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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,科学素质与文史哲素质互动,王夔,北京大学药学院化学生物学系预防药品研究室,1/57,12/5/2024,1,知识,智力,智慧,由,自由，自在,服务,良知,欲望,兴趣,理想,毅力,贡献,2/57,12/5/2024,2,SCIENTISTS OATH,I promise to work for a better world,where science and technology are used in socially responsible ways.I will not use my education for any purpose intended to harm human beings or the environment.Throughout my career,I will consider the ethical implications of my work before I take action.While the demands placed upon me might be great,I sign this declaration because I recognize that individual responsibility is the first step on the path to peace.,Joseph Rotblat,The Nobel Peace Prize 1995,3/57,12/5/2024,3,第一个化学武器,1915年4月22日,德军与法国-阿尔及利亚联军相距几十米。,沿7000米前沿同时打开6千多个液氯钢瓶,10分钟内放出150吨氯气。,氯气云向联军方向飘移速度：0.5米/秒,12分钟全军覆没。,4/57,12/5/2024,4,F.Haber,合成氨创造者,Noble,化学奖取得者,化学武器（氯气）创造者,5/57,12/5/2024,5,磺胺药,Then came the explosive news of sulphanilamide.,I remember the astonishment when the first cases of pneumococcal and streptococcal septicemia were treated in Boston in 1937.,Here were moribund patients,who would surely have died without treatment,improving in their appearance within a matter of hours of being given the medicine and feeling entirely well within the next day or so.,-,L.Thomas(1983),6/57,12/5/2024,6,G.Domagk,磺胺药创造者,Noble奖取得者,7/57,12/5/2024,7,1909 P Ehrlich Salvarsan,1932 G Domagk Prontosil,申请专利,1935 G Domagk,专利同意,1935,同意,1个月后 论文发表,1937 Sulphanilamide,上市,8/57,12/5/2024,8,人类与科学相互影响,社会 目标 兴趣,动向 目标 心态,时尚 理想 动机,客观 主观,9/57,12/5/2024,9,科学问题是客观，,不过,研究科学是有主观意识人,而且是生存生活在特定环境（历史和地理）人，,所以,一切科学工作和作出结果都受做研究人以及他所处环境影响。,10/57,12/5/2024,10,外科医生职责就是切除和消除病灶。不过倘若一位外科医生过分相信自己手术刀，就会因自负而牺牲，因为科学进步已经使我们不能再仅仅依靠手术刀来维持外科医生荣誉了。人们普通认为，一个人花几年心血分析大量住院病例，去证实他一个构想，他终究会成功。不过，假如一个外科医生从事基础研究，打算由此处理临床中疑难问题或者促进外科临床实践发展，则他努力可能冒着劳而无功危险。想要超越本行去探索外科学中更深入领域外科大夫经常难以摆脱这种内心冲突。,小泽和惠:氧化还原理论与当代肝脏外科,理想,11/57,12/5/2024,11,假如你想取得,Nobel奖,第一条规律:不要让你自己被你过去经验所束缚.,第二条规律:不要过分地跟踪你领域中任何一个权威.,第三条规律:不要抱着不需要东西不放,要严格地筛选信息.,第四条规律:不要回避反抗.假如你有合理论点,就去辩论.,第五条规律:不要忘记你在童年时好奇精神.它是想象源泉.,L.Esaki,理想,12/57,12/5/2024,12,心态和理想,危机感,人类,地球,国家,生命,13/57,12/5/2024,13,1999,年,60+,岁人口百分数,1019%,14/57,12/5/2024,14,2050,年60+岁人口百分数,1019%,30+%,15/57,12/5/2024,15,亚洲各国 60+人口百分数,和2025,日本,中国,印度 印尼,年纪相关疾病 一个战略问题,1.3,亿,2.9亿！,16/57,12/5/2024,16,心态和理想,危机感,人类,地球,国家,生命,SARS!,自然灾害和突发事件,化学武器,核武器,生物武器,17/57,12/5/2024,17,历史,巫术,医术,医学,医学科学,精密科学,哲学,来自动植物威胁,来自微生物寄生虫威胁,来自氧化性损伤和干扰威胁,疾病谱变迁,人类生产生活活动威胁 物质和精神,我们责任和使命,创新,复杂性科学,信仰,18/57,12/5/2024,18,我们和他们不一样.