初中英语知识点总结.docx

一般现在时的用法l ) 经常性或习惯性的动作，初中英语知识点总结常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every., someti mes, at., on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理， 客观存在， 科学事实。The earth :move.s around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警旬中。Pride goes before a fall骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从旬中， 即使主旬是过去时， 从旬谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writ:es good English but does not speak well比较： Now I put the sugar in the cup. I a:m doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时， 用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作， 表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now 是进行时的标志， 表示正在进行的动作的客观状况， 所以后句用一般现在时。2. 一般过去时的用法l )在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有： yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。Where did you go just now?2 )表示在过去一段时间内， 经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child., I often played footbaH in the streetWhenever the Browns went during their visit., t hey were given a warm welcome.3 )句型：I t. i s time for sb. to do sth ”到间了时”“该了“I iIt. i s time sb. did sth. ”时间已迟了”“早该了“ It. i s time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。It. i s time you went to bed你早该睡觉了。would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示 宁愿某人侬某事Id rather yo, u c ame tomorrow.4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时， 作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较： 般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）Christine has been an invalid all her hfe.（含义： 她 现 在 还 活着）Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义： 达比太太已不再住在肯塔基少1 寸。 ）现已不复存在。Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基外寸，有可能指刚离去）注意：用过去时表示现在， 表示委婉语气。l ) 动词 want. hope, wond,er, think intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2 )情态动词 could, would. Could you lend me your bite?3. used to / be used toused to + do: “过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态， 但如今已不存在。Mother us凶 not to be so forgetfu l屯Scarf used to take a walk.（过去常常散步）be us司 to + doing:对，已感到习惯，1或 习 惯于“, to 是介词， 后需加名词或动名词。He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk（.现在习惯于散步）典型例题Your phone number again ?-I圭圭If s 69568442.quit:e c a t.c h it.A. didn t B. couldn t C. dont D. can t答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语， 但从语意上著 出， 在 听 的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。4 一般将来时1) shall 用于第一人称， 常被 will所代替。win 在陈述旬中用于各人称，1在争求意见时常用千第二人称凸Which paragraph shaH I read first.Will you be at, home at seven this evening?2) be going to 不定式， 表示将来。a主语的意图， 即 将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?b. 计划，安排要发生的享。The play is going to be produced next month。 c有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds there is going to be a storm.3) be不 定 式表将来， 按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4) be about to不 定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.注意 be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5. be ,going to/ wdl用于条件句时win 表意愿be going to 表将来If you are going t.o make a journey, you d better get ready for it. assoon as possible.Now if you wiH take off your clothes, we wiU fit the new clothes on you in front. of the mi订 or.6. be to 和be going tobe to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am. to play foo tball tom.orrow aftern.oon.（客观安排）rm going to play foot:ball tomorrowaft:emoon.（主观安排）7. 一般现在时表将来l ) 下列动词： come, go, anive leave, start., begin return 的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。3The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.凸女月12 )倒装旬， 表示动作正在进行，Here comes the bus.The bus is coming. T here goes the beH. The beH is ringing.3 )在时间或条件句中。When BiH co mes（不是 win come), ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4 ) 在动词 hope take care that make sure that 等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are ,clo se d before you leave the room. 11用于现在完成时的旬型1)It is the first. / second bme. that . .结构中的从旬部分， 用现在完成时。It. i s the first time that I ha- ve visit司 the ,city.It. was the third time that the boy had been late.2 ) T his is the. that. .结构， that 从句要用现在完成时T his is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。T his is the first time (that) Ive heard hi1n sing. 这是我第一次盺他唱歌。典型例题(1) Do you know our town at aH?No, this is the first ti m:e-filhere.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming答案 B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时， 故选B。