1、心血管康复医学杂志2 0 2 3年8 月第32 卷第4期ChinJCardiovascRehabilMed,A u g u s t2 0 2 3,V o l.32 No.4Review and Meta-Analysis JJ.Biomed Res Int,2020,2020:7015249.25J Hari P,Khandelwal P,Smoyer WE.Dyslipidemia and cardio-vascular health in childhood nephrotic syndrome J.PediatrNephrol,2020,35(9):16 0 1-16 19.26 Che
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7、muscle mass:A cross-sectional studyJ.JDermatol,2019,46(1):11-17.(收稿日期:2 0 2 1-0 10 6)急性心肌梗死PCI时代:HUA影响患者预后的机制熊妹笛,寇俊杰摘要:大量研究提示,高尿酸血症(HUA)与急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介人治疗(PCI)术后预后存在显著相关性,其机制处于探索过程中,且随着近年来心血管领域新型检查手段的日渐成熟而有了新突破。本文就HUA影响AMI患者PCI术后预后的机制的研究进展作一综述,旨在为后续研究及临床治疗提供新思路。关键词:心肌梗死;高尿酸血症;预后文章编号:10 0 8-0 0
8、 7 4(2 0 2 3)0 4-40 5-0 4Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-0074.2023.04.20PCI era of acute myocardial infarction:mechanism of HUA affecting prognosis of patients/xIONG Shu-di,KOU Jun-jie/Department of Cardiology,Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University,Harbin,Hei-longjiang,150081,ChinaCorrespon
9、ding author:KOU Jun-jie,E-mail:trudy _ Abstract:Lots of researches have indicated that hyperuricemia(HUA)is significantly correlated with prognosis ofpatients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI)after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Its mechanism isstill under exploration,and new breakthrou
10、ghs have been made with increasing maturity of new examination meth-ods in cardiovascular field in recent years.The present article makes a review on research progress on mechanism ofHUA affecting prognosis of AMI patients after PCI,aiming at providing new thinking for follow-up research andclinical
11、 treatment.Key words:Myocardial infarction;Hyperuricemia;Prognosis急性心肌梗死(AMI)的治疗手段已经步入经皮冠状动脉介人治疗(PCI)时代,随着这项技术的广泛应用,AMI患者的死亡率显著下降且预后逐步提升。但仍然有患者在接中图分类号:R542.22作者单位:哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院心内科,黑龙江哈尔滨150081通讯作者:寇俊杰,E-mail:t r u d y _l a u 16 3.c o m文献标识码:A406受标准治疗之后预后不良,因此心血管研究领域一直致力于寻找影响心梗患者PCI术后预后的因素。尿酸(Uric Ac
