初三英语语法知识复习.doc

初三英语语法知识专题复习
一、名 词
一、总的来说,名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类. 专有名词：用来表示某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有名称的词。如Marx、Beijing、USA等，其中的实词第一个字母要大写。如the Great Wall等。
二、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词。
1、可数名词（个体名词和集体名词）:（1）单数（前加a或an表“一”）; (2)复数（词尾加“-s”或“-es”）。其规则如下：
A.规则变化：（1、以s、x、sh、ch结尾的，加-es / iz /; 如boxes, glasses, watches, brushes等；
（2、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i,加-es; 如families, babies, countries等；
（3以f、fe结尾的，变f、fe为v,加-es; 如knives, wives, halves等；
（4、以“辅音字母+o”结尾的，加-es; 如potatoes, tomatoes等，但外来词和缩写词只能加-s,如pianos, kilo(kilogram)——kilos, photo(photograph)——photos.而zero——zeros/zeroes.
(5、一般情况加-s,清辅音后发/s/，如desks, maps等，浊辅音和元音后发/z/.如apples, holidays, boys。但houses
/′hauziz/, mouths/mau z/.
B.不规则变化（child---children man----men woman---women policeman----policemen foot—feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice）（复数名词: people police shoes public clothes）
（1、 单数、复数形式相同的：sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese等。
国家
人民
语言
America
American
English
England
Englishman
English
France
Frenchman
French
Germany
German
German
Japan
Japanese
Japanese
China
Chinese
Chinese
Canada
Canadian
English, French
（2、 表示民族、国家的名词，除Chinese, Japanese的复数不变，Englishman, Frenchman的复数变-man为-men外，其余的均在词尾加-s.如Americans, Germans, Russians, Australians
(附某国、某国人、某国语言的词形联系表).→→→→→→→
(3、复合名词复数的构成方法
①在中心词上加-s或-es, 如：pencil-boxes.
②在第二个组成部分上加-s或-es, 如：boy-friends, tooth-brushes等.
③含性别的复合词，两部分都变为复数，如：man-teacher——men-teachers, woman-driver——women-drivers.
2、不可数名词（抽象名词和物质名词）：不能以数目来计算的名词。如water, meat, rice, air, food, time, work, bread等等。它们只有单数形式，不能在前面加a(an)或数词来表示一个或几个。只能用“of词组”来表达。如“五块肉”five pieces of meat，“三袋小麦”three bags of wheat，“四则新闻”four pieces of news.
3、可数名词和不可数名词的转换：如：chicken, c“小鸡”，u“鸡肉”；fish, c“鱼”，u“鱼肉”，orange, c“橘子”，u“橙汁”，paper, c“试卷、论文”，u“纸张”，time, c“次数”，u“时间”等等。
三、名词的所有格（含义“……的”）
1、基本构成方法： (1)以s结尾的名词，其所有格只加“′”。如the students’ teacher the twins’ bedroom. 但以s结尾的单数名词，也可在词尾加“′s”。如Ross’s bag. (2)其他情况加“’s”。如：Jane’s father，Women’s Day
2、其他规则：（1）并列名词的所有格：①共同所有,只需在最后一个名词词尾加-’s,如：Kate and Joan’s room.
②分别所有，则在每个名词词尾加-’s,如Kate’s and Joan’s.
（2）表示无生命的事物名词，一般用of表示所属关系。如:the map of China, the legs of the table.
（3）双重所有格：①用of结构与名词所有格-’s结合构成双重所有格：a friend of my father’s, one book of his brother’s.②用of结构加名词性物主代词构成双重所有格：a pen of mine, a neighbour of his.
（4）表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词常用-’s形式：an hour’s walk, yesterday’ news, China’s population, twenty minutes’ walk.
（5）可用-’s表示店铺、某人家：the Greens’, my uncle’s.
典例 （ ） 1.This is ____ news. A.such a good B.a very good C. such good
（ ）2. _____ knowledge of space develops very quickly. A.People’s B.Man’s C.Men’s
（ ）3. The number of people invited to the party _____ fifty, but a number of them ____ absent for different reasons. A. was/were B. was /was C. were/were
（ ）4. “Would you like ___?” “____, please.”
A. a drink/ A coffee B. drink/A cup of coffee C. a cup drink/A cup coffee
（ ）5. Two thirds of the work ____ done. A. are B. is C. have
（ ）6.The rich ____ not always happy. A. is B. have C. are
（ ）7. She is the only one of the ____ writers who _____ stories for children.
