1、海南医学2023年8月第34卷第15期Hainan Med J,Aug.2023,Vol.34,No.15基于期望理论的赋能教育对早产儿出院后父母应对能力的影响田利红1,骆婧2,胡志燕3,巨娣1空军军医大学第二附属医院唐都医院妇产科1、烧伤整形科2、心内科3,陕西西安710038【摘要】目的探究基于期望理论的赋能教育对早产儿出院后父母应对能力的影响。方法采用随机数表法将2020年5月至2021年4月空军军医大学第二附属医院唐都医院96例早产儿分为对照组和观察组,每组48例。对照组早产儿照顾者给予常规护理干预,观察组早产儿照顾者给予基于期望理论的赋能教育干预。两组干预时间均为3个月。比较两组早产
2、儿照顾者干预前后的抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、疾病不确定父母量表(PPUS-FM)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)和育儿胜任感量表(PSOC)的评分,并于出生后3个月时统计两组早产儿的生长发育状况。结果干预后,观察组早产儿照顾者的SDS、SAS 及PPUS-FM评分分别为(43.764.39)分、(45.154.24)分、(62.335.08)分,明显低于对照组早产儿照顾者的(46.054.13)分、(48.024.16)分、(70.395.27)分,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);干预后,观察组早产儿照顾者的SCSQ中积极应对评分为(23.693.16)分,明显高于对照组
3、早产儿照顾者的(20.023.24)分,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);干预后,观察组早产儿照顾者PSOC评分均低于对照组早产儿照顾者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);干预3个月后观察组早产儿每周身长、头围增长值、每日体质量增长值、每日摄奶量明显大于对照组,早产儿每日睡眠时间明显长于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会批准,早产儿监护人均知情并签署知情同意书。1.1.2早产儿照顾者临床资料从两组早产儿照顾者中挑选一位监护人作为主要照顾者。对照组早产儿照顾者中男性17例,女性31例;年龄2252岁,平均(32.085.39)岁;文化程度:高中及以下1
4、5例,大专及以上33例。观察组早产儿照顾者中男性14例,女性34例;年龄2050岁,平均(31.675.52)岁;文化程度:高中及以下17例,大专及以上31例。两组照顾者的上述资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性。1.2纳排标准1.2.1早产儿纳入标准:(1)胎龄37周;(2)出生后1 min的Apgar评分8分。排除标准:(1)合并先天性遗传代谢疾病、心脏病等疾病患儿;(2)新生儿期行各种外科手术治疗者;(3)住院期间死亡者;(4)临床资料不完整者。1.2.2 早产儿照顾者纳入标准:(1)为早产儿的主要照顾者;(2)初中及以上文化水平者。排除标准:(1)存在精神疾病或认知功能
5、障碍患者;(2)不识字者;(3)有吸毒史或药物滥用史者。1.3方法1.3.1对照组对早产儿照顾者给予常规护理干预,由责任护士在早产儿住院期间给予母乳喂养知识宣教等护理,出院前由责任护士进行出院指导,同时发放纸质健康宣教材料,早产儿出院后进行跟踪随访,指导早产儿照顾者进行居家护理等,干预时间为3个月。1.3.2观察组对早产儿照顾者给予基于期望理论的赋能教育干预,干预时间为3个月。(1)建立干预小组:小组由护士长、责任护士、主治医师及其他3位有5年以上临床护理经验的专科护士组成,先进行小组内部培训,培训内容包括期望理论、赋能教育的相关知识及初步制定的干预计划、方法,并模拟演示干预期间可能出现的突发
6、状况,根据我院情况制定有效处理方法,邀请我院心理科医师进行心理学知识讲解,培训时间为4周,培训考核合格后方可对早产儿照顾者进行干预。(2)明确期望目标:目前我院早产儿的总期望目标为达到足月儿的生长发育标准、防治并发症。普遍认为,早产儿胎龄越小、体质量越轻,越易出现各种并发症,死亡率也越高,故在进行早产儿护理干预时,需以纠正胎龄为原则,以期达到恢复其正常生长发育、降低近远期并发症发生率的目标。(3)实施干预计划:由小组成员在床旁与早产儿照顾者进行一对一交流,让其加入早产儿微信群,并添加微信公众vention.At 3 month after birth,growth and developmen