12、id,UA)是嘌呤经黄嘌呤还原酶(Xanthine oxidoreductase,XO)代谢后的产物。高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia)则被广泛证实对心肌梗死并行PCI术患者预后存在显著影响,随着心血管系统检查手段如光学相干断层成像技术(opticalco-herence tomography,O C T)、冠状动脉造影术(coronaryarteriongraphy,C A G)开始普遍用于临床,高尿酸血症促进心肌梗死的发生及其影响心肌梗死预后的机制研究才得以初步探究。在国内外多篇研究表明高尿酸血症是心肌梗死的独立危险因素,且血清尿酸(SUA)水平与心肌梗死患者的预后直接相关,本文旨在
13、总结近年来学界对于高尿酸血症促进心梗发生及影响心梗患者行PCI术后预后的机制研究的最新成果。1高尿酸血症是AMI发生的独立危险因素一项包括超过7 0 0 0 0 名无心梗病史的参与者的研究表明,在长达9 年的观察期内,SUA水平含量持续升高的患者与UA水平在正常范围内的患者相比,心肌梗死的风险显著增加1。高尿酸血症是AMI的重要危险因素2 ,较高的SUA水平是急性冠脉综合征(ACS)风险增加的独立相关因素3。在一项意大利全国性、多中心的观察性队列研究中,有对共2 346 7 例18 9 5岁参与者进行了为期(12 2.366.9)个月的随访,在校正混杂变量后研究表明高UA水平是致死性心肌梗死的
14、独立危险因素4,并且与该患者是否在临床上被诊断为痛风无直接关联,高尿酸血症患者发生AMI后具有更高的死亡风险。随着SUA水平的升高,发生主要不良心血管事件(MACE)的风险也随之增加,尤其是心脏衰竭和死亡风险的增加更为显著5。2高尿酸血症患者心梗发生的机制前人的研究主要集中在高尿酸血症与冠心病之间的联系。冠心病发展至AMI最常见的原因为冠状动脉中不稳定斑块破裂,导致血小板聚集形成冠状动脉内血栓堵塞血管腔,使相应血管供应部位心肌发生坏死。前人对于冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成因素,及其与高尿酸血症的联系已经做了很多阐释,例如内皮功能障碍、氧化应激反应、平滑肌细胞增殖等6.7,本文不再赞述。但是,对于
15、冠状动脉中不稳定斑块破裂、导致血小板聚集最终形成冠状动脉内血栓并堵塞血管腔这一病理过程与高尿酸血症之间的相关机制研究近年来才刚刚开始。这与CAG技术日益普及,OCT等血管内造影技术日渐成熟密不可分,心血管病学术界终于可以获得患者血管内如斑块形态、血栓负荷等情况的真实信息。2.1高尿酸血症与不稳定斑块斑块破裂是最常见的斑块并发症类型,占AMI致死的约7 0%。其中具有更薄纤维帽、更大脂质核心的斑块发生斑块破裂、形成血栓栓塞的可能性更大。Sano K等测定了在心血管康复医学杂志2 0 2 3年8 月第32 卷第4期ChinJCardiovascRehabilMed,A u g u s t2 0 2
16、 3,V o l.32 No.4随访期间发生心血管事件的患者体内斑块的脂质面积百分比和纤维面积百分比。研究表明,高尿酸血症组的患者,其斑块的脂类含量较高,纤维成分更少8 。一项关于ACS患者SUA水平与斑块不稳定性之间的研究同样发现高SUA组患者病变部位中薄纤维帽状动脉瘤和胆固醇晶体更为常见。2.2高尿酸血症与斑块破裂因为长期的高水平SUA对ACS患者斑块形态产生了不利影响而导致斑块更易破裂。KobayashiN等在比较SUA水平 8.0 mg/dl和8.0 mg/dl的患者的梗死相关病变形态时,在SUA水平 8.0 mg/dl的患者中斑块破裂(6 7%比48%,P=0.019)和红色血栓(6
17、 7%比44%,P=0.016)更为普遍10 。3高尿酸血症影响心肌梗死患者的预后在一项纳人了9 个研究、共8 7 7 6 例ACS患者的荟萃分析中,在每个研究亚组中均持续观察到高尿酸血症对于心梗患者预后的影响,并得出结论:高尿酸血症可独立预测ACS患者的MACE和死亡11.12 。患有高尿酸血症的患者在发生ACS后,他们的中期、长期死亡率和主要心血管事件发生率更高13-16 。并且ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者的短期死亡率与住院期间高尿酸血症相关17 。随着PCI技术的广泛普及,近年来更加值得关注的发现是:在心肌梗死并接受PCI治疗的患者中,高SUA水平显著升高了AMI患者的死亡率和
18、MACE风险18 。并且SUA水平的轻微升高就能够对接受PCI的患者的短期死亡率产生重大影响,这一情况尚未引起先前研究的关注。另有研究表明,发生STEMI并接受PCI的患者,他们人院时UA水平升高与住院期间心血管疾病死亡率升高和6 个月内全因死亡率升高相关19 ,并且是心血管疾病死亡率的独立预测因子。4高尿酸血症影响PCI术后患者预后的机制影响PCI术后患者预后的因素很多,排除例如既往疾病、左心室功能,和如糖尿病、高血压、慢性肾功能不全等全身疾病后,针对高尿酸血症所产生的影响,目前的研究前沿主要集中在以下几个方面:首先患者冠状动脉心肌梗塞溶栓(TIMI)血流分级的高低可以直观反映患者冠状动脉的
