科技英文翻译方法省名师优质课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

本幻灯片资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，如有不当之处，请参考专业资料。谢谢,专业英语,Specialized English,科技英语翻译方法,第1页,概 论,什么是科技英语？,English for Science and Technology,简称,EST,：,是一个用英语阐述科学技术理论、技术、试验和现象等英语体系，它在词汇、语法和文体诸方面都有自己特点，从而形成一门专门学科。,文章特点：,结构严谨,逻辑严密,文体多样,如：论文、综述、试验汇报、教材、专利、产品说明书等。,第2页,科技英语语法特点,1.,被动语态多,科技英语关心是“行为、活动、作用、结果”，用作主语，能引发读者对所陈说事实注意。在意思表示方面被动语句通常比主动语句更简练明了。,试比较例句：,Mathematics is used in many different fields.,People use mathematics in many different fields.,第3页,科技英语语法特点,2.,后置定语多,后置定语即位于其修饰名词之后定语。,In addition to aliphatic compounds,there are a number of hydrocarbons derived from benzene and seemed to have distinctively different chemical properties.,除了脂肪族化合物以外，还有许多从苯衍生而来，看来含有显著不一样化学性质烃。,aromatic compounds,芳香族化合物,第4页,科技英语语法特点,3.,复杂长句多,科技文章要求叙述准确，推理严谨，英语句子往往很长，必须按照汉语习惯翻译成若干简单句。,Objectionable hydrogen sulfide,is removed from,such a gas or from naturally occurring hydrocarbon,gases,by,washing with various alkaline solutions,in which it is absorbed,.,要从这么煤气或天然存在烃类气体中,除去,令人讨厌硫化氢，就要用,能吸收硫化氢,各种碱液来洗涤。,第5页,科技英语语法特点,4.,词类转换多,即在翻译时将英文某种词类译成汉语另一词类。产生这一现象根本原因在于英汉两种语言在表示方式上有很大差异，所以在翻译时，应符合各自表示习惯。,The,operation,of a machine needs some,knowledge,of its performance.,操作,机器需要,知道,机器一些性能。,另外，新词、缩略词不停出现，构词手法灵活多变。,第6页,科技英语,教学目标,词汇,（构词法、词头、词尾、缩写词词汇组成）,阅读与翻译,（较熟练地阅读和翻译英文化学文件）,写作,（论文英文摘要和简单综述）,听、说能力,第7页,科技英语翻译基础,一、介绍,二、单词译法,三、词类转换译法,四、句子成份转换译法,五、词序转变译法,六、被动语态,七、后置定语,八、长句（难句）,第8页,介绍：,翻译总标准,确切了解和掌握原文内容,不能主观地发挥个人想法和推测,利用汉语把原文通顺流畅地表示出来,第9页,科技英语翻译标准,信（,true,）：准确无误地传达原文,真实含义,达,（,smooth,）,：,通顺,地表示原文含义,专业术语正确：一定要使用专业术语，不能说外行话,比如：,the iron and steel industry,钢铁工业,化学术语,：,combine-,化合,break down-,分解,decompose-,分解,dissociate-,离解,neutralize-,中和,replace-,取代,oxidize-,氧化,reduce-,还原,第10页,科技英语翻译标准,表示化学反应惯用普通性动词：,react,（,reaction,），,obtain,，,form,，,convert,，,produce,，,give,，,yield,，等,Acids,react with,certain metals,to produce,hydrogen,.,A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen,forms,ammonia in the reaction.,Silver hydroxide is easy to,break down into,the oxide and water.,工作、劳动、做事,-,指人,运转、转动、活动,-,指机械、身体器官等,第11页,翻译过程,了解阶段,阅读全篇文章，领会大意，了解原文,明辨语法，搞清关系，结合上下文，逐句推敲,表示阶段,把已经了解了内容叙述出来,校对阶段,对上两个阶段（了解、表示阶段）内容进行校对,第12页,The homologs of benzene are those containing an alkyl group or alkyl groups in place of one more hydrogen atoms.,homolog hmlg,：同系物；,alkyl lkil,：烷基,苯同系物就是那些被一个或多个烷基取代一个或多个氢原子所形成产物。（,含糊,）,苯同系物是那些苯环上含有取代一个氢单烷基或取代多个氢多烷基物质。