阅读理解专项训练.jsp.doc

第三部分 专题训练第4讲 阅读理解要点梳理 知识点拨 基础自清 阅读理解考查的项目大多是根据视读能力、理解能力和对所读材料的评价能力的要求设计的，具有题量大、题材广泛（包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等）、体裁多样（包括记叙文、说明文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、表格等）以及考查方式灵活、注意现实生活实际等特点，一般由两部分组成，即阅读材料和理解内容。阅读材料通常包括名人轶事、地理风貌、风土人情、寓言典故等，它是理解内容的依据。理解内容通常包括判断题和选择题，它是对阅读材料的总结和概括。 解题步骤：1. 先看题干，带着问题读文章。 即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，首先要掌握题目的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案。主观判断题考查的是对作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心思想的理解等，必须对作者的态度、意图以及整篇文章等进行深层次的推理。其次，了解题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，再有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行解析、对比，排除干扰项，选出正确答案。2.速读全文，了解大意知主题。阅读的目的是获取信息。一个人阅读能力的高低决定了他能否快速、高效地吸收有用的信息。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。当然，也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳等作用，而主旨大意题、归纳概括题和中心思想题往往可以直接从主题句中找到答案。3. 详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。 文章绝不是互不想干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；议论文则包括论点、论据、论证三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。可以根据文章的特点，详读细节，以时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语。 4.按逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。 在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过前后逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意-这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解主要包括归纳概括题（中心思想，加标题等）和推理判断题，是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动，必须忠实于原文；必须以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象，随意揣测；只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。 考点解读 梳理考点 明确目标 中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断能力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能作出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案或作出正误判断。中考阅读理解题型及其解题技巧主要有以下几种：一、细节理解题：细节理解题主要考查学生对文章重要细节、信息的理解能力，如时间、地点、人物、价钱、数量、原因、目的、结果等。细节理解题大多直接或间接地从文章中找到答案。 【主要提问方式】 (1)According to the passage,when（where,why,how,who,etc.).(2)Which of the following is NOT mentioned?(3)Which of the following is right?(4)Which of the following is TRUE/NOT TRUE according to the passage?(5)The author mentions all of the following except. (6)Choose the right order according to this passage.(7)The reason for.is.【解题技巧】采用查读法破解对细节理解题的考查。同学们阅读题干后，确定要寻找的细节，然后快速通篇跳读，找到问题所在后，再放慢速度，细细研究。事实细节题可以是原文的重复，也可以是表达方式与原文有所不同的题。大部分细节理解题可以直接在文中找到答案。但切忌仅通过自己对某类知识的主观了解做出凭空想象的判断。同学们审题时，应注意以下几点：1.问到who，what,which,where,why,how,when等问题时，往往有according to the author （passage）这样的限制语。回答时，一定要以文章所谈到内容为依据，而不是凭自己的观点或经验去选择不符合文章内容的答案。2.如果问的内容是由数字表示的事实或细节，比如时间、价格、次数等，要经过计算才能回答，不要轻易从文中直接找出数字，以免理解错误。3.如果问题中含有否定意义的词语，如有not,except(for),least,never等，要特别留心，不要理解错了，而选择相反的答案。4.要准确把握指代关系，阅读时我们常常遇到一些代词，如it,its,they,them,their,this,that,these,those,one,ones等，用来代替上文提到的人、事或物。对指代关系的理解是至关重要的。 二、词义猜测题：考查学生对篇章中的某个超出课标范围的生词或短语，以及熟词和短语在限定语境中的意思进行推理判断的能力。【主要提问方式】 (1)What does the underlined word/phrase/sentence“.”most probably mean? (2)The underlined word/phrase “.”in the passage probably means_.(3)The underlined word “.”in the passage refers to_.(4)Which of the following can be used here or replace (取代）the underlined phrase“.”? (5)In this story underlined word “.”means_ (6)Here“.”means _.【解题技巧】 透彻理解题意，从短文中找到相关的词、短语或句子，根据特定的语境判断理解，推敲斟酌，确定词义。猜测词义的技巧有1. 借上下文来推断。2.分析同义关系，反义关系。3.分析理解长句，特别是通过同位语从句和定语从句猜测生词的意思。4.根据举例或定义猜测词义：a.表示例举和比喻的词或短语:like,such as,as.as,as if,for example,for instance等。 B.表示定义或解释的词语或短语：is,mean,called,that is,that is to say等，或者是破折号。5.通过生活常识猜测生词的意思。6.根据构词法知识判断。7.根据情景和逻辑进行判断。三、主旨大意题： 主要测试考生归纳、概括性领悟文章大意的能力，包括归纳文章要点、揭示主题、概括中心思想、选择文章标题和判断作者写作意图等形式。【主要提问方式】 (1)Which is the best title of the passage?