新东方考研翻译(2006-2009).doc

考研历年真题大全（2006-2009）2006年英译汉试题(46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. 我会把“知识分子”定义为这样的人，他们把以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题的活动作为人生的主要任务和乐趣。简要分析：结构方面，定语从句这个传统考点又出现了。鉴于句子较长，可以分为两部分，即主句与定语从句。在定语从句中，词组“electas”（把作为）是宾语和宾补倒装现象，宾语补足语前置。即本来是elect A as B结构，但由于A太长，最终变成了elect as B A这样一个结构，即elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life (B) the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems(A). 同样的结构2003年第65题也出现过，make something possible，变成make possible something (which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding)。另外，本句中有几个词，翻译时省略也无妨，比如“an individual”和“activity”，所以句子也可以译为：我对“知识分子”的定义如下：以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题并以此作为人生主要任务和乐趣的人。(47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.知识分子的作用与法官类似，后者必须接受如下义务，即以尽可能浅显的方式揭示导致他做出某一决定的推理过程。简要分析：结构方面，本句同样考到定语从句。主句部分相对容易，只有“analogous”算是个难词。但是有上下文“to that (function) of a judge”这本身就显示“his function”和“that of a judge”之间是某种类比关系。而此处的“analogous”正是“类似”的意思。本句定语从句的主干就是“who must accept the obligation”，而“obligation”后面全部是修饰成分整个定语从句是从句套从句的复杂结构，无法很好地融合在同一个修饰成分中，所以不妨采取后置法，通过重复先行词把本句定语从句译成：“后者（即法官作者注）必须接受如下（这一）义务，即”。此外，这个定语从句对语言的运用能力要求更高，比如“in as obvious a manner as possible”是“reveal”（揭示）的“manner”（方式），因此，本结构亦可作“in a manner as obvious as possible”（以尽可能浅显的方式）。“revealing”的宾语是“the course of reasoning which led him to this decision”，但中间插入了较长的方式状语“in as obvious a manner as possible”，这与上题的宾语和宾补颠倒类似，同样属于语序问题中的倒装。最后，which led him to this decision是一个简短的定语从句，可以作为一个修饰成分。因此我们不妨采用前置法，把该定语从句作为中心词的修饰语。(48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. 我把一般科学家排除在外了，这是因为，尽管他们的成就可能有助于解决道德问题，但他们只有义务研究这些问题的事实层面。简要分析：结构方面，句子虽长，可是理解还是比较简单的。主要是主句加上一个本身带有让步状语从句的原因状语从句。在原因状语从句部分中，难点在于“he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems”这一部分。在any but这个结构中，but相当于except，因此，字面意思是：他没有被赋予接触这些问题中事实部分以外的其它部分的任务。说得简单点，就是“仅被赋予了研究这些问题中与事实相关的层面。”稍微结合上下文，可以看出，本句的意思是：没有人期望科学家研究问题的道德层面，我们只要求他们研究问题的事实层面。(49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 但是，如同人们没有期待商人致力于思考商业界的行为准则一样，一般科学家的主要任务也不是思考控制其活动的道德规范。简要分析：结构方面，这个句子虽然考了一个传统考点，即定语从句，但实际上难点是“not any more than”这样一个同级比较结构，这个结构比以前考过的asas同级比较更具难度，处理时应在理解as as的基础上，前后句都增加否定的表达。具体到本句，大致的框架必须是：如同人们没有期待商人，一般科学家的主要任务也不是。(50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. （教师、知识分子）可能教得很好，而且他们可能不仅为了谋生而教书，但是他们中的大多数人对于涉及道德判断的人类问题几乎或者根本没有进行过独立的思考。简要分析：结构方面，考了一个简短的定语从句。此外，more than earn their salaries的理解偏难，这个部分涉及省略，将省略补全后为：They may teach very well, and they may teach more than earn their salaries：知识分子可能教得很好，而且有可能不光为了谋生而教书。全文翻译：美国知识分子真的受到排斥，并且被认为对社会没有一点价值了吗？我要告诉大家的是，事实并非如此。布拉克伯根神父曾一语道破部分真相，他认为是知识分子抛弃了美国。但是知识分子的所作所为更为过火，他们已经对自己作为知识分子的角色变得深感不满。反对知识分子的是他们自己，而不是美国。首先，我们需要对我们的研究对象有一个界定。什么是知识分子？我这样定义知识分子：他对道德问题进行苏格拉底式的思考，并将此作为自己人生的首要任务和乐趣。他以自觉、清晰以及坦诚的方式来探讨这些问题，首先从事实的角度提出问题，再从道德的角度提出问题，最后，根绝他所获得的事实材料和道德材料，提出适当的解决办法。知识分子的职责与法官类似，他们必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能清楚明白的方式来展示自己作出决定的推理过程。