（,清楚,）,例句练习,第13页,科技英语构词特点,一是外来语多（希腊语、拉丁语）,二是构词方法多,常规构词法,转化、派生、合成法,转化法（,conversion,）：,一个词类转化成另一个词类,water,（,n.,水）,water,（,v.,浇水）,charge,（,n.,电荷）,charge,（,v.,充电）,yield,（,n.,产率）,yield,（,v.,生成）,dry,（,a.,干）,dry,（,v.,烘干）,第14页,科技英语构词特点,派生法（,derivation,）：,经过加前、后缀组成一个新词,如：“烷烃”,alkane “,甲烷”,methane,词尾改变,:,alkene alkyne alcohol alkyl,“-ene”,、“,-yne”,、“,-ol”,、“,-yl”,“,烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“基”,mono,xide,一氧化物,di,oxide,二氧化物,第15页,科技英语构词特点,合成法（,composition,）：,两个或更多词合成一个词（有时需加连字符）,well-known,carbon steel,rust-resistance,by-product,atomic weight,periodic table,acid ionization constant,activization energy,common ion effect,rate of a reaction,第16页,科技英语构词特点,压缩法（,shortening,）,只取词头字母：,TOEFL,：,Test of English as a Foreign Language,托福,ppm,：,parts per million,百万分之一,CET,：,College English Test,大学英语水平考试,m.p.,：,melting point,熔点,将单词删去一些字母：,lab,：,laboratory,试验室,Kilo,：,kilogram,千克,第17页,科技英语构词特点,混成法（,blending,）：,把两个词一头一尾连在一起，组成一个新词。,positron=positive,electron,正电子,=,正电子,aldehyde=alcohol,dehydrogenation,醇脱氢,=,醛,smog=smoke,fog,烟雾,=,烟雾,medicare=medical,care,医学照管,=,医疗保障,第18页,科技英语构词特点,符号法（,signs,）,：and，和,：and或or,，,“和”或“或”,$：dollar，美元,lb:,pound,，,英镑,￥：yuan，元,，,RMB,字母形象法（,letter symbolizing,）,U-pipe,：,U,形管,X-ray,：,X,射线,V-belt,：,V,带,第19页,惯用前后缀、词根,a-,加在单词或词根前面，表示“不，无，非”,asocial,不好社交（,a+social,好社交）,amoral,非道德性（,a+moral,道德）,apolitical,不关政治（,a+political,政治）,加在单词前，表示“在,，,”,asleep,睡着（,a+sleep,睡觉）,alive,活（,a+live,活）,第20页,惯用前后缀、词根,ab-,abs-,：,表示“相反，变坏，离去”等,abnormal,畸形，不正常（,ab+normal,正常）,absent,缺席（,ab+sent,出现没有出现）,abstract,抽出，提炼，摘录（,abs+tract,拉被拉开）,特例：,absolve,免去，赦免，解除,absorb,吸收,第21页,惯用前后缀、词根,ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,：,表示“一再”等加强意,accelerate,加速（ac+celer 速度一再增加速度）,accumulate,积累（ac+cumul 堆积+ate堆积起来）,affirm,必定（,af+firm,坚定必定）,aggression,侵略，进攻（,ag+gress,走,+ion,一再往前走）,announce,通告（,an+nounce,通知通告）,arrange,安排（,ar+range,排列安排）,第22页,科技英语翻译基础,一、介绍,二、单词译法,三、词类转换译法,四、句子成份转换译法,五、词序转变译法,六、被动语态,七、后置定语,八、长句（难句）,第23页,单词译法,名词单复数译法,可数名词复数,前没有数量词时，普通要把复数含义翻译出来，即在名词前加译“,一些、这些、许多,”等词,例：,The teacher may be asked,questions,.,能够向老师提,一些问题（,=some questions,）,。,若能经过汉语译文,上下文体会出该复数含义,时，可无须译该复数含义。,例：,They are,students,of Southeast University.,他们是东南大学,学生,。,第24页,单词译法,名词单复数译法,当名词（可数、不可数）用复数表示,泛指或一类,时，视上下文而定，有时加译“各种、各种”。,例,1,：,They will mix freely with other organic compounds and are often soluble in organic,solvents,它们能与其它有机化合物自由地混合并能溶于,各种有机溶剂,。,（泛指，最好译出）,例,2,：,Properties of,non-metals,vary widely,非金属性质差异很大。（,不译）,第25页,单词译法,名词单复数译法,a/an+,名词单数表示一类,时，不译出不定冠词“,a/an”,例,1,：,Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from,an acid,with,a metal,盐也能经过用金属置换酸中氢而取得。