然不用超过太多。(Integrated Task超过150,Independent Task超过300)
最后,关键是内容,而不是数量。不要为了求字数而导致文章很啰嗦。
"Suggested length is between 150 to 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question." [OG, P253]
"An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5. There is no maximun word limit. You may write as much as you wish in the time alloted." [OG, P258]
"The length is not considered."
现象的原因分析
1. 上大学的原因 1
2. 工作的原因 48
3. 电影普及原因 180
4. 参观博物馆的原因12
5. 长寿的原因 21
6. 冒险体育或其它危险活动 43
7. 国外读书的原因 168
8. 音乐为什么重要 169
9. 礼物为什么被记住 161
选择+陈述理由
比较类型
1. 工作:大公司 V 小公司 47
2. 工作:手工 V 机器 101 = 104
3. 工作:被雇佣 V 自雇佣 64
4. 工作:雇人低薪新手 V 高薪经验 67
5. 工作:高薪高密度 V 低薪多自由 71
6. 工作:团队 V 独立 78
7. 生活:儿童成长城市 V 农村 20
8. 生活:大城市 V 小城市 你的选择 9
9. 生活:室内 V 室外
10. 生活:吃饭在家 V 饭店? 你的选择 13
11. 生活:住所传统 V 现代 144
12. 生活:住所固定V改变 你的选择? 31
13. 生活:变化 V 习惯不变 118
14. 生活:住所气候变化分明 V 气候稳定不变 91
15. 生活:早起 V 晚起 45
16. 生活:电影严肃 V 娱乐 57
17. 生活: 假期长 V 短 143
18. 生活:室友选择 V 规定安排 99
19. 生活:大学住宿舍 V 租房 105
20. 生活:快 V 慢节奏 59
21. 生活:自由时间规划 V 随心 115
22. 生活:旅游:跟团 V 独立 44
23. 生活:独处 V 交友 110
24. 生活:交友少量 V 交友大量 111
25. 生活:交友性格相同 V 不同性格 117
26. 生活:亲友建议 V 个人经验 108
27. 生活:家庭影响 V 朋友影响 114
28. 生活:入乡随俗与否 100
29. 生活:穿校服与否 135
30. 学习:儿童学校成功父母影响 V 同班同学影响 66
31. 学习:经验知识V读书知识 哪个更重要?4
32. 学习:读小说 V 看电影 127
33. 学习:在家学 V 传统学校 157
34. 学习:大学生上课强制V自选 你的观点 14
35. 学习:体育 V 全部时间学习 128
36. 学习:博学 V 精专 75
37. 学习:文史 V 理工 124
38. 学习:自学 V 跟着老师学习 17
39. 学习:老师讲课 V 学生讲 175
40. 学习:独立 V 团队 184
41. 花钱:政府花钱建造道路 V 改善公共交通 19
42. 花钱:政府花钱买计算机 V 基础设施 100
43. 花钱:政府花钱星外探索 V 基本需求 95
44. 花钱:个人存钱V花钱 32
45. 花钱:个人音乐会V 买珠宝 33
46. 花钱:个人买房 V 买企业 185
47. 花钱:朋友买车8. 花钱:学校花钱:计算机 V 书籍
49. 花钱:公司花钱: 艺术 V 环境
50. 成功的要素: 冒险 V 规划 51
51. 古老历史建筑:拆除 V 保护 65
52. 环境:人类行为和地球健康:help V harm 29 = 81(agree)
53. 儿童:学习 V 玩耍 112
54. 抱怨:书面 V 当面 160
55. 土地:发展工业和住房 V 原始状态 181
56. 社会尊重:科学 V 艺术
57. 高等教育: 所有人 V 部分优秀学生 107
命题单一观点同意与否agree or disagree类型
1. 父母是最好的老师 2 best parents 群体概念的复杂性
2. 电视毁坏了亲友之间的交往communications friends and family 8
3. 成功来自hard work 和运气luck 没有任何关系 10
4. 大学图书馆和学生体育活动花费应相等 11
5. 人们有时候应当做自己不喜欢的事情 27
6. 媒体对名人生活关注过渡 28
7. 企业雇员终身制 34
8. 进步永远是好的 37
9. 学习历史于今无益 38
10. 技术使得学习更多更快 39
11. 永不放弃目标 40
12. 当面交流比其它方式好 49
13. 工作最重要因素是赚钱 53
14. 永不以貌取人 54
15. 永不独自决策 55
16. 企业为利润不择手段 58
17. 游戏对成年人和儿童同样重要 60
18. 成年人(父母等)为15-18岁孩子重要事项决策
19. 生活中一度的苦痛成为将来有价值的教训 63
20. 分数鼓励学生学习 72
21. 有导游的团队旅游是最佳方式 74 (绝对化语言:目的,性格,)
22. 孩子一上学就应该学习外语 76
23. 儿童做家务 134
24. 男女生分校 77
25. 技术使得世界变成更好生活的场所 81
26. 现代技术正在创造世界单一文化 83
27. 广告反映国家 82
28. 电话和电子邮件使得交流缺少人性化 88
29. 舞蹈在文化中起到重要作用 94 (过程分析法:起源 发展)
30. 老师薪酬和学生所学挂钩 97
31. 学生评估老师 102
32. 人们行为因服装而改变 119
33. 快速决策总是错误的 120
34. 人们永远不满足自己已经拥有的 122