A. woman/writes B. women/writes C. women/write
（ ）8. I met him at _____. A.Mr. Green’s B.the Greens C.Greens’
（ ）9.Playing football is _____. A.a great fun B.great funs C.great fun
（ ）10.The sheep on the hill _____ theirs. They are all white. A.is B.was C.are
提高训练 一、用所给名词的正确形式填空：
1.My shirt is much cheaper than ________.(John) 2.The girl in red is ______________ (Tom and Kate)
3.The _________ (Brown) are watching TV now. 4.Our school is about ten __________ (minute) walk.
5.March 8 is _______________ (woman day). 6.Who won the _________ (boy) 400- _______ (meter) race?
7.This is ___________ (today) newspaper. 8.There are twenty-five _________ (man) workers in my factory.
9.I like ___________ (chicken) very much. They’re lovely. So I never eat _________ (chicken).
10.Although he is a thirty- ___________ (year old) man, you can see few ________ (hair) on the head.
二、冠词
一、冠词的种类：不定冠词a(an), 定冠词the。冠词不能单独使用，必须置于名词前。
二、不定冠词的用法：一般用于单数名词前，表泛指。其中a用于读音以辅音开头的词前，an用于读音以元音开头的词前。如: a basketball, a university, an hour, an apple.
1、表示第一次提到的人或物。如：(1)I bought a new book. (2)He met an old woman on the way to school.
2、表示人或物的某一类。如：(1)I’m a boy. (2)Would you like an orange?
3、表示数量“一”，但没有one强。如：(1)She has a pencil.(侧重pencil, 而非其他物品) (2)She has one pencil.(侧重数量“一支”，而非“两支、三支”)
4、表示“每一”，相当于every。如：They go to see the old man once a week.
5、用于带修饰的抽象名词之前，表示“一种”。如：That’s a great surprise to her.
6、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人、何物。如：A boy is waiting for you.
7、用于固定搭配词组中。如：a lot of, a little, a piece of.
三、定冠词的用法：定冠词在单复数可数名词和不可数名词前都可使用，表特指，有“this/that或these/those”之意。 1、特指某人或某物。The man under the tree is his father.
2、 指上文提到过的人或物。I bought a new book yesterday. The book is very useful.
3、 指说话双方都提到过的人或物。A: Where is the dirty sock, Tom? B: It’s on the bed, mum.
4、 表示世界上独一无二的事物。the sun, the moon, the earth. 5、用于序数词或形容词最高级前。(1)He is the tallest boy in our class. (2)The first lesson is about English name.
6、 用于姓氏复数前，表“……一家人”。the Blacks, the Wangs. 7、用于单数名词前，表一类人或物。The horse is a useful animal. 8、用于固定搭配中：in the morning, all the same, on the right.
9、用于专有名词前。the Great Wall, the White House.
四、零冠词（不用冠词）
1、三餐、球类、学科、语言前。(1)I have supper at school from Monday to Friday. (2) Maths is very important.
2、季节、星期、月份、节日前。In spring, on Sunday, in September, Women’s Day.
3、专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前。Japan, milk, music.
4、名词前已有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或数词作修饰语时。(1)Come this way. (2)My book is here.
5、复数名词表泛指时。They’re students, and we’re workers.
6、在固定搭配中。on foot, at home/work/play, go to school, at night, at sea, in hospital.
典例（ ）1.We often have sports after class, and I like to play ____ basketball. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
（ ）2.What ___ fine weather we have these days! A. a B. the C. 不填 D. an
（ ）3.That’s ___ useful book. I have read it already. A. the B. an C. 不填 D. a
（ ）4.This is __song I’ve told you about. Isn’t it __ beautiful one? A. the/ the B. a/ a C. the/ a D. a/ the
（ ）5.—Did you do well in __English exam?—Yes, I got _“A”. A. the / an B. an/ the C. a/不填 D. the/ a
（ ）6.—What can I do for you, madam? —I want ___ orange skirt for my daughter. Have you got any? A. an B. the C. a D.不填
（ ）7.Pass me ___ dictionary next to the radio, and I also need ____pen to take some notes.
A. a/a B. the/the C. a/the D. the/a
（ ）8.—Can I help you, madam?—I’m looking for __ pair of shoes for my daughter.
A. the B. an C. a D. some
（ ）9.Mr. Smith always gives me ___ hand when I am in trouble. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
（ ）10.—Where is Xiao Ming? —He’s having ___rest over there. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
基础训练 （ ）1.____ English is not hard to learn. A.A B.The C.An D.×
（ ）2._____ Greens will move to Shanghai. A.The B.A C.× D.An
（ ）3. There are twenty-four hours in ____ day. A.the B.× C.a D.an
（ ）4. English is ___ useful language. A.an B.a C.× D.the
（ ）5. Tom is ___ honest boy. A.the B.a C.an D.×
（ ）6. __ cup on the table is ___old one. A.The/an B.The/a C.A/an D.A/the
（ ）7.You will find ______ story on _____ eighth page. A.×/the B.the/an C.a/the D.a/an
（ ） 8._____ rich are not always happy. A.The B.A C.An D.×
（ ）9.______ more he eats, _____ fatter he gets. A.The/a B.The/the C.A/an D.A/the
（ ）10.Tom’s going to Nanjing by _____ train. A.a B.an C.the D.×
（ ）11.We have _____ supper at half past five. A.× B.a C.an D.the
（ ）12.____old man had two children, _____son and ____ daughter.