,例,2,：,An acid,was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions in water solution and,a base,as one that would form hydroxide ions in the same,人们曾把,酸,定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子物质，而,碱,则是在一样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子物质。,第26页,单词译法,数词复数词组译法,单位问题,thousand system 10,3,英语：,million,（,10,6,）,billion,（,10,12,）,tens of,magazines,几十本,杂志,类似：,dozens of,（几十，许多）,decades of,（几十年）,hundreds of,（数百，几百）,thousands of,（数千）,例,1,：,These books are packed,in tens,.,这些书,每十本,装一包,。,例,2,：,These products are counted,by hundreds,这些产品是,成百成百,地计数。,第27页,单词译法,数词复数词组译法,当数词复数用,of,连续相连时，其最终数字范围应是该几个数字乘积,例：,Tens of thousands of,foreign friends visit this factory every year,10 x 1000=,万 几万人,习惯短语,ten to one,十之八九,a hundred and one,许多,second to none,首屈一指,of the order of,大约,第28页,单词译法,词义引伸译法,The two pairs of electrons of oxygen may be shared with two,separate,carbons forming only single bond.,氧两对电子能够与两个,单独（不直接相连）,碳共用而形成单键。,In the reaction,both,the acid and the base are neutralized forming water and salts.,在该反应中，酸与碱,彼此,中和而生成水和盐。,第29页,单词译法,词增译及省译,普通现在时：普通无需加减字，但在表示主语特征时，可在动词前面加译“能、可、会”。,例,1,：,High temperature,causes,dramatic changes in the properties of rubber.,高温,能,/,可,/,会,使橡胶性能发生惊人改变。,例,2,：,The presence of an acid stronger than nitric acid,accelerates,the reaction.,比硝酸更强酸存在,能,/,可,/,会,加速反应。,第30页,单词译法,词增译及省译,普通过去时：（,1,）可在动词前后添加“已、曾、过”等；,（,2,）或于句首添加“以前、当初、过去”等时间副词,例,1,：,The extraction behavior of nickel with PAN,was,reported in detail.,PAN,与镍萃取行为被详细报道,过,。,例,2,：,Organic compounds,were,once thought to be produced only by living organism,以前,曾认为有机化合物只能从有生命机体产生。,第31页,单词译法,词增译及省译,完成时：动词前加“,已经,”、“,曾经,”，或后面加“,了,”、“,过,”。,例,1,：,The carbon,has lost,electrons and the oxygen,has gained,electrons in the change,在改变中碳失去,了,电子，而氧取得,了,电子。,例,2,：,The extraction behavior of nickel with PAN,has been reported,in detail.,PAN,与镍萃取行为,曾经,被详细,报道过,。,第32页,单词译法,词增译及省译,增译表示动作意义名词“,作用、过程、现象、情况、改变,”等,例,1,：,Oxidation,will make iron and steel rusty.,氧化作用,会使钢铁生锈。,例,2,：,The principle of,adsorption,is very complex.,吸附过程,原理很复杂。,第33页,科技英语翻译基础,一、介绍,二、单词译法,三、词类转换译法,四、句子成份转换译法,五、词序转变译法,六、被动语态,七、后置定语,八、长句（难句）,第34页,词类转换译法,名词转译,形容词化,The maiden voyage of the newly-built steamship was,a success,.,那艘新造轮船处女航是,成功,。,动词化,Total,determination,of molecular structure is possible by means of X-ray diffraction.,用,x,射线衍射方法能够全方面地,确定,/,测定,分子结构。,第35页,词类转换译法,动词转译,名词化,例,1,：,An acid and a base,react,in a proton transfer reaction,酸与碱,反应,是一个质子转移反应。,例,2,：,Many chemical reactions need heat to make them,take place,很多化学反应,发生,都需要热,/,加热。,例,3,：,The methyl group on the benzene ring,greatly facilitates the nitration,of toluene.,苯环上甲基使甲苯,非常易于硝化,。,第36页,词类转换译法,形容词转译,名词化,例,1,：,Generally speaking,methane series are rather,inert,.,总来说，甲烷系烃,惰性,很强。