英国文学选读__复习资料_罗经国.doc

Chapter 1
1. Earliest settlers---Celts
2. 55 B.C. TO 407 A.D. ---Roman Empire(London was founded)
3. 演变Celts- Romans – Anglo-Saxon – English
4. Julius Caesar , the first general came to British
5. 500A.D. THE founder of the kingdom wessex, the Celts King Arthur.
His followers , who were know as the knights of the round table, fight for their kingdom against the AS invaders.
6. 9th century, King Alfred , the great of Wessex lead the AS kings to defeat the invaders by uniting their forces.
7. the Norman Conquest
1066, Duck of Normandy came from Normandy to attack England to gets the land promise to be given to him for protecting from the Danes invasion by Edward Ⅱ. And Normandy beat the Harold at the Hesting.
8. Two highlight in the development of AS literature
A. Northumrian School
the first AS poet ---Caedmon
The earliest English poet. According to Bede, he was an elderly herdsman who received the power of song in a vision.
Vernerable Bede, A monk write in Lain <The Ecclesiastical History of the English People> Father of English History
B. the reign of Alfred Contribution
translate a number of Latin books into West Saxon dialect
<The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle>
created a style of Anglo-Saxon Prose
9. A long epic poetry 长篇叙事诗 <Beowulf>
A. the earliest heroic poetry
B. the most significant poetry
C. existed in oral form as early as the 6th century
D. Beowulf is a mixture of paganism and Christian elements
10. Difference between Old Eng poetry , later poetry is technical structure
11. There are two poetic features of Old English poetry: alliteration and kenning.
Chapter 2
1. 流行Romance 主要写Knights
2. Duke William of Normandy. The Norman Conquest in 1066 accelerated the development of feudalism 封建主义in ENG
3. Categories of Romances: The matter of Erance ,the matter of Rome , the matter of Britain
4. Middle ENG:
A. words that are related with enjoyment and pleasure are usually of the French origin
B. many inflectional form of words were dropped
C. formal grammar simplified
5. Medieval Romance (Subject Matters)
A. matter of French (Charlemagne the Great, Roland, <Chanson de Roland>)
B. matter of Rome (Alexander the Great, The siege of Troy)
C. Britain the Arthurian Legend
By Sir Gawain, Launce lot, Marlin, the quest for Holy Grail, the Death of King Arthur.
Chapter 3 Age of Chaucer
1. The Hundreds’ Years War is an awakening of national Consciousness in ENG,the French heroine Joan of Arc贞德
2. Geoffrey Chaucer (Buried in the Poets’ Conner in Westminster Abbey)
A. Father of Eng poetry
B. The work of Geoffrey Chaucer
influenced by French literature<The Book of the Duchess>
influenced by Boccaccio <Travius and Cryseyde>
<The Canterbury Tales >坎特伯雷故事集
The general prologue 总序is the best part of it.
3. the significances of <The Canterbury Tales>
A. Gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time
B. The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended 高度赞赏by critics
C. Geoffrey Chaucer’s humor
D. Chaucer’s contribution to ENG language
E. Perhaps the greatest work in Middle English
4. John Wycliff
A. father of ENG prose
B. one of the first figures who demanded to reform church
C. the one translate Bible into standard ENG
5. William Langland<Sir Gawain> <Green Knights><The Vision of Piers Plowman>
Chapter 4
1. main events
A. The war of the Rose ,the thirty Years War(the house of Lancaster/Red, the house of York)
B. The discovery of American and the new sea routes
C. Reformation of church. HenryⅧ found the Anglican Church, break away from the church of Rome.
2. Ballad: a narrative poem that tells a story
3. Characters of Ballads
A. the beginning is often abrupt
B. have strong dramatic elements
C. the story is told through dialogue and action
D. the theme is often tragic
E. the meter格律is used (contains four-line stanzas, the odd numbered line奇数four feet, the even numbered line偶数three feet. Rhymes fall on the even numbered lines.)
4. Ballads
A. <Robin Hood> A legendary hero living during the reign of Richard the Lion Heated 金雀花王朝
B. <The Death of King Arthur>By Sir Thomas Mallory prefect the king Arthur
5. Early ENG Plays(the 14th )developed into(mystery Plays神秘剧， miracle plays 奇迹剧)
6. The flourishing of drama
the reason: no other entertainment ,both rich and poor can go to there
Chapter 5
英国文学史上三次高潮 15th ENG Renaissance— 19th 上Romantic —19th 下 Victoria
1. The Background
Queen Elizabeth , defeat the Spanish Armada 无敌舰队, mighty naval power强有力的海军.
2. Humanism 人文主义Rebirth(文艺复兴的时代精神)
Humanism Renaissance is a French word which means “rebirth ” in ENG
3. 人文主义的解释及价值观
According to the Humanist scholars it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of the life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life. In religion they demanded the reformation of the church, In art and literati on, instead of happiness in his life. Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man’s mind by the Roman catholic church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.
