新东方考研翻译1996•2000).doc

考研历年真题大全（1996-2000）
1996年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting good as opposed to bad science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

参考答案及解析：
(71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. / Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science / being to some extent self-accelerating.
第二、句子的结构：
(1)主干结构是对比句Some... are... reasonable results of... Others are reasonable consequences of...
(2) particular advances后面有多重定语in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
第三、词的处理：
are... results of 是……的结果，来自于
social needs 社会需求
to some extent 在一定程度上
self-accelerating 自我加速
完整的译文：
(71) 在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
(72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion / that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment / cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是主句+ when引导的时间状语，when = at that time当时，那时。
2)第一个that从句是主句宾语the conclusion的同位语。
3)that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是定语从句中的主语从句
4)cannot generally be foreseen in detail是宾语从句的谓语。
第三、词的处理：
trend 趋势
came to the conclusion 得出结论
the specific demands 具体要求
make of 向……提出
scientific establishment 科研机构
in detail 详尽
完整的译文：
(72) 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
(73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：This seems mostly effectively done / by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals / but of possible consequence in the future.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是系词+过去分词+被动宾语：This seems mostly effectively done by...
2)research后面是双重定语not related to... but of...由此断定related to意思等于of
第三、词的处理：
This (主语代词要译出来)这一问题
done 解决
not related to 与……无关
immediate goals 当前目标
possible consequence 可能的影响
完整的译文：
(73) 给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
(74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：However, the world is so made / that elegant systems are in principle unable to / deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是the world is so... that...
2) some后面有多重定语of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.第三、词的处理：
elegant systems (精美的)完美的体系
in principle 一般而言
deal with 解决，处理
aspects 原义是方面，联系上下文译成课题，问题
完整的译文：
(74) 然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
(75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future / as they have in the past, / giving rise to new standards of elegance.
第二、句子的结构：
1)as well as和，以及，连接两个并列主语，must arise作句子谓语
2)as they have in the past方式状语，as就像是……，同……一样
3)giving rise to...表示伴随状语。
第三、词的处理：
New forms of thought 新的思维方式
new subjects for thought 新的思维对象
arise 出现
giving rise to 给出，产生，带来
new standards of elegance 完美的新标准
完整的译文：
(75) 同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。

1997年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says I don't like this contract?
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely logical. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

参考答案及解析：
(71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Actually, it isn't, because it assumes / that there is an agreed account of human rights, / which is something the world does not have.第二、句子主干结构是主从复合句。
1)because引导原因状语从句
2)that引导宾语从句，从句中是存在句结构there is an agreed account of human rights.
3)which从句的先行词是human rights，something后面是定语从句the world does not have.第三、词的处理：
Actually 事实上
it主语代词，根据上下文意思这种问法，这种说法，isn't后面省略的词应该是so或true
an agreed account 约定的看法，共同的认识
human rights 人的权利，人权
完整的译文：(71) 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
(72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
句子分析：
第一，句子可以拆分为三段：Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
第二，句子的结构：
1) 主干结构是主从复合句：Some philosophers argue that...
2) that引导的是宾语从句
3)as part of...是宾语从句中的rights的主语补足语。
第三、词的处理：
argue 论证
a social contract 社会契约
as part of 作为(是)……的一部分
entitlements 利益，权利
完整的译文：(72) 有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。
(73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)it invites you to think that...后面是宾语从句。
2) animals should be treated either with..., or with...要么……要么……，是表示选择的方式状语。
3)the consideration后面的humans extend to other humans是定语。
第三、词的处理：
leads ...to extremes 引向极端
at the outset 从一开始
invites you to think 使人们认为
consideration 关切，体谅
humans extend to other humans 人对待人
完整的译文：(73) 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
(74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
句子分析：
第一，句子可以拆分为三段：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, / extremists of this kind think / that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
第二，句子的结构：
1)主干结构是现在分词短语状语，主语+谓语+宾语从句。Arguing from...现在分词短语作状语。
2) the view和后面的从句that...是同位语关系
3) that...引导宾语从句。
第三、词的处理：
Arguing from the view 从……观点看，持……观点
different from... 与……不同
in every relevant respect 在各相关方面
extremists 极端主义者，持极端观点的人
lie outside the area of moral choice 不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关
完整的译文：(74)这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
(75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：When that happens, it is not a mistake: / it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, / an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
第二、句子主干结构是两个复合句：
1)When...是前一个复合句的时间状语
2)instinct后面的介词短语for moral reasoning in action是它的定语
3)that...是定语从句，修饰先行词an instinct，从句中是被动语态结构，表示选择。
第三、词的处理：
that (代词作主语) 联系上下文译为这种反应
mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德观念推理的本能
in action 起作用
rather than 而不
完整的译文：(75)这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。

1998年英译汉试题
They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever decided: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite－Cobe－had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and super-clusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion-fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

参考答案及解析：
71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looksintosthe past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looksintosthe past, / for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures / that existed 15 billion years ago.
第二、句子主干结构是：主句+ for +原因状语从句。
1)主句是强调句it was... that...被强调部分the farthest是后面句子的状语，可以理解为scientists had been able to look the farthestsintosthe past
2) for...引导的原因状语从句是一个系表结构，what they were seeing是从句中的主语，that...是名词表语the patterns and structures的定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
even more important (省略)更为重要的是
the patterns and structures (宇宙云的)形状和结构
15 billion years ago 150亿年前
完整的译文：
71)但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
72) The