7、t of premature infants were statistically analyzed.ResultsAf-ter intervention,scores of caregiversSDS,SAS,and PPUS-FM in the observation group were(43.764.39)points,(45.154.24)points,and(62.335.08)points,significantly lower than(46.054.13)points,(48.024.16)points,(70.395.27)points in the control gro
8、up(P0.05).After intervention,score of positive coping in SCSQ in the observa-tion group was significantly higher than that in the control group:(23.693.16)points vs(20.023.24)points,P0.05.Af-ter intervention,PSOC score in the observation group was lower than that in the control group(P0.05).After in
9、terven-tion,weekly increment of body length and head circumference,daily increment of weight,and daily milk intake in theobservation group were significantly greater than those in the control group,and daily sleep time of premature infantswas significantly longer than that in the control group(P0.05
10、).ConclusionThe application of empowerment educa-tion based on expectation theory in caregivers of premature infants can alleviate depression,anxiety and sense of uncer-tainty,improve parenting competency and coping ability,and promote the growth and development of premature infants.【Key words】Prema
11、ture infant;Parents;Expectation theory;Empowerment education;Coping ability2257海南医学2023年8月第34卷第15期Hainan Med J,Aug.2023,Vol.34,No.15号,由产科专家对早产儿照顾者进行集中讲课、演示,每次时间不少于2 h,1次/周,出院者可通过微信视频等方法参与讲座,课后由责任护士对其进行随访,解答疑惑;帮助早产儿照顾者接受现实,从辅助照顾变为主要照顾,以乐观、积极的态度接受早产儿状况,指导照顾者及早产儿母亲多与早产儿进行沟通,包括身体接触、眼神交流及与早产儿说话等;与早产儿照顾者共
12、同制定营养目标,要求早产儿母亲优先选择母乳喂养,告知其早产儿出生后可能会出现的各类并发症及针对性的干预措施;早产儿出院前给照顾者发放生长状况统计表,要求其每日记录早产儿的体质量等基本情况,并每隔1 d通过微信平台将数据传给责任护士,责任护士可根据患儿生长发育情况调整干预方案。(4)干预效果评估:每两周参照足月儿的发育标准及并发症发生情况进行一次干预效果评估,协助早产儿照顾者评估目标完成情况,对未达成的目标进行具体分析,并根据早产儿实际情况调整干预方案,已达到干预目标者可根据目前护理计划进行干预。1.4观察指标(1)情绪:采用抑郁自评量表(Self-rating Depression Scale
13、,SDS)及焦虑自评量表(Self-rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)评价早产儿照顾者干预前及干预3个月后的焦虑、抑郁程度5,两个量表各包含20个项目,每项14分,SAS50分表示存在焦虑状况,SDS53分表示存在抑郁状况。(2)不确定感:采用疾病不确定父母量表(Parents Perception Un-certainty scale,PPUS-FM)评价早产儿主要照顾者干预前及干预3个月后的不确定感6,包括对不明确性(13项)、复杂性(9项)、信息缺乏性(5项)及不可预测性(94项)4个维度,采用5级评分法进行评价(15分),得分越高表示疾病不确定感水平越高。(3)应对能力
14、:采用挫折承受力评价量表(SCSQ)评价主要照顾者应对能力7,包括积极应对维度(112条目)及消极应对维度(1320条目),均采用4级评分法进行评价(03分)。(4)育儿胜任感:采用育儿胜任感量表(Parenting senseof Competence Scale,PSOC)评价早产儿照顾者干预前及干预3个月后的育儿胜任感8,包括效能、满意度两个维度,共17项,每项16分,得分越高表示照顾者育儿胜任感越强。(5)早产儿生长发育状况:比较两组早产儿干预3个月后每日摄奶量、每日睡眠时间、每日体质量增长值及每周身长、头围增长值。1.5统计学方法应用SPSS22.0统计软件分析数据。计量资料符合正态