以这个定义来衡量，有很多通常所谓的知识分子，其实并不能算做真正的知识分子普通科学家就是其中之一。我之所以将普通科学家排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。和其他人一样，即使在履行其日常职责的时候，普通科学家也面临种种道德问题他不应该篡改实验、炮制证据或者伪造报告。但是普通科学家的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范，正如商人并不需要致力于探索商业行为准则一样。如果生意人理应遵守其职业道德，科学家在其清醒的大部分时间里也应该遵守他们的职业准则。该定义也不包括大部分教师，尽管存在这样的事实：传统上，教学一直是许多知识分子谋生的手段。知识分子可能很善长教书，而且不仅仅是为了挣钱而教书。但是他们中大多数人对涉及道德判断的人类问题很少或者根本没有进行独立思考。这样的说法甚至也适用于大部分杰出的学者。在某个知识领域博学是一回事；正如爱默生所言：生活中，“能为公众着想并且勤于思考”又是另外一回事。参考答案及解析：46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. 评析: 本句最大的特色是谓语和宾语之间存在插入的介词短语成份，也就是在elected 之后用了一个非常常考的as，不解决这一层，这个句子会非常不好理解，下一句的考点也很类似本句。难点：as 一直管制到in life,而 the activity of thinking 是真实的宾语。重点：as 在考研英语中有3个常考的意思：1. 像.一样2. 与.同时3. 因为翻译: 我将把他定义为这样的人，他把以苏格拉底的方式去思考道德问题作为人生首要的责任和乐趣。(47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. 评析：这句的长定语从句不是很难理解,但是revealing的宾语和46句一样，都会使人难以识别，如果知道介词的宾语是manner，此句问题就不大了。难点： in . manner是“以.的方式”的意思，一般放在动词的前面去翻译，状语要位于动词之前。重点：理清修饰reveal的头绪，使得整句可以得到较清晰的版本。翻译：他的功能和法官相似，必须接受以尽可能清晰的方式去说明使自己得出结论的推导过程的义务。如果觉得这个定语 太长，也可以这样翻译：他的功能和法官的功能很相似，他们都必须接受一种义务，以尽可能清晰的方式去说明自己得出结论的推导过程。48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.评析： 本句主要是while后面这句话要翻得清晰,he后面这句话是一个否定强调结构,如果没处理好很难通顺.难点：contribute to the solution of moral problems主要是修饰solution，否定强调结构: not.any but， but也可以等于only重点：理解强调结构目的在于衬托后文的factual aspescts翻译：我将一般科学家排除在外是因为，虽则他的成就也许有助于道德问题的解决，但是他从未有义务去研究那些问题事实层面以外的任何东西。49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 评析： 本句的考点还是否定结构，不过这次不是强调，而是否定类比结构。难点：否定类比：not.any more than重点：后半句还要注意is expected to dedicate his energies 不要翻成欧化中文翻译：但是他的主要任务不是去思考道德法则，就像商人无需殚精竭虑的区探索商业行为守则一样。(50) They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries ,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. 评析：but后面的修饰关系围绕一个词：reflection，那么必须注意讲的通顺，难点：reflection是思考的意思，很容易错为反映的意思。重点：修饰关系的顺序必须先翻后面，再翻前面。翻译：他们也许教的很好，也不仅仅是为了挣钱，但是他们中的大多数，很少或从未就涉及道德判断的人类问题作出独立思考。2007年英译汉试题(1) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.评析： 从全句角度去把握意思，而非拘泥于某一个词，这是做翻译不容易达到的境界。本句中的institutions和preserve比较难翻。难点：词义的处理和上下文语境的统一。重点：rather than 表达取舍关系。翻译：传统上来说，法学知识一直被认为是律师们的专利，而非受过教育的人们必备的知识装备。(2) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.评析： 这句话的关键在于对which作用的理解，其实是联系了前后的links，并作出比较。难点：从句很长，要把修饰关系理清楚，links同时也是forge的宾语。重点：从句以及cover，forge的翻译。翻译：另一方面，法律以某种方式将这些概念(公正、民主和自由)同日常生活中的现实联系起来，这与记者们每天报道和评论新闻事件时建立的联系相类似。(3) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media.评析： 表示因果关系的动词在考研考试中经常重复 ,有lie/rest/depend with/upon等， 一般翻成“取决于”，“依赖于”。难点：established 是“根深蒂固”的意思。重点：长修饰语的顺序，这点始终是重点。idea这个同位语从句的处理。同位语从句一般在that后面有完整的主谓宾结构，定语从句则缺乏主语或者宾语。翻译：但是认为记者必须比普通公民更深谙法律的观点，主要来自于对新闻媒体久已有之的传统和特殊责任的理解。(4) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.评析： 这句话最典型的就是它的形式主语，一般直接翻译真实主语，形式主语忽略不计。难点：grasp是理解的意思，stories虽然简单，一般要翻成“事件”，job翻成“报道”，因为说得是记者的工作。全句的结构要流畅。重点：长修饰语顺序的控制和符合中文的表达习惯。翻译：事实上，很难看到对加拿大宪法的基本特点缺乏了解的记者能对政治事件作出具有竞争力的报道。(5) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.