(2) Have you been to our town before?No, ifs the first time -Ihere.A. even come B. even, have co1ne C. ever, come D. ever, have come答案 D. ever 意为曾经或无论何时， 反意词为 never, 此两词常用于完成时。 This is tb e largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that clause 的旬型中， 从句要用完成时。注意： 非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错） I have received his lett.er for a month.( X寸） I haven t. re ceived his letter for almost a month.12. 比较since 和 for4 .Since 用来说明动作起始时间， for 用来说明动作延续时间长度。，I have hved here for more than twenty years. I have hved here since I was born.My aunt has work.ed in a cHnic sinc e l 949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a Iittle girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from :my uncle for a long time.注意： 并非有 for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than t.wenty years.）（我现在已不在这里工作。I have worked here for many years.）（现在我仍在这里丁作。小窍门：当现在完成时一 段时间， 非延续动词在完成时中的误使。这一结构中， 我 们用下面的公式转化， 很容易就能排除l )（对1)）To m has studied Russian for three years.Tom began to study Russian thre e ye.ars ago, and is stHl s tudying it now.2)（错）H arry has got married for six ye-ars.Harry began to get 1n.ar ried six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然，第二旬不对，它 应改为 Ha订y got 1narried six years ago. 或 Harry has been 1narried for six years.13. since 的四种用法1) since 过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、 日 期 、 钟 点 、 1980, last month half past six)。 I have b心 n here since 1989.2) since 一 段时间 a goI have b心 n here since five months ago.3) since 从 旬Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4) It is 一 段时间 since 从句It. i s two years since I became a postgraduate student.被动语态的几种类型l )主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态， 如：He saw her in the shop yesterday.5She was seen in the shop yest:erday.2) 主语有两个宾语的被动语态Li 压 i gave me a chemistry book.I was given a clhemistry book by Li Lei.A chemistry book was given to me by Li Lei.3 )主动旬中含宾语补足语的旬子的被动语态若宾语补足语是不带 to 的不定式， 变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“ to。此类动词为感官动词： feel, hear help, listen to look at make, observe see, notice, watchT he teacher made me go out of th, e cla ssroom.主 I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). We saw him play football on the playground.产 He was seen to play footbaH on the playground.若宾语补足语是带 to 的不定式， 那么被动语态仍保留 to:Mother told me not to be lateI was told not to be la t:e by :mo ther.5 )情态动词 be 过去分词， 构成被动语态。Coal can be used to produce electricity for agricuture and industry.6 )表示”据说”或 相信的词组believe, consider declare, expect. feel,n report, say, see, suppose, think understand It. i s said th at.据说It. i s report:ed that据报道It. i s beheved that . . 大家相信It. i s hoped that. 大家希望It. i s well known that .众所周知It. i s thought that 大家认为It. i s suggest.e d that. .据建议It. i s taken grant:ed that.被视为当然It. has been decided that.大家决定It. must be remember that务记必住的是It. i s said th at she wiU leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.14. 延续动词与瞬间动词l ) 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He ha, s complet.ed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。（表结果）Ive known him since then我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）2) 用千 till l until 从句的差异延续动词用于肯定旬， 表示“散直到 瞬间 动词用于否定旬，表示”到，才He didn, t come back until ten oclock.6他到 10 点才回来。He slept until ten oclock,他一直睡到 10 点。典型例题1. You dont need to desc门be her. Iher several bmes.A. had met B. have :me t C. :met, n. meet答案 B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我 知 道 她的模样，你 不 用描述。再次，, several ti-me s告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2. 一I m sorry t.o keep you waiting.Oh, not at an. -Ihere only a few minute.s.A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be答案 A. 等待的动作由过去开始，不定式作宾语持续到现在， 应用现l ) 动词 不定工afford aim appear agree 印 ange ask be d,ecide bother care choose,come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitat:elearn long 1nean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake举例：T he driver faHed to see the other car in bme.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2 )动词不定丸 ；动词宾 语不定式ask, beg choose, expect, hate, help int.end hke, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish. . . I like to keep everythi ng tidy我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁口I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。I want. to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。I want. you to speak to Tom我想让你和汤姆谈话。