我们先作出一个计划,然后努力以到达目标,甚至牺牲一切以到达目标.就是这一点造就了世界上知识分子,科学家和音乐家.而他们除去处处游荡什么事也不想,从来也不想今天以后事,顶多想一想明天.正因如此,他们这个地方一直是一片沙漠.,Wolf,Mackinnons Machine(1950s),心态和理想,19/57,12/5/2024,19,Americans have amassed“a whole arsenal of terms for,talking about nothing,(言不及义)”.,Afraid to become deeply involved about anything.,They stress the importance of“caring”,pursue“self-fulfilment”and“commitment.,The students are,empty-headed,As it now stands,students have powerful images of what a perfect body is and pursue it incessantly.,But deprived of literary guidance,they no longer have any image of a perfect soul and hence do not long to have one.,Bloom(1990+),心态和理想,20/57,12/5/2024,20,Erwin Schrdinger,1933 Nobel 物理奖取得者,for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory,心态和时尚,21/57,12/5/2024,21,心态和时尚,人们兴趣为某个主题或某个方向所吸引，必定要受到环境，亦可称为文化背景或我们生活其中时代精神影响。在我们文明全部分支中，有一个总世界观占支配地位，并有大量吸引人专业活动领域，因为它们是时代风尚，不论是在政治、艺术还是在科学中。当我们自己处于普遍情况中时，极难发觉普遍相同。因为如此靠近，我们只善于发觉那些显著差异，而不注意相同之处。,Schrodinger,22/57,12/5/2024,22,心态、时尚、创新,跟踪热点,瞄准前沿,高级,(Sophisticated)仪器,抽象化：理论、模型、概念创造,论文、SCI、IF,、著名度,创新不是时尚，可能/能够远离时尚；,23/57,12/5/2024,23,Paper machine?,protocols,kits,Automatic instruments robots,computer,paper,心态、时尚、创新,24/57,12/5/2024,24,社会推进,学科推进,时尚 跟踪热点、瞄准前沿？无人喝彩？,目标？目标？追求？,心态 冷漠、兴趣、激情、彷徨、浮躁、怯懦、胆大.,寻找捷径？循序渐进？,因人而异了解和路径,心态、时尚、创新,25/57,12/5/2024,25,创新-思索,历史回顾,人,是怎样一部杰作啊！,他理想多么高尚，,他能力多么无限.,了解力真像天使，真像神,他是举世之美，万物之灵。,莎士比亚：哈姆雷特,上帝,按照自己形象创造了人。上帝祝福他们，对他们说，多结果，多繁衍，住满地球，征服它。去统治大海中鱼，天上鸟，地球上全部活着动物。,圣经-创世纪,26/57,12/5/2024,26,自然界,不做无用之事，只要少做一点就行了，多做了却是无用：因为自然界喜欢简单化，而不爱用什么多出原因以夸耀自己。,Newton（1642-1727）,创新-思索,历史回顾,27/57,12/5/2024,27,从17世纪末到19世纪末，牛顿物理学一直独霸天下，几乎无人反对。它把宇宙描写成一切都是按照某种定律准确地发生。宇宙是一个结构严密组织，未来一切都是由过去一切严格决定。这种描述，从试验上永远是既无法全部必定，也无法全部否定。,N Werner,19世纪末物理学危机,历史回顾,28/57,12/5/2024,28,Kuhn,科学史观:科学传统生命过程,常态科学,危机,革命（突破）,科学社会群体,扩张知识精度和广度,典范(paradigm),共同问题领域、方法,共同标准,高度积累性,异例,典范不能解释,共同方法不能处理,共同标准受到质疑,科学社会群体内百家争鸣,新典范理论纷纷出笼,新理论发展成熟,能够消化旧有理论,能够解释异例,科学社会群体重组,新一轮常态科学,Kuhn:The Structure of Scientific Revolution(1962),历史回顾,29/57,12/5/2024,29,Newton,思想,万物统一解,还原论,生命力论,有机合成,Prigogine,复杂性科学,活细胞中化学过程是试验室中这些反应总合,Hopkins,生物化学不能还原成化学,Popper,无生命化学过程+,生命过程,Perutz,30/57,12/5/2024,30,1937 Nobel 生理学医学奖取得者,Oxidation,Energy Transfer,and Vitamins,Albert Szent-Gyorgyi,31/57,12/5/2024,31,In my hunt for the secret of life,I started my research in histology.Unsatisfied by the information that cellular morphology could give me about life,I turned to physiology.Finding physiology too