评析： 和上句一样，形式主语以及小词的处理是最不好做的。难点：notions of significance 是“是非观，价值观”的意思，很难翻译准确。重点：preferable，enhance的翻译要符合汉语习惯。翻译：虽则来自律师的评论和反应能使事件的报道增色不少，记者们依赖自己的是非观念去作出自己的判断则更为可取。最后要附带说说做题的模式，划线句子是得分的关键，不划线的部分一般不用看，除非在划线句子中的重要位置出现了代词，通常主语是代词，那么最好把前面一 句非划线部分的句子读清楚，一般就可以得出结论了。做题的时间最好不要超过20分钟，如果可以在15分钟之内把题目做完最好。参考答案及解析：The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (1) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.几个世纪以来，欧洲的各所大学一直认为法学是一门基本知识学科。然而，只是在最近几年，法学才成为加拿大大学本科专业的一个特色。(1)传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师专有的特权，而不是每一个受过教育的人必备的知识才能。可喜的是，加拿大的许多大学正在树立更传统、更具欧洲大陆特色的法律教育观点，有些大学甚至已经开始授予法学学士学位。If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (2) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career.如果法学正在开始成为普通教育的重要组成部分的话，那么它的目标和方法应该会立刻吸引新闻学教育者。法律是一门鼓励进行责任判断的学科。一方面，它为分析像正义、民主和自由这样的概念提供机会。(2)另一方面，法律以一种方式把这些观念同日常实际联系起来这种联系类似于新闻记者在报道以及评论新闻时根据日常规则所形成的联系方式。比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公共利益这样的概念在新闻判断和新闻编写过程中就如同在法庭上一样发挥作用。通过研读并思考法律来提高判断能力是一名新闻记者为其事业应该做的一项知识准备。(3) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (4) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.(3)但是“新闻记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律这种观点取决于对新闻媒体的既定习俗和特殊责任的了解。政治，或者广义上说，国家的职能，是新闻记者报道的一个主要方面。他们对国家的机制了解得越多，他们的报道就越优秀。(4)事实上，要想明白那些没有清晰领会加拿大宪法的基本特征的新闻记者如何能够胜任政治新闻报道工作非常困难。Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (5) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.此外，法律体系及其中发生的事件是新闻记者报道的主题。虽然法律报道的质量各不相同，但是许多新闻记者都过分依赖律师提供给他们的诠释。(5)虽然律师提供的评论和反馈可能丰富报道的内容，但是新闻记者依赖自己的价值观自己做出判断则更加难能可贵。这些判断只能来自于对法律体系的充分理解。2008年英译汉试题本次考试试题来源于Mayo W. Hazeltine所写的一篇学术评论，主题是关于达尔文在现代科学中的地位。In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserts, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry; I have tried lately to read Shakespeare, and found it so intolerably dull that it nauseated me. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. Music generally sets me thinking too energetically of what I have been at work on, instead of giving me pleasure. I retain some taste for fine scenery, but it does not cause me the exquisite delight which it formerly did.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.参考答案及解析：46 he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations,参考答案：他相信，或许这种困难也有其好处，正是这种困难促使他能够长时间专注地思考每一个句子；从而能够在推理和自己的观察中发现错误。解析：本句属于典型的长句题，篇幅长，结构层叠，意在考察考生分析句子结构的能力。本句的句法结构为主语、谓语加上以that引导的宾语从句，句子主干为he believes that.that从句的结构是主语“this very difficulty ”加上含有情态动词的谓语“may have” 及其宾语the advantage of forcing, and thus enabling。Of后面forcing和enabling组成并列结构，共同修饰advantage。并列结构的后半部分中，出现了thus enabling，考前充分研究过往年考题的同学不难发现，这个结构和03年61题的thus subjecting这个结构几乎完全相同，可以使用“从而“、”因而“等词来处理。本题中的词汇考点中绝大部分都是传统考点。句子中的compensating 曾在97年75题出现过，advantage 在90年65题中考过，force在2000年73题中考过， observation在02年62题中考过。47 He asserts, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.参考答案：达尔文还声称，对于冗长且完全抽象的思想，他的理解能力十分有限