35. 读书应该只读关于真人实事的书籍 123
36. 文史比科学和数学更重要 124
37. 年轻人不能教给老年人任何事物 126
38. 读小说比看电影更有趣味 127
39. 只有赚钱很多的人才是成功的 131
40. 仅当游戏赢了才有令人高兴 136 (失败的价值)
41. 游戏告诉我们生活 148来源:考试大
42. 0-12岁是一生中最重要的时期 133
43. 看电视对儿童有害 150
44. 高中生应该被允许学习他们想学的课程137
45. 做队员比做团队的领导更好 138
改变选择类型题目
1. 家乡一变One important thing about your hometown 6
2. 吸引同龄人家乡一变To make your hometown more appealing to people your age 52
3. 改进社区之一行为 165
4. 你的城市决定建造你国内某名人雕塑Statue or Monument 79
5. 海外友人贵邦一日游选择一地 85
6. 国外两周游选择一国家156
7. 时空回溯选择一时一地 86
8. 时空回溯选择一人相遇 88
9. 你和父辈一差异来源:考试大
10. 选见一名人 90
11. 问名人一问题 91
12. 消除压力之一法 96
13. 国际展览选一物代表你的国家 98
14. 选择一习俗 80
15. 人生成功之一性格 103
16. 成功一技能One important skill to be successful 42
17. 选择未曾学习一学科 one subject 69
18. 发明一物 132
19. 贵国内百年最伟大发明 87
20. 房间内重要一室 139
21. 帮助儿童成长之一礼物 142
22. 儿童到成人变化的事件群 166
23. 贵国重要动物 151
24. 贵国重要植物 155
25. 选择一消失的资源 152
26. 养生健身之一法 164
27. 离家一年带一物 171
28. 二十一世纪一变化 178
比较选择和利弊分析
1. 汽车,自行车,飞机三选一 解释对人生活的改变 36
2. 64公里旅程交通方式比较选择 106
3. 智,幽默,信三选一 朋友性格 62
4. 做事学习,读书,听别人讲解三种学习方法 选择一个 116
5. 保护动物的土地不如耕地,住房和工业重要 同意与否 41
6. 学生打工利弊分析 23
7. 汽车利弊 70
8. 网络利弊 84
9. 学生家庭作业之必要性讨论 68
10. 如何使用土地 149
It has been said, “Not every thing that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?
范文
“Experience is the best teacher” is an old cliché, but I agree with it. The most important, and sometimes the hardest, lessons we learn in life come from our participation in situations. You can' learn everything from a book.
Of course, learning from books in a formal educational setting is also valuable. It's in schools that we learn the information we need to function in our society. We learn how to speak and write and understand mathematical equations. This is all information that we need to live in our communities and earn a living.
Nevertheless, I think that the most important lessons can't be taught; they have to be experienced. No one can teach us how to get along with others or how to have self-respect. As we grow from children into teenagers, no one can teach us how to deal with peer pressure. As we leave adolescence behind and enter adult life, no one can teach us how to fall in love and get married.
This shouldn't stop us from looking for guidelines along the way. Teachers and parents are valuable sources of advice when we're young. As we enter into new stages in our lives, the advice we receive from them is very helpful because they have already bad similar experiences. But experiencing our own triumphs and disasters is really the only way to learn how to deal with life.
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