、勹俨 一动词疑 问 词 t:0decide, know, , explain, t.e Hconside r forget, learn, r-eme1nber,show, understand, see, wonder hear, find out,Pl e ase show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。T here are so many kinds of tape recorders on sale that., I么多的录音机， 我 都 拿 不 定主意买哪一种。can t make up my mind which to buy有 这7注意：疑问词带不定式在旬中作成分时， 谓语动词用单数。T he quesbon is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。2不定式作补语l ) 动词宾语不 定 式(to do)叫vise aHow appoint believe, cause chaUe nge, command compel consider de,clare drive enable encourage find forbid f,orce guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn例句：a. Father wiH not allow us to play on the stree t.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b. We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法：F ind 后可用分词做宾补， 或 先 加形式宾语，再加形容词， 最后加带 to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从旬。此类动词还有get, I found hitn lying on the ground.I found it important to, leam.I found that to learn English is important典型例题：ha ve。Th1enext morning she found tlhe man-in bed,dead.A. lying B. li e C. lay D. laying答案： A.find 的宾语后面， 用分词或分词短语， 表达正在进行， 过去分词表达被动。起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，1也2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。.Ac.kno wledge, believe, consider, think, decla r（e声称），di sco ver, fanc（y设想），feel find, guess, judge,i1n agine, know, prove, s笠（理解），s how宁 s uppose, tak（e 以为）,understandWe consider Tom. to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题Charles Babbage is generally considered-the first. computer.A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented答案： A由 consider to do sth. 排除B、D。 此旬只说明发明这一个事实， 不 定式后用原形即可。而 C 为现在完成时 发明为点动词一般不用完成时， 且此处也不强调对现在的影响， 因此不选 C。83) to be 形 容 词S e e m., appear, be said, be supposed,. be believed, be thought, be known, be report:ed, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean.T he book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4) there be不 定 式believe, expect, intend, hke, love, mean, prefer, want., wish宁 und rstandWe didn t. expect there to be so many people there我 们没料到会有那么多人在哪呈。注意 ： 有 些 动词需用 as 短语做补语， 如 re gard, think believe, take, consid.er.We regard Tom as our best teacher我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。， Maryt:ook him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。，不定式作主语1) Its easy (for me) to do that我 做这事太容易了easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enoughIt.s so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。It.s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.、“你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。2) Ifs very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们， 他真好。Kind , nice, stupid, rude,. clever, foolish, thoughtfid,. thoughUess, brave, conside rat（e siUy, selfish( 自私的）例旬：I t. was siHy of us to beheve hi m. 我们真愚蠢， 竟 然 相信了他。考虑周到的LIt. seemed selfish of hitn not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东面， 这显得太自私了。注意： l ）其他系动词如， l ook,appear 等也可用千此旬型2) 不定式作为句子成分时， 动词用单数形式。3) 寸勹不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时 不能用 It is . . . to .句的型（对）Tosee is to believe.百闻不如一见。（错）I t. i s to believe to see.94. Its for sb和If s of sb.1)for sb. 常 用千表示事物的特征特点， 表示客观形式的形容词， 如 easy, hard, di f, int.e r e sting, i1npossible 等It.svery bard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。ficuU,。I i2 ) of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格， 品 德， 表示主观感情或态度的形容词， 如 goodkind, nice, clever, foolish, right。It. s very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我， 你真是太好了口f o r与 of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语， 用介词前边的形容词作表语， 造个句子。如果道理上通顺用 of,不通则用for。如：You are nice（.通顺， 所以应用o几He is hard.（人是困难的， 不通， 因 此应用for。)3) 祁使句 ( ltn perati ve Sentence )祈使旬往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议， 等等。祈使句的主语常被省略， 因 为这个主语很明确地是听话人” you。当然， 有时为了强调或表示某种感情，旬 子也会带上主语。祈使旬的谓语用动词原形； 它 的否定形式是句首用 Dont + 动词原形， 或 是 Not. to +动词原形。例如：Be quietplease ! （大家）请安静。Stand up ! 起立！Dont smoke in the office . 请不要在办公室吸烟。，Dont be standing in the rain 别站在雨里。Not to be careless when youre driving a car . 开车时不要粗心大意。4) 感叹句 ( Ex,clamatory Sentence )感叹旬表示说话人的喜悦、气厮 惊讶等强烈的情绪。这类句子中， 有很多是由 What 或 How 引起的。What 用来强调名词， Ho w 则强调形容词、副词或动词。这类旬子的构成只需将所强调或是说， 所感叹的对象放到旬首； 旬子无需倒装， 句 子要用正常语序。 当然， 如果不用这种句型， 而句子（无论是那种句子）本身又表示了上述的种种悄绪， 那 么 该句也就成了感叹旬。例如：W hat a fine day it is today ! 今天天气多好啊！How fin e it is today今天天气多好啊！What a lovely son you have！你有个多可爱的儿子啊！ How lovely your son is ! 你的儿子多可爱