complex,I took up pharmacology.Still finding the situation too complicated,I turned to bacteriology.But bacteria were even too complex,so,I descended to the molecular level,studying chemistry and physical chemistry.After twenty years work,I was led to conclude that to understand life we have to descend to the electronic level and to the world of wave mechanics.But electrons are just electrons and have no life at all.Evidently on the way I lost life;it had run out between my fingers.,Albert Szent-Gyorgyi,Personal Reminiscences,32/57,12/5/2024,32,Nature has no bottom:its most basic principle is“organization”.If Nature puts two things together she produces,something new,with new qualities,which cannot be expressed in terms of qualities of the components.Whenever we separate two things,we lose something,something which may have been the most essential feature.,AlbertSzent-Gyorgyi,Annu.Rev.Biochem.,32,1-14(1963),something new=？,33/57,12/5/2024,33,19世纪物理学危机,20世纪物理学在次原子层次复兴,亚原子层次科学界,19世纪生物学危机,生物学在分子层次复兴,分子层次生命科学,无限对象，无限深度和细度,量子生物学,21世纪生物学危机？,历史,34/57,12/5/2024,34,21,世纪-科学新时代,由简单化研究回归复杂性,分子以上层次,动态研究与静态研究结合,35/57,12/5/2024,35,发觉 （discovery）客观存在（客体和规律）认识,创造 （invention）创造新客体,创新 （innovation）依照已知认识改造已经有客体,创新,主观和客观相互作用,36/57,12/5/2024,36,合成-筛选模式,设计-筛选指标主观性,组合化学-高通量筛选模式,主观作用,傻瓜程度,人对仪器依赖性,研究对资本依赖性,研究体系全球化和垄断,创造性思维,药品和材料寻找,什么是创造性思维？,37/57,12/5/2024,37,创新,诗有四种高妙，一曰理高妙，二曰意高妙，三曰想高妙，四曰自然高妙。碍而实通，曰理高妙；出自意外，曰意高妙；写出幽微，如清澈见底，曰想高妙；非奇非怪，剥落文采，知其妙而不知其所以妙，曰自然高妙。,姜夔：白石道人诗说,38/57,12/5/2024,38,古今之成大事业、大学问者，必经过三种之境界：“昨夜西风凋碧树。独上高楼，望尽天涯路。”此第一境也。“衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴。”此第二境也。“众里寻他千baidu，蓦然回首，,那人却在，灯火阑珊处,。”此第三境也。,王国维，人间词话，26,创新,39/57,12/5/2024,39,创新,当然，自由不是混乱；独创性在任何情况下都不能看成荒谬借口。在文学作品里，构思越是大胆，创作越应无懈可击。假如你要有与众不一样理由，你理由就应十倍于人。作家越是不以修辞学为意，就越要尊重文法规则。,雨果：“短曲与民谣集”序,40/57,12/5/2024,40,填词之难，造句要自然，又要未经前人说过。自唐五代以还，名作如林，那有天然好语，留待我辈驱遣。必欲得之，其道有二。曰性灵流露，曰书卷酝酿。性灵关天分，书卷关学力。学力果充，虽天分少逊，必有资深逢源之一日。书卷不负人也。中年以后，天分便不可持。苟无学力，日见其衰退而已。江淹才尽，岂真梦中人索还囊锦耶？,况周颐：蕙风词话，卷1，23,创新,江郎才尽,41/57,12/5/2024,41,哲学,自然科学根底是哲学、历史学,慧眼 洞察 想象 联想,42/57,12/5/2024,42,似乎人们在详细事物中发觉什么之前，先已在头脑中独立构筑了它形式。Kepler光芒成就就是一个很好例子。它说明一个真理：知识不能单独从经验中来；只能从把头脑中发觉和观察事实比较中来。,A.Einstein:“Ideas and Opinions”,哲学,43/57,12/5/2024,43,哲学,想象力是研究工作中实在原因,相信世界在本质上是有秩序和可认识，这一信念是一切科学工作基础。,规律决不会是准确，因为我们是借助与概念来表示规律，而即使概念会发展，在未来依然会被证实是不充分。,哲学上和逻辑上大多数错误是因为人类理智倾向于把符号看成某种实在东西而发生。,Einstein,44/57,12/5/2024,44,哲学,今天缺乏想象力时代？,45/57,12/5/2024,45,缺乏想象力时代？