4. Edmund Spenser <The Faerie Queen>
5. The University Wits
A. Robert Greene
B. Thomas Kyd <The Spanish Tragedy>
C. Christopher Marlowe<The tragic History of Doctor Faustus> The blank Verse无韵诗Unrhymed iambic pentameter
6. William Shakespeare
A. 发展
Early years of his apprenticeship学徒期
Growth and development
gloom and depression
restored serenity
B. achievement
represented the trend of history in giving write to the desires and aspiration of people
S’ humanism: He had firm belief in the mobility of human nature and in the power of love
S’ characterization, S’ characters are round 丰满的而非flatter 扁平
originality
as a great poet in sonnets
master of the Eng language
7. Four Tragedy : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, The Tragedy of Macbeth
8. Sonnets (Italy/Petrarch’s —the first one, S’s)
A. definition A short song in the original meaning of the word become a poet of 14 lines. Usually in iambic pentameter抑扬格 五音步 with various rhyming schemes.
B. Sonnet, 3 quatrains, 1 couplet (Shakespeare’s <Mr.W.H><Dark Lady>)
9. S’s sonnets are different from Petrach’s.
Petrach’s sonnets is divided into an octave(八音) which typically rhymes abba abba , and a sestet, which may have varying rhyme schemes.
Shakespeare’s sonnets (English sonnets)consists of 3 quatrains and 1 couplet ,which typically rhyme abab cdcd efef gg .ends with a surprised conclusion or a shift of ideas.
Petrach abba abba / cde cde
Shakespeare abab cdcd efef / gg
10. Hamlet —Humanist (melancholy忧郁 procrastination优柔寡断)
Chapter 6
From Age of Elizabeth to Glorious Revolution
1. Background(the ENG bourgeois revolution 资产阶级革命，农民与贵族阶级，Anglican church 与Puritanical Church)
2. Glorious Revolution 1688
In 1688, William signed <The Bill of Rights> presented by Parliament, which greatly restricted the power of English King hence four ENGLAND has become a country of constitutional monarchy.君主立宪制
3. The King James Bible of 1611
Old Testament in Hebrews
New Testament in Greek
The earliest English translations of the Bible date back to Caedmon, Bade and King Alfred.
4. Francis Bacon. Praised by Marx as “the pioneer of Eng Materialism唯心主义”
5. <Of Studies>
目的：Studies serve for delight, for ornament, for ability.
功效：History make man wise; poetry witly; mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
方法：Books are able to be tasked, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
6. 玄学派特点（Metaphysical Poets）John Donne
Metaphysical Poets describe a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by hold and ingenious conceits （奇思妙喻）incongruous imagery. Complexity of thought, frequent use of Paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.
7. Main theme of Metaphysical Poets: love, death and religion
Main theme of Cavalier(骑士派)：Carpe Diem及时行乐
8. Cavalier: Carpe diem<ＡValediction：forbidding mourning >
A breach, but an expansion
Like gold to airy thinness beat
If they be two, they are two so.
As stiff twin compasses are two.
THEME, 他人物质化的爱情与我柏拉图式的真爱。
9. John Milton(Puritan Writer)<Paradise Lost>
10. <Paradise Lost>
A. Milton ’s master piece and one of the greatest poems in world literate.
B. Satan, the most impressive character Better to reign in Hell than Serve in Heaven
C. Meaning:
rebellion spirits叛逆精神
defiance of authority对权威的藐视
excessive pride极端自负
11. John Bunyan(Puritan) <The Pilgrim’s progress>天路历程 is written in the old fashioned medieval form of allegory and drama.
Chapter 7
1. Glorious Revolution
2. Two Parliaments: The Tory & The Whig
3. The characters of neo-classicism
Official
A. People emphasized reason理智rather than emotion, form rather than content
B. As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic 说教性and satirical讽刺
C. As elegance 优雅性correctness正确性appropriateness 恰当性and restraint 节制性were preferred , the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.
D. It’s almost exclusively a “town” poetry catering to the interests of the “society” in great cities.
E. It is entirely wanting in all these elements that are related with the “romantic”

Civilian
A. Emphasized reason rather than emotion , form rather than Content
B. Didactic and satirical
C. The poet found closed couplet the only for serious
D. Town poetry show no love of nature, landscape or country things
E. Lack of all Romantic Elements
4． Geoffrey Chaucer, first use couplet—Pope
5. Classicisms , a drama, 3 unities: action, place, time
6. Daniel Defoe, know as a pioneer novelist of ENG
<Robinson>is based on a real incident.
<Moll Flanders> a lowly women as the subject of literature who for her first time has committed theft and robbery.