(2)Which of the following is this passage about?(3)In this passage the writer tries to tell us that_.(4)The passage tells us that_.(5)This passage mainly talks about_. (6)The passage is mainly about_.(7)The main idea of this passage is_. (8)The passage mainly discusses_. (9)The authors purpose in writing this passage is_. (10)From the passage we can learn/conclude that_. (11)What is the .paragraph mainly about?【解题技巧】 领会全文大意，灵活运用判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法，真正理解文章的话题和中心思想。通常运用的方法有：1.读首尾段，抓住大意。2.归纳各段抓大意。3.选标题的原则：适度，醒目，概括。4.对中心思想的理解既不能太笼统，又不能太具体。常见的错误有三种：第一种是概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节；第二种是概括太宽，所表达的内容超出了文章叙述的内容；第三种是涉及到文章未提到的或无依据的信息。解答此类题目时，同学们要想一想文章要告诉我们一个什么道理，什么是文章的中心灵魂所在。5.熟悉文体，寻找主题句，留意关键词。不同的文体的写作目的和写作结构一般不同。议论文往往在第一、二段就会给出文章的主旨，即文章的主要论点，下文通常分论点进行论证。而记叙文是在讲故事的同时点明一个人生哲理或表达一种情感，在文章的结尾通常会给出作者的感受或号召等。文章的主题句通常在第一段、最后一段或每一段的第一个句子，有时也会出现在文章的中间。6.选标题时，面对相似选项不好判断时，同学们可暂时抛开文章，分别以各选项为命题考虑你将如何写作，如果你准备写的内容与原文相去甚远，则为不合理的标题。四、推理判断题：此类题目语篇中没有明确的答案，需要考生在理解全篇的基础上进行推理和判断。主要对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作的思路及目的等进行考查，纵观全文，在汇集短文提供的各项信息的基础上，严格按照短文陈述的观点及描述事实，进行正确的、合乎逻辑的推论和引申，包括事情的前因后果、人物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向等。有时还可能会假设一种情况要去考生对原文中没有提及的情况进行推理和想象，对题目中提出的各种可能性进行推敲，从而选出符合原文或作者意图的最佳答案。其类型主要有以下几种：a.事实推断题。b.指代推断题。c.逻辑推断题。d.对作者的意图和态度的推断题。 【主要提问方式】(1)We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _. (2)We can infer from the text /story that_.(3)According to the story ,what would happen next?(4)From the story we can guess/know that_.(5)Which of the following is the writer s attitude?(6)According to the writer,_. (7)The writer suggests（暗示）that_. (8)The writer doesnt agree that_. (9)Which of the following best describe the character of.? (10)The passage may be taken from_. (11)The passage may be a/an_. (12)The word “it”/ “they”/“them”means_in the sentence“.”. (13)What does the word “them”in the first paragraph refer to（指代）？ 【解题技巧】 读懂文章中的每个句子的意思，整体把握文章内容，通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层含义。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到的，因此推理时千万不可脱离原文进行主观臆断。例题精析 真题剖析 点破技巧 【例1】 如何获取语篇的主旨和大意-主题句在段首或篇首 These mini-robots are very useful for controlling infection(传染).Usually clean and dirty work is done by the same person, but here, youll have robots that do“dirty work”,like collecting dirty sheets, or taking away hospital waste; and youll have robots that do“clean work”,like bringing meals or clean sheets to patients. The robots have separate work so theres no way for infection, which is great. But of course, robots would not take the place of humans, but would free up more time for nurses to be with patients.Q:The main idea of this paragraph is that _. （D） A. nurses would have more free time with patients B. robots would not take the place of humans C. dirty and clean work is always done by the same person D. mini-robots are useful for controlling infection解析 本文介绍了机器人的发展变化。本段第一句为主题句。这个句子概括了本段的中心思想，下文都是举例,故选D。【例2】 如何获取语篇的主旨和大意-主题句在段末或篇末If youre into sports, youve seen it happentennis players jump over the net to shake hands after a hard match; football players exchange jerseys（运动衣）after ninety minutes of knocking each other around; even boxers touch gloves at the beginning of each round. Players in every event, from spelling bees to golf（高尔夫球），act in this way. Its all part of sportsmanship（体育精神），a great tradition in sports and competition. It means playing and being calm all through the match.Everyone feels great when they win. In the last few years, you might see some players celebrate a goal（进球）with a long victory dance or talk big about their