,例,2,：,Zirconium is almost as,strong,as steel,，,but lighter.,锆强度,几乎与钢相等，但它比钢轻。,动词化（,表示“愿望、心理、情感”等,）,例：,They are quite,content,with the data obtained from the experiment.,他们对试验中获取数据非常,满意,。,第37页,词类转换译法,副词转译,动词化,例,1,：,The chemical experiment is,over,例,2,：,The reaction force to this action force pushes the rocket ship,along,.,这个作用力所产生反作用力推进宇宙飞船,前进,。,形容词化,例：,This film is,uniformly,thin.,介词转译,Salts may be formed by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid,with,a metal,化学试验,结束,了。,该膜薄而,均匀,。,盐能够经过,用,金属置换酸中氢来制取。,第38页,科技英语翻译基础,一、介绍,二、单词译法,三、词类转换译法,四、句子成份转换译法,五、词序转变译法,六、被动语态,七、后置定语,八、长句（难句）,第39页,句子成份转换译法,把句子某一成份译成另一成份（如主语宾语等）,主语转译,例,1,：,Methane,is less than half as heavy as water,甲烷,重量不到水二分之一。,（主语 定语）,例,2,：,Organic compounds are not soluble in water because there is no tendency,to separate their molecules into ions,有机化合物不溶于水，因为水没有将它们分子,分离成离子倾向,。（主语 宾语）,第40页,句子成份转换译法,把句子某一成份译成另一成份（如主语宾语等）,主语转译,例,3,：,When a copper plate is put into the sulfuric acid electrolyte,very few of,its atoms dissolve,.,（主语 状语）,当将铜片置于硫酸电解液中时，,几乎没有,铜原子溶解。,例,4,：,Evaporation emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than,forming and building,crystals.,蒸发着重于将溶液浓缩，而不是,生成和析出,晶体。,（主语 谓语）,第41页,句子成份转换译法,谓语转译,例,1,：,Thus,，,an acid and a base,react,in a proton transfer reaction,（谓语 主语）,所以，酸与碱,反应,是一个质子转移反应。,例,2,：,The melting point of alkanes are rather irregular at first，but,tend to,rise somewhat steadily as the molecules become larger,（谓语 宾语）,烷烃熔点起初很不规则，但伴随分子增大，则有些稳步,上升趋势,。,第42页,句子成份转换译法,宾语转译,例：,Light makes,vision,possible.,有了光才能,看见,东西。,（宾语 谓语）,表语转译,例,1,：,Matter is anything that,occupies space,.,凡占有空间,都是物质。,（表语 主语）,例,2,：,Structure analysis is,common,to most organic research.,结构分析,普遍应用于,大多数有机研究。,（表语 谓语）,第43页,句子成份转换译法,定语转译,例：,There are two groups,of metals,：,pure metals and their alloys.,金属,有两大类：纯金属及其合金。,（定语 主语）,状语转译,例,1,：,TNT is simple and relatively safe,to manufacture,制造,TNT,简单而且比较安全。,（,状语,谓语,）,例,2,：,The attractive force between the molecules is,negligibly small,.,分子间吸引力小得能够,忽略不计,。,（,状语,补,语,）,第44页,句子成份转换译法,定语转译,例：,There are two groups,of metals,：,pure metals and their alloys.,金属,有两大类：纯金属及其合金。,（定语 主语）,状语转译,例,3,：,In the simplest chemical cell,the electrolyte is a solution of sulfuric acid,in water,.,（,状语,定,语,）,在最简单化学电池内，电解液是硫酸,水,溶液。,第45页,科技英语翻译基础,一、介绍,二、单词译法,三、词类转换译法,四、句子成份转换译法,五、词序转变译法,六、被动语态,七、后置定语,八、长句（难句）,第46页,词序转变译法,译文词序与原文词序不一样一个翻译方法。,英译汉时，有时词序相同，有时词序不一样，是否改变词序，取决于：,译文正确，符合汉语表示习惯,。,A six-carbon ring structure in the form of a hexagon with alternate single and double bond,was assigned to benzene,一个六碳环，六角形，单双键交替结构，被指定为苯。