15、分布,以均数标准差(x-s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内比较采用配对样本t检验;计数资料比较采用2检验。以P0.05);干预后,两组早产儿照顾者的SDS、SAS评分明显低于干预前,且观察组明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);干预后,两组早产儿照顾者积极应对评分明显高于干预前,且观察组明显高于对照组,消极应对评分明显低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),见表2。2.3两 组 早 产 儿 照 顾 者 护 理 干 预 前 后 的PPUS-FM 评分比较两组早产儿照顾者干预前PPUS-FM评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);干预后,两组早产儿照顾者PPUS-FM评
16、分明显低于干预前,且观察组明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);干预后,两组早产儿照顾者PSOC评分明显低于干预前,且观察组明显低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),见表4。2.5两组早产儿干预后生长发育状况比较干预后,观察组早产儿每周身长、头围增长值及每日体质量增长值、每日摄奶量大于对照组,每日睡眠时间长于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),见表5。表1两组早产儿照顾者护理干预前后的SDS及SAS评分比较(x-s,分)Table 1Comparison of caregivers SDS and SAS scores between thetwo groups
17、before and after intervention(x-s,points)组别观察组对照组t值P值例数4848干预前58.195.3157.635.450.5100.611干预后43.764.39a46.054.13a2.6320.010干预前55.324.6354.854.290.5160.607干预后45.154.24a48.024.16a3.3470.002SDSSAS注:与本组干预前比较,aP0.05。Note:Compared with those before intervention in the same group,aP0.05.表2两组早产儿照顾者护理干预前后的SC
18、SQ评分比较(xs,分)Table 2Comparison of caregiversSCSQ scores between the twogroups before and after intervention(x-s,points)组别观察组对照组t值P值例数4848干预前15.863.9216.022.760.2310.818干预后23.693.16a20.023.24a5.6180.001干预前15.382.7515.952.890.9900.325干预后10.953.04a12.112.93a1.9030.600积极应对消极应对注:与本组干预前比较,aP0.05。Note:Compa
19、red with those before intervention in the same group,aP0.05.2258Hainan Med J,Aug.2023,Vol.34,No.15海南医学2023年8月第34卷第15期3讨论目前认为,早产儿家属几乎没有早产儿的照顾经验,会导致其出现较重的心理压力,使其出现焦虑等负性情绪9-10。相关研究指出,通过对早产儿护理知识的了解程度,或可减轻其家属负性情绪11。本研究发现,对早产儿照顾者给予基于期望理论的赋能教育干预,可减轻其抑郁焦虑情绪及不确定感。这是因为在进行干预时,由护理人员与早产儿照顾者共同制定营养目标,指导照顾者及早产儿母亲多与
20、早产儿进行沟通,要求早产儿母亲优先选择母乳喂养,告知其早产儿出生后可能会出现的各类并发症及针对性的干预措施,减轻其心理压力,进而可改善负性情绪。应对能力是指调节、适应、解决问题和面对挑战的能力12。相关报道指出,早产儿主要照顾者在早产儿住院期间仅有短暂的时间接受健康教育,使其在早产儿住院后缺乏充分的照顾知识,而出现照顾技能及应对能力降低的现象13-14。基于期望理论的赋能教育是通过早期制定干预目标,而后通过健康教育等方法,以起到提高患者主动性及依从性的作用。本研究发现,观察组早产儿照顾者干预后PSOC评分明显低于对照组,积极应对评分明显高于对照组,说明将基于期望理论的赋能教育应用于早产儿的护理