ability. However, its always hard for people to say in public that they made a bad play. Good sportsmanship is what they really need. Its the golden rule of sports.Good sportsmanship means that you play by the rules, talk politely to everyone during games and stay cool even when you lose the game. At the school sports meeting, for example, its more important for you to know how to work as part of a team and cheer your teammates on. That may help you enjoy more success at your future work. In competitionas in lifeyou may not always win, but believe me, sportsmanship will help you get through, and there is always the next match.Q:The passage mainly tells us that sportsmanship gets you through no matter whether . （A） A. you win or lose. b. you play or learn. C. you are happy or not. D. you feel hard or not.解析 本文叙述了在各项体育比赛中的运动员各种表现，由此引申到比赛中所体现的体育精神和道德风尚,并由此引申到我们生活中的做人道理。文章最后一段就是文章的主题句，即主题句在篇末。【例3】 如何获取语篇的主旨和大意-无主题句，但是围绕着各段的中心意思。 Many students ask for advice about improving their English. There are three basic questions.The first question is about real English. Li Hao from Hubei wrote, “I enjoy watching English films and listening to real English songs. But it takes along time. What do you think?” This is a great way to learn English! Talk about the film or song with your friends, and guess the meaning of the new words. Just enjoy yourself!The second question is about speaking. Sam, form Suzhou wrote, “Our school has a foreign teacher. But Im shy and cant speak to her. What should I do?”When I visit China, lots of people in the street say, “Hello! How are you? Where are you from? Do you like China?” These are good questions to start a conversation. Many people are shy when they speak English, so before you begin, take s deep breath and smile! Smiling always helps.The third question is about vocabulary. Oliver, from Anhui wrote, “ I want to remember all the new words. I write them down, but I forget them quickly. What should I do?” Try to remember eight or ten words a day. Write them on pieces of paper and place them in your bedroom. Say the words when you see them, and change them every day. And when youre shopping, how about counting the English words, or saying the English names for everything you see?Q: Whats the best title of this passage? （A） A. How to learn English. B. Talking about English films. C. Advice about English writing. D. The way of beginning an English conversation.解析 这篇短文表面看起来没有主题句，怎样来确定它的中心意思呢? 快速通读全文，找出每一段的大意。从这几段的大意可以看出这篇文章自始至终都是围绕如何学好英语这一中心展开的，对英语学习中的三个问题进行了解答。换句话说，如何学好英语就是这篇文章的主题,故选A。【例4】 如何根据上下文猜测词义-根据定义或解释猜测词义。What we often see nowadays is that young people juggle a larger number of electronic devices (电子产品) as they study. While working, they also surf on the Internet, send out emails, answer the telephone and listen to music on their iPods. In a sense, they are spending a large amount of time in fruitless efforts (努力) as they multitask.Q:What does the underlined word “juggle” most probably mean? （B） A. want to buy. B. use at the same time. C. take the place of. D. search information from.解析 在这篇文章里juggle虽然是一个陌生的单词，但紧接着后面就给出举例解释，While working, they also surf on the Internet, send out emails, answer the telephone and listen to music on their iPods. 现在年轻人当他们学习时能同时使用大量的电子产品,故选B。【例5】 如何根据上下文猜测词义-根据情景和逻辑进行判断。In June of the plants first year, the gardener looks for new leaves. When the leaves grow, its time to shape(给。造型) the bottom of the bush .It needs about five years. The top is not trimmed during this time. In the fifth year, the bush grows tall enough for shaping. Then the gardener begins to shape the whole bush. Q:What does the underlined word “trimmed” in the paragraph mean? （B） A. shaken. B. cut C. cleaned D. collected解析 根据文章所提供的情景，介绍了林木雕塑的园林艺术的雕塑过程和发展历史。