A.An/the/the B.A/a//a C.The/the/the D.The/a/a
（ ）13.Both of them join ____ League in 1998. They have been _____ League members for 4 years.
A.×/× B.the/× C.the/the D.a/the
（ ）14.March 8th is _____. A.Women’s Day B.the Women’s Day C.a Women’s Day D.Women’s Day
（ ）15.He is now studying _____ history of ______Party in ____ university.
A.×/the/a B.the/the /an C.×/×/an D.the/the/a
（ ）16.Wang Fei likes swimming in _____ summer. A.a B.the C.× D.an
提高训练（完成句子，不必要填的地方划斜线）
1.长城横卧在我国的北方。_____ Great Wall lies ______ ______ north of our country.
2.大部分中国人都喜欢火锅。_____ most Chinese like ________ hot pot.
3.这是一个关于植树的非常有趣的故事。This is ____ _________ story about ____planting trees.
4.王先生一家人正坐在桌边吃晚饭。_______ ________ are having ____ supper at table.
5.等一等，天在下雨，把伞带上。Wait ______ minute. It’s raining. Take ______umbrella.
6.他们匆匆忙忙把受伤的人送到医院。They sent ______ wounded to _____ hospital in _____ hurry.
7.快点！时间到了，把卷子交上来吧。______ ____ ! _____ time is up. ____ _______ your papers.
8.躺着看书对眼睛不好。Reading ________ _______ is bad for your eyes.
9.时间就是金钱，而金钱难买时间。_____ time is _____money. But ____money can’t buy ____ time.
10.对不起，请再说一遍，好吗？I beg your pardon. ______ you ______ say it ______second time?
三、代词
一、 人称代词
人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
数
单数
复数
单、复数
单数
复数
主格
I
we
you
he
she
it
they
宾格
me
us
you
him
her
it
them
二、 物主代词:有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种形式。形容词性物主代词在句中相当于一个形容词，置于名词之前作定语，即“形容词性物主代词+名词”；名词性物主代词具有名词的特征，即为“形容词性物主代词+名词”。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语。如：This book is mine.(mine =my book)
数
单数
复数
单、复数
单数
复数
形容词性
my
our
your
his
her
its
their
名词性
mine
ours
yours
his
hers
its
theirs
三、 反身代词:(含义：“……自己，……亲自，……本人”)有人称和数的变化。在句中，常作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。（enjoy oneself=have a good time teach oneself=learn by oneself help oneself to… ）
单数
myself
yourself
himself herself itself
复数
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
如：(1) God helps those who help themselves. (宾语) (2)He himself went there. (同位语)
四、 不定代词:不指明特定的人或事物的代词。不定代词有：some, any, no, every, all, both, either, neither, each, none, little, a little, few, a few, another, other, others, many, much等，以及由some, any, every, no和one, thing, body组成的复合不定代词。这些不定代词大多能作主语、宾语、表语或定语，但含有some, any, every, no的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语和表语。no和every只能作定语。
常见不定代词的用法： 1、some和any: 均可作主语、宾语、定语，且指三个或三个以上。some常用于肯定句中，any常用于否定句、疑问句中。如：①There’s some water in the glass. ②He doesn’t have any mistakes in his English paper. 但：①May I ask you some questions? (表力求得到对方的肯定回答) ②Any of you can answer it. (“任一”) ③Does any of you know Mr. Liu? (“任一”)
2、few, a few , little, a little: few, a few均与可数名词复数连用，little, a little与不可数名词连用；few, little表否定，“几乎没有”，a few和a little表肯定，“有一点”。如：①There are few people in the station. ②You have little time to do your work now.
③There’re a few apples and a little meat in the fridge. 注意: a few = several/some a little = some/a bit of
3、all, both, none和neither: all和none, both和neither分别是一组反义词。all, none表示三个及其以上，both, neither表示两者。 “all ,both +复数名词”, “all/none/both/neither of +复数名词”。如：①Both of us know him a little. But neither of us know(s) where he is from. ②All of my friends met both of my parents.