7. Jonathan Swift<Gulliver’s Travels>
8. Joseph Addison & Richard Steele, periodical essays期刊写作. 2 periodical 期刊（the tattler, the spectator）
9. Alexander Pope 新古代表/英雄双韵顶峰
<Whatever is , is right >deist view 自然神论观点
10. Samuel Johnson<A Dictionary of English Language>
11. Henry Fielding (playwright, novelist)
<The History of Tom Jones, A Founding>
12. Robert Burns 抒情诗人From Scotland, write in Scottish and in traditional of Scottish folk songs. Besides, love lyrics, most of his poems and songs are about patriotic and political Themes. Burns had a profound love for the common Scottish people and their literature. And his poems or songs are permeated with the Scottish natural spirit.<A Red, Red Rose>
13. William Blake (神秘主义者)同Burns 为前期浪漫主义代表
<Songs of Innocence> <Songs of Experience>

Chapter 8 Romanticism
1. From Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.
2. Characters: The glorification of instinct and emotion a deep veneration 崇拜of nature, and a flaming zeal to remark the world.
3. Rousseau 卢梭 French Philosopher . The Father of Romanticism/ The Nobel Savage
4. Characteristic features of the romantic movement
A. Subjectivism主观主义
B. Spontaneity 自发性
C. Singularity 奇特性
D. Worship of nature
E. Simplicity
F. There is a dominating note of melancholy / in the poems of Romantic poets人道主义理想、忧郁气质
G. An age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feeling and emotion free verse form
5. William Wordsworth —Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人
6. WW <I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud>
A. Sing of harmony between things in nature and between the nature and the poet himself
B. Personification, Simile, Metaphor
7. Lake poets (William Wordsworth, Robert Southey，Taylor Coleridge )
8. Samuel Taylor Coleridge <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子咏
9. George Gordon Byron <Don Juan> <The Isles of Greece>
10. <Don Juan> the adventure of a Spanish liberation
Byron’s fiery passion for the liberation of Greek people, and his bitter satire on the sham and hypocrisy in love, religion and the social relation of his time.
11. Percy Bysshe Shelley <Song to the man of England>
希望英国人认识到自己的悲惨地位起来奋斗
12. John Keats (Last poet)
<On the First Looking into Chapmen’s Homer>
13. Charles Lamb 剧作家With his sister 写了 <Tales form Shakespeare>Contribution to Familiar Essay
14. Thomas de Quincy<On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth>
15. Walter Scott—Historic Novel . 1832 die , the end of Romanticism Contribution <Ivanhoe>
Chapter 9 Queen Victoria
1. Two Queens:
A. both were on a throne for a long period of time. Elizabeth 40s, Victoria 60s.
B. Developed rapidly in both politically , economically
C. Literature flourished(E’ - SB, drama. V’-novel)
2. The reason why novel rise quickly in V’s Age
A. the growth of urban population bring a new reading in publich
B. the development of printing and making papers and the price of books dropped
C. people can make a living by writing
D. a large part class who need recreation and entertainment
E. the novel provided a marvelous mechanism for all sort of things——explorisy the conditions of poor and the manners of society, satirizing individuals or institution , advocating social reform and providing diversion for people at all levels
F. the feminist movement
3. Characterized by the common features
A. plot is unfolded against a social background
B. the cause-effect sequence much more striking than in previous novels
C. published in serial form连载
D. the spirit of Puritanism 清教主义
E. characterized by their moral purpose (hypocrisy 伪善 V’时期的共同特点)
F. critical realism 批判现实主义/ critical realistic novelist批判现实主义小说
4. Charles Dickens <Oliver Twist><David Copperfield>
artistic technique
a tendency to describe ugly characters or events
loves to instill life into inanimate things
description of pathetic scenes
5. William Makepeace Thackeray<Vanity Fair>“A novel without hero”
6. Difference between Thackeray and Dickens
A. Thackeray descript a different world from Dickens (T, descript people of upper and middle classes; D, descript the underdogs and the unprivileged )
B. T is a cynic , D is a sentimentalist 感伤主义者
C. T against affectation. D is a Romanist
7. The title Vanity Fair is taken from John Bunyan’s <The Pilgrim’s Progress>
8. Lord Alfred Tennyson (Laureate Poet)
<Break, Break, Break> 挽歌 Tennyson wrote in memory of his friend Arthur Hallam.
9. Robert Browning (the dramatic monologue戏剧独白诗)<My last Duchess>
10. The Brontë Sister
A. Charlotte Brontë—<Jane Eyre>
B. Emily Brontë —<Wuthering Height>
C. Anne Brontë —<Agnes Grey>
11. Some critics said that the Brontë inherited their strong emotion from their parents.
A. The Celtic blood explains their strong emotion and their audacity in the search for spiritual integrity.
B. Another factor was the moorland which was not yet corrupted by the evils of society.
C. The Third factor their writing career was the fact that they were greatly influenced by Romantic Poets.
12. The works of Charlotte and Emily Brontë and different from those of other Victorian wr