19、血运情况,据此可评估患者梗死部位的病情严重情况。闭塞的冠脉开通后形成的缺血一再灌注损伤也会对心肌产生影响,从而影响患者预后。对于长期预后来说心梗后患者侧支循环的建立至关重要,于此同时,也有研究表明非梗死相关慢性完全闭塞病变(non Infarct Related ArteryC h r o n icTotalOcclusion,n o n I RA C T O)患者的院内死亡率显著更高。而non-IRACTO的发生同样与高尿酸血症存在相关性2 0 。4.1 高尿酸血症与 PCI 后 TIMI 血流分级SUA水平升高是PCI后冠状动脉血流不良的预测指标。现存的机制和假说认为SUA可能会影响经PC
20、I治疗的心梗患者的心肌再灌注,并伴有更大的梗塞面积和更高的长期死心血管康复医学杂志2 0 2 3年8 月第32 卷第4期ChinJCardiovascRehabilMed,A u g u s t2 0 2 3,V o l.32 No.4亡率2 1。且有研究证实,冠状动脉斑块脂质含量较高的患者无复流或血流缓慢现象更加常见2 2 。这无疑与此前研究中高尿酸血症患者斑块形态学特征具有一致性。在一项纳人了8 8 0 例接受PCI治疗的 STEMI患者男646例,女2 34例;年龄(58.512.4)岁的前瞻性研究中,根据其TIMI血流将患者分为两组,即血流受损组(T I M I 血流0、1和2 级)和
21、正常血流组(TIMI血流3级)。数据经多元Logistic回归分析显示,SUA水平是梗死相关动脉通畅性的独立预测指标2 3。另一项研究也证实患者人院时SUA水平是STEMI患者初次PCI后冠状动脉血流不良的有力且独立的预测指标。并且提出 SUA水平是对危险分层有价值的生物标志2 4。4.2高尿酸血症与缺血再灌注损伤PCI术后的局部炎症在缺血一再灌注损伤的发病机理中起关键作用。MandurinoMA等研究了接受PCI术的STE-MI患者SUA水平与炎症反应之间的关系并且得出结论:患者的SUA水平与炎症反应标志物CRP及IL-6峰值呈显著线性相关2 1,该作用机制仍需要更多临床试验来佐证。4.3高
22、尿酸血症与侧支循环高SUA水平的患者更易出现冠状动脉侧支血管(Coro-naryCollateralsVessel,Cc V)形成不良或无法形成的情况,二者之间的关联可能解释了高尿酸血症与心血管并发症之间的病理生理联系。众所周知,SUA会通过诱导抗增殖作用和削弱一氧化氮生成而直接导致内皮功能障碍6.7。内皮功能障碍可能是侧支血管生长较差的原因。因为内皮功能是侧支血管生长过程中最重要的因素,因此Duran M等认为高SUA水平可能会导致冠状血管微血管的损伤,并可能导致CCV开发欠佳或无法形成 CCV25。患者因难以形成有效的侧支循环,供血不足的心肌无法恢复血流供应,导致患者预后较差。Kasapk
23、ara等的研究中则分析了非ST段抬高型ACS患者SUA水平对冠状动脉侧支循环(CoronaryCollateralCir-culation,C C C)的影响。研究根据UA水平将患者分为两组:第一组由UA水平正常的10 2 例患者(男性9 0 例,女性12 例)组成;第二组由UA水平升高的7 3例患者(男性59例,女性14例)组成。与第一组相比,第二组的CCC发育率较低且发育不良现象更普遍,这也证实了高SUA水平可以导致 CCC 较差2 6 。为了分析其可能的机制,诸多学者认为侧支循环的产生与许多促成动脉产生的生长因子和细胞因子相关2 7 ,Cue-vas RD等的研究则证实是较高的UA水平与
24、血清成纤维细胞生长因子水平呈独立相关2 8 。4.4 高尿酸血症与 non-IRACTO在接受PCI术后的心肌梗死的患者中,non-IRACTO与患者的预后呈独立相关。且有研究发现,non-IRACTO患者的SUA水平较高。SUA水平升高和non一IRACTO的存在呈独立相关性。分析其原因,Kurtul A等认为,高尿酸血症导致的内皮功能障碍在non-IRACTO的发展中起到了407作用,并且高尿酸血症诱导的血小板活化和血栓形成也促进了non-IRACTO的发展,最终导致患者预后较差2 0 。5 讨 论随着检查与治疗手段的不断革新,许多假说和理论得到了证实,当AMI的治疗手段进人PCI时代,临
25、床上可以切实观察到患者的冠状动脉血流情况、斑块形态、血栓负荷量及是否产生侧支循环等现象,这对于高尿酸血症促进心梗发生及影响心梗患者行PCI术后预后机制的研究有着强有力的助力。与此同时我国逐步进入老龄化社会,患者患有全身性疾病或多种疾病的情况日益显著,找到常见的共存疾病之间的关联并且理清其相互影响的作用机制也符合临床需求。未来,将需要更多临床研究来进一步阐释高尿酸血症与AMI发生发展及其预后的病理生理过程,从而为提出新的治疗手段提出佐证。现今已经有很多临床研究观察到了控制血尿酸水平对于心肌梗死治疗是有利的2 9.30 ,但在这些证据的基础上仍需要更多的试验来推动治疗方案的更新。参考文献:1 Ti
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