,心态、时尚、创新,神学知识系统,物质科学知识系统,生命科学知识系统,唯生命力论,机械论,（复杂）系统论,信仰,理性思维,开放思维,思辨,傻瓜化,想象力,46/57,12/5/2024,46,We have a basic shift in paradigm.Previous was Newtonian to Relativism;now phenomena of chaos connecting so that subtle relationships become much more important.We should not have compartments between science and humanities.,Scientists find the same reality as the artists.,E.Laszlo,47/57,12/5/2024,47,受体,因子,信息分子,网络,全方位判断,预防和治疗,医生和医学科学家思维方式,现象（症状,指标,相关性,诊疗和预测,药品治疗,48/57,12/5/2024,48,Science is built up of facts as a house is of stones,but a collection of facts is no more science than a heap of stones is a house.,Jules-Henri Poincar,49/57,12/5/2024,49,观察+诊疗+药品,医学,医术：观察、预测医生“最多是生理学奴仆”,Claude Bernard,观察,相关性,因果关系。,临床实践走在医学科学之前,危险性,年 SCID（severe combined immunodeficiencies)基因治疗,年骨质疏松和更年期反应激素替换疗法,医学作为科学,50/57,12/5/2024,50,寻找迷失步骤,（,Missing Links）,病理过程,病理事件次序,生物事件次序,化学事件次序,整体层次,器官层次,组织层次,细胞层次,分子层次,化学反应组合,哲学,51/57,12/5/2024,51,Enzymology,after having marched away from the biological toward the chemical and physical,has now change direction and return to where it came from.In a manner of speaking,the spectrophotometric cell must be replaced by the living cell as the ambience of the enzymes studied.This is by no means a retreat by modern enzymology.On the contrary,enzymology would reach a new level of understanding after completing this circular,or rather spiral,progress,just as envisaged for the development of ideas by Hegelian dialectics.In the latter,the law“negation of negation（否定否定）”holds that previous ideas are negated at each higher level of understanding:in two consecutive steps the negation made in the first step is negated in the second.,P.Friedrich,Supramolecular Enzyme Organization,(1984),哲学,52/57,12/5/2024,52,The specialist concentrates on detail and disregards the wider structure，which gives it context.The new scientist,however,concentrates on structure on all levels of magnitude and complexity,and fits detail into its general framework.,E.Laszlo,(1972),The Systems View of the World,哲学,53/57,12/5/2024,53,理想,生活对于任何一个男女都非易事，我们必须有坚忍不拔精神；最要紧，还是自己要有信心。我们必须相信，我们对一件事情有着天赋才能，而且，不论付出任何代价，都要把这件事情完成。当事情结束时候，你要能够问心无愧地说：“我已经尽我所能了。”,居里夫人,54/57,12/5/2024,54,I am always doing things I cant do;thats how I get to do them.,Pablo Picasso,55/57,12/5/2024,55,A truth passes through three stages.First,it is ridiculed.Second,it is violently opposed.Third,it is accepted as being self-evident.,Arthur Schopenhauer,56/57,12/5/2024,56,自古文章通造化，,悉心着意勿燥忙。,郑板桥,57/57,12/5/2024,57,
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