要先给底部塑形，这需要五年，这期间顶部不能修剪。根据这一推理，答案应该是B【例6】 如何根据上下文猜测词义-根据并列、同位关系猜测词义。The people you meet affect your life, and the successes and failure (失败) you experience, create who you are. Even the bad experiences can be learned from. In fact, they are probably the most poignant and important ones.Q: The underlined word poignant in the passage means . （C） A. 平淡的 B. 明显的 C. 深刻的 D. 艰苦的解析 从语法上看，poignant和important是并列关系，我们就可以断定这两者是有关的，是同一类性质的。由文意可知：影响你的人，无论成败，对你来说都是最深刻、最重要的。在所给四个选项中只有C“深刻的”有这种可能。【例7】 如何根据上下文猜测词义-根据背景和常识判断。 In Germany, teachers and students relationship is more formal than you might be used to. Teachers are respected and students must use the formal“Sie（德语，您）” when talking to teachers.Getting to schoolQ: In the paragraph ,the underlined word “respected” can be best translated into _.（A） A.受人尊敬的 B.令人害怕的 C.高收入的 D.有权势的解析 根据上下文意思：老师和学生的关系比你平常的更正式和通过下句“您”，我们可以判断该是受人尊敬的 ，故选A。【例8】 如何确定细节理解题的答案。 Reporter: How long have you been a firefighter?Wilson: For eight years. JP Reporter: How did you get started?Wilson: First, 1 had to take a lot of tests in two weeks. Then, I went to the firefighter school for four months. 1 learned how to put out fires and how to use equipment I alsohad a full-time training every day!Q: Kate Wilson has done her job for_. （D） A. 2 weeks B. 3 days C. 4 months D. 8 years解析 这一小题考查的就是文章的细节和事实。这一细节和事实的表述在文章前两句话可以直接找到答案8年了。【例9】 如何进行推断。When my son, Mark, was in the third grade, he saved all his pocket money for over three months to buy holiday presents. The third Saturday in December Mark said he had made his list and had twenty dollars in his pocket.I drove him to a nearby supermarket. Mark picked up a hand basket and went in while I waited and watched in the car. It took Mark over 45 minutes to choose his presents. Finally he came to the checkout counter (交款处) and reached into his pocket for his money. It was not there! There was a hole in his pocket, but no money. Mark stood there holding his basket, tears falling down his face.Q: What happened to Mark in the supermarket? （C） A. His gifts were stolen. B. He broke his basket. C. He lost his money. D. He lost his way.解析 本小题考查依据语篇内容进行推理和判断的能力。虽然语篇中没有明确的答案，但从原文信息“reached into his pocket for his money. It was not there! There was a hole in his pocket, but no money.”可推断出Mark把钱给丢了，所以选择C。【例10】 如何进行推断。 Mr. White works in an office. He liked reading in bed when he was at school. It was bad for his eyes and now he is near-sighted. But he wouldnt want anybody else to know about it and he never wears a pair of glasses. It often brings him some trouble. One winter morning he was sent to a village school on business. He got off a bus at a stop in a small town. Then he had to walk there. The road to the village wasnt smooth. There were stones here and there. He fell over several times and it made his clothes very duty. At last he got to the village. Suddenly it began to blow strongly and it got much colder. His hat was blown off while he was looking for the school. He had to run after it but he couldnt catch it. He was wondering why his hat ran into a house as if it had legs. And then he ran into the house, too. A big woman appeared and stopped him by shouting angrily, What are you running after my hen for?Q: Mr. White couldnt get his hat because _.（C） A. his hat had legs B. his hat was the big womans C. he couldnt see his hat at all D. he couldnt run as fast as his hat解析 本小题考查依据语篇内容进行推理和判断的能力。根据句子“He had to run after it but he couldnt catch it.”我们可以推理出他跑的不如他的帽子快。所以，他抓不住他的帽子,故选C。能力提升