21、干预中,可提高早产儿照顾者的育儿胜任感量表及应对能力。其原因在于,本研究对早产儿照顾者给予护理干预时,由产科专家对早产儿照顾者进行集中讲课、演示,并由责任护士对其进行随访,解答疑惑,帮助早产儿照顾者接受现实,从辅助照顾变为主要照顾,以乐观、积极的态度接受早产儿状况,进而可提高应对能力。既往报道指出,早产儿的死亡率与胎龄和出生体质量有着密切关联15。极低出生体质量儿各组织器官发育不全,转归不明确,出院后仍存在发生发育不良的风险,故早产儿出生后的临床干预的重点在于纠正胎龄、达到足月儿的生长发育标准。以往临床护理仅局限于住院期间的护理干预,而难以延续至出院外,因此住院期间的健康教育至关重要16。本研
22、究对早产儿照顾者给予基于期望理论的赋能教育干预,早产儿出生后第2天即与照顾者商议后期干预计划,制定干预目标,并实时监测早产儿的发育情况,由产科专家讲解营养干预措施等,指导照顾者能够参与到早产儿的护理干预中。本研究结果显示,观察组早产儿干预后每周身长、头围增长值及每日体质量增长值、每日摄奶量大于对照组,每日睡眠时间长于对照组,说表4两组早产儿照顾者护理干预前后的PSOC评分比较(x-s,分)Table 4Comparison of caregivers PSOC scores between the two groups before and after intervention(x-s,poi
23、nts)组别观察组对照组t值P值例数4848干预前41.685.0740.725.320.9050.368干预后29.514.09a32.394.17a3.4160.001干预前23.244.2523.714.300.5390.591干预后16.383.19a18.123.27a2.6390.010效能满意度注:与本组干预前比较,aP0.05。Note:Compared with those before intervention in the same group,aP0.05.干预前64.924.2964.434.320.5580.578干预后45.894.09a50.514.61a5.1
24、940.001育儿胜任感表5两组早产儿干预后生长发育状况比较(x-s)Table 5Comparison on growth and development of premature infants between the two groups after intervention(x-s)组别观察组对照组t值P值例数4848身长增长(mm/周)10.611.1310.040.952.6750.009头围增长(mm/周)5.390.684.620.715.4260.001体质量增长(g/d)18.752.2916.532.344.6980.001奶量摄入(mL/d)189.3715.68162
25、.0516.418.3400.001睡眠时间(h/d)19.821.7318.341.894.0020.001表3两组早产儿照顾者护理干预前后的PPUS-FM评分比较(x-s,分)Table 3Comparison of caregivers PPUS-FM scores between the two groups before and after intervention(x-s,points)组别观察组对照组t值P值例数4848干预前41.062.8540.822.370.4490.655干预后29.342.17a32.152.49a5.8940.001干预前23.952.0423.12
26、2.131.9500.054干预后16.251.92a18.831.78a6.8270.001干预前15.142.3115.022.160.2630.793干预后9.372.74a11.162.58a3.2950.001干预前12.722.0512.242.311.0770.284干预后7.371.29a8.251.30a3.3290.001干预前92.874.5091.204.091.9030.060干预后62.335.08a70.395.27a7.6290.001不明确性复杂性信息缺乏性不可预测性总分注:与本组干预前比较,aP0.05。Note:Compared with those be
27、fore intervention in the same group,aP0.05.2259海南医学2023年8月第34卷第15期Hainan Med J,Aug.2023,Vol.34,No.15明对早产儿照顾者给予基于期望理论的赋能教育干预,有助于早产儿生长发育,这主要是与本研究在进行干预时,多次根据早产儿的生长发育情况调节干预方案有关。综上所述,对早产儿照顾者给予基于期望理论的赋能教育干预,可减轻其抑郁焦虑情绪,提高育儿胜任感量表及应对能力,并能促进早产儿生长发育。参考文献1Meng JW,Chen H,Li B,et al.The effect of family-centered
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