,必须打乱词序：,苯被指定为单键和双键交织由六个碳组成六角形环形结构。,第47页,词序转变译法,系表结构词序转变,例：,The alternate double bond arrangement in the six-carbon ring,is aromatics characteristic,.,芳香烃特征,是六个碳原子组成环上双键交替排列。,宾语词序转变,宾语有时译在动词（包含谓语、现在分词、动名词）之前，同时加译“,将、把、给、使、让、对,”。,例：,We can transform,water,into two gases by passing,an electric current through it,把,电通入水中，我们就能,把,水变为两种气体。,第48页,词序转变译法,同位语词序转变,例：,We call such a zinc atom an ion with a double positive charge,Zn,2+,.,我们称这种带两个正电荷锌原子为锌离子，,用,Zn,2+,表示,。,定语词序转变,例,1,：,Generally speaking,the fuel,available,is coal,普通来说，,可用,燃料是煤。,例,2,：,The voltage of CPU should not exceed the maximum,permissible,CPU,电压不应超出,允许,最大值。,第49页,词序转变译法,状语词序转变,例,1,：,Being alloyed with certain metals,aluminum can be strengthened.,铝,和一些金属熔合后,，强度会增大。,例,2,：,Many industrial operation can be carried out,in either of two ways,which may be called batch and continuous operations,许多工业操作可用,间歇操作或连续操作,来完成。,第50页,科技英语翻译基础,一、介绍,二、单词译法,三、词类转换译法,四、句子成份转换译法,五、词序转变译法,六、被动语态,七、后置定语,八、长句（难句）,第51页,被动语态译法,仍译成被动句,The atomic theory,was not accepted,until the last century.,原子学说直到上个世纪才,为,/,被,（人们）所接收。,Other evaporation processes will,be discussed,briefly,其它一些蒸发过程将简单地,加以,讨论。,Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceof fundamentalinnovation,havelargelybeenignored,by historiansandphilosophersof science.,（考研）,多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新源泉在很大程度上,被,科学史学家和科学哲学家们,忽略,了。,第52页,被动语态译法,译成汉语主动句,译成汉语无主语句：将英语句中主语译成汉语中宾语，即,先译谓语，后译主语,（主谓变序）,例,1,：,Measures have,been taken,to diminish air pollution.,已经采取了,一些办法,来降低空气污染。,例,2,：,If the product is a new compound,，,the structure must,be proved,independently,假如产物是一个新化合物，则必须,单独证实,其结构,。,第53页,被动语态译法,译成汉语有主语句,当英语被动句中主语为无生命名词，而且没有,by,引导，无须加任何词直接译成主动句。,例,1,：,The speed of molecules is increased when they,are heated,.,当分子,受热,时，其速度就加紧。,例,2,：,Energy is,being transformed,from one form into another every moment.,用英语句中动作者作汉语中主语,例：,The molecules are held together by,attractive forces,.,引力,把分子聚积在一起。,每时每刻，能量都,在,由一个形式变为另一个形式。,第54页,被动语态译法,可加译“,人们、我们、大家、有些人,”等主语,例,1,：,The metal,iron in particular,is,known to be,an important material in engineering,大家知道,，金属，尤其是铁，是工程方面主要材料。,例,2,：,If one or more electrons are removed,the atom,is said to be,positively charged.,假如原子失去了一个或多个电子，,我们就说,这个原子带正电荷。,第55页,被动语态译法,在原主语前加“,把、将、使、给,”,等词,例,1,：,Absorption process is therefore conveniently,divided into two groups,：,physical process and chemical process,所以，,能够将,吸收过程简单地分,为,两类：物理过程和化学过程。,例,2,：,Hydrochloric acid(HCl)was added to the solution to enhance acidity,将,盐酸加到溶液中以增强酸性。,例,3,：,The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy through a generator.,发电机能够,把,机械能再转变为电能。