(1)both和all都可以作adj. pron.在句中作定语、主语、宾语。both用于两者之间，all用于三者以上。
①All of us are studying hard. (主语) ②All books are useful. (定语) ③We like both.(宾语)
注意：A. all, both, each和every等与not连用表部分否定，完全否定分别用 neither和none. 如:
①Not both of them are workers. ②None of the stories is (are) interesting. ③Not everyone of us know how to answer the question. B. both, each用于两者，both+复数名词，each+单数名词。all, every用于三个及三个以上，every不能与of.（all/each/both of+… every+…+of）
C. each和every: each可作代词、形容词，可作主语、宾语、定语；every是形容词，作定语。如：
①Every one of us is here.② Each of us has got a book..③ I like each of them. ④There are trees each side of the street. (2)no one和none: no one作主语时，谓语动词用单数，none作主语时，谓语动词的形式由none所代替的名词的数来决定。
4、many和much: many用于修饰和代替可数名词，much用于修饰和代替不可数名词。“too many+可数名词的复数形式”,“too much+不可数名词”，“much too=very”。注意: many = a lot of /lots of/a number of much = a lot of /lots of
5、复合不定代词something, anything, nothing等的定语要后置。如：I have something important to tell you.
6、another, other, the other和the others: other 用于表示两个（部分）中的“另一个（部分）”，the other特指两个中“另一个”，常构成“one…the other…”结构。the others 指“其余全部”，another用于表示三个或三个以上的多数中的“另一个”。如：(1)Please show me another pen. (2)He has two sisters. One is a doctor, the other is a nurse. (3)May I have a look at any other photos? (4)There’re 55 students in my class.. 25 are girls, the others are boys. 注意: one 指代前文出现过的名词，其复数形式是ones. 如：She has got a washing machine. I want to buy one, too.
7、either、neither
either: (1)作代词，“二者之一，任何一个”。如：①Here are two pens. You may use either of them. Either is good. ②Either will do.(随便哪个都行) ③Is (Are) either of the boys ready? (2)作形容词，“（二者之中）任何一个”。如：①You may sit at either side of the desk. ②There are many trees on either side of the road. (3)作连词, 常构成 “either …or…”, 作主语时, 谓语动词由or后面的人称和数决定。如：① Either my brothers or my father is coming. ②Either he or you are wrong. (4)作副词，“也”用于否定句，如：①He didn’t go swimming, either. ②He doesn’t like English, and I don’t like English, either. 注意; 肯定式:also（句中）/too（句末）
neither: (1)作代词，“二者都不”。作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：①Neither is good. (=Both are bad.) ②Neither of the books is interesting. (2)作形容词，“（两者）都不”，与单数名词连用。如：Neither answer is right. (3)作连词，常构成“neither…nor…”,作主语时, 谓语动词由nor后面的人称和数决定。①Neither the students nor the teacher is going to work on the farm. ②Neither she nor I am going to speak at the meeting. 注意: neither…nor…反意→both… and…
五、 指示代词：this, that, these, those均可作主语、宾语、定语。
注意: （1）在比较状语从句中常用that来代替前面出现过的不可数名词或单数的可数名词;用these代替复数的可数名词.eg. The population of China is much larger than __that___ of Russia.
(2）it 也可作指示代词.
Eg（ ）－A latest English newspaper, please!－Only one copy left. Would you like to have ___ , Sir? A. it （指代前面出现的同一名词） B. one指代前面出现过的同种物或人中的一个） C. this D. that
六、 疑问代词：表示疑问。一般用于疑问句或名词性从句。有：who, whom, whose, what, which等。有时也作连接代词，连接主句和从句，并充当从句的句子成分。如：① Which do you like, tea or coffee? ②I don’t know whose the book is.
典例 （ ）1.Mary, please show ___ your picture. A. my B. mine C. I D. me
（ ）2.This isn’t ____ pencil case. I left mine at home. A. my B. me C. I D. myself
（ ）3.Merry Christmas, George! Here is a card for ___ with ___ best wishes.
A. you/our B. us/your C. you/your D. us/ our
（ ）4.Do you know the boy sitting between Peter and ____? A. she B. I C. his D. me
（ ）5.—Which do you prefer, Coffee or milk? —___ of them. I like some coca-cola.
A. Either B. Both C. Neither D. None
基础训练 （ ）1.If you have no dictionary here, you can use _____. A. my B. his C. her D. their
（ ）2.They were all very tired, but __ of them would stop to take a rest. A. any B. some C. none D. neither
（ ）3.It’s very kind ____ to help us ____ the work. A. of you/in B. for her/at C. for you/to D. of him/with
（ ）4.Her parents went there with a friend of _____. A. them B. theirs C. they D. themselves
（ ）5. —Would you like some wine? —Yes, just ______.A. little B. very little C. a little D. little bit
（ ）6. —Is there ____ in the room? —No, I’m the only person here.
A. anyone else B. somebody C. everyone D. anybody
（ ）7.Mr Zhang gave the text books to all the pupils except ___ who had alread