,第56页,科技英语中惯用被动句型,It is considered that,人们认为,It is understood that,大家都明白,；不用说,；当然,It is suggested that,有些人提议,It is noticed that,人们注意到,It is asserted that,有些人主张,/,声称,/,断言,It is believed that,有些人认为,It is well known that,大家知道（众所周知）,It will be said,有些人会说,It was told that,有些人曾经说,It is stressed that,有些人强调说,第57页,科技英语中惯用被动句型,It has been objected that,有些人反驳,It is hoped that,希望,It is reported that,据报道,It is said that,听说,It is supposed that,据推测,It must be admitted that,必须认可,It must be pointed out that,必须指出,It will be seen from this that,由此可见,It may be said without fear of exaggeration that,能够毫不夸大地说,第58页,科技英语中惯用被动句型,It has been found that,已经发觉；实践证实,It must be realized that,必须了解（认识、明白）,It must be kept in mind that.,必须记住,It is preferred that,最好,It is generally recognized that,通常认为,；普通公认,It can be foreseen that,能够预料,It can not be denied that,无可否定,It is described as,被描述成,It is accepted as,被认可,/,接收为,It is defined as,被下定义为,；,定义是,第59页,科技英语翻译基础,一、介绍,二、单词译法,三、词类转换译法,四、句子成份转换译法,五、词序转变译法,六、被动语态,七、后置定语,八、长句（难句）,第60页,后置定语译法,后置定语：位于,名词,或,代词,之后定语,介词短语作后置定语：翻译成“,”,例,1,：,In general,，,ethers are good solvents,for fats,，,waxes and resins,例,2,：,The presence,of a substituent group,in benzene exerts a profound control over both orientation and,the ease of introduction of the entering substituent,苯中,取代基,存在对,进入基团,方位及,进入,难易程度起着强有力控制作用。,醚通常是,脂肪、蜡、树脂,良好溶剂。,第61页,后置定语译法,后置定语：位于,名词,或,代词,之后定语,形容词（或其短语）作后置定语：翻译成“,”,例,1,：,Acetylene is hydrocarbon,especially high,in heat value.,乙炔是热值,尤其高,烃。,例,2,：,All of the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are alike and have properties,intermediate between those of a single and a double bond,苯中全部碳,-,碳键都相同，,含有介于单键和双键之间,性质。,第62页,后置定语译法,不定时、现在分词、过去分词,作后置定语,例,1,：,Man was not the first living thing,to communicate through the use of sound,.,（不定式短语做后置定语）,人并不是第一个,用声音进行交流,生物。,例,2,：,The air is a material,containing many kinds of gases,.,空气是,含有许多气体,一个物质。,（现在分词短语作后置定语）,例,3,：,The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom,connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom,酮官能团是由,一个经过双键与氧原子相连,碳原子组成。,(,过去分词短语作后置定语,),第63页,后置定语译法,定语从句作后置定语,译成含“,”字定语,限制性定语,例,1,：,Compounds have very different appearances from the element,of which they are made,.,化合物形态与组成它们,元素极不相同。,例,2,：,When fuels burn,，,they return once more to the simpler materials,out of which they were made,燃料燃烧时，又转变成原来,组成它们,那些愈加简单物质。,例,3,：,The rate,at which the molecules move,depends upon the energy they have,分子运动,速率取决于分子所含有能量。,第64页,后置定语译法,定语从句作后置定语,译成表示同等关系并列分句（加译“,其、它、这,